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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! !!width=100px| # !!width= | ! !!width=100px| # !!width=150px| 1# !!width=100px| 2# ||width=100px| #0 !!width=100px| #00 !!width=100px| #000 !!width=100px| #000 | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 0 | ! 0 | ||
| nīþun || tǣjun (tǣn) || | | nīþun || tǣjun (tǣn) || tuǣ tiǧis|| ''tiǧis''|| ''tēhund'' || ''þūsunde'' || ''‑ljǭn'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 1 | ! 1 | ||
| ([[Valthungian#Singular_.28.E2.80.98one.E2.80.99.29|ǣns]]) || ǣndlif || | | ([[Valthungian#Singular_.28.E2.80.98one.E2.80.99.29|ǣns]]) || ǣndlif || tuǣ tiǧis ǣns|| ''tǣjun'' || ǣn hund || ǣna þūsunde || miljǭn | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2 | ! 2 | ||
| ([[Valthungian#Dual_.28.E2.80.98two.2C_both.E2.80.99.29|tuǣ]]) || tualif || | | ([[Valthungian#Dual_.28.E2.80.98two.2C_both.E2.80.99.29|tuǣ]]) || tualif || tuǣ tiǧi tuǣ|| tuǣ tiǧis || tuā hunda || tuōs þūsunǧis || biljǭn | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3 | ! 3 | ||
| ([[Valthungian#Trial_.28.E2.80.98three.2C_all_three.E2.80.99.29|þrīs]]) || þrižatǣn || | | ([[Valthungian#Trial_.28.E2.80.98three.2C_all_three.E2.80.99.29|þrīs]]) || þrigatǣn (þrižatǣn), ig || tuǣ tiǧi þrīs|| þrīs tiǧis || þrī hunda || þrīs þūsunǧis || þriljǭn | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 4 | ! 4 | ||
| fiður (fiðra) || fiðratǣn || | | fiður (fiðra) || fiðratǣn || tuǣ tiǧi fiður|| fiðra tiǧis || fiður hunda || fiður þūsunǧis || fiðriljǭn | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 5 | ! 5 | ||
| fim || fimfatǣn || | | fim || fimfatǣn || tuǣ tiǧi fim|| fim tiǧis || fim hunda || fim þūsunǧis || fimfiljǭn | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 6 | ! 6 | ||
| sǣs || sǣstatǣn || | | sǣs || sǣstatǣn || tuǣ tiǧi sǣs|| sǣs tiǧis || sǣs hunda || sǣs þūsunǧis || sǣsiljǭn | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 7 | ! 7 | ||
| sivun (sivna) || | | sivun (sivna) || sivuntǣn || tuǣ tiǧi sivun|| sivun tiǧis || sivun hunda || sivun þūsunǧis || sivniljǭn | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 8 | ! 8 | ||
| āta (āt) || ātatǣn || | | āta (āt) || ātatǣn || tuǣ tiǧis āta|| āta tiǧis || āta hunda || āta þūsunǧis || ātatiljǭn | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 9 | ! 9 | ||
| njun || | | njun || niðatǣn, iþ || tuǣ tiǧi njun|| njun tiǧis || njun hunda || njun þūsunǧis || njuniljǭn | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
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The number ‘four’ is ''fiður'', where we would normally expect **''fidur'' through regular sound change (specifically, the change of /d/ to /ð/ would normally be blocked by the following /w/ in ''*fidwōr''). There is also a further lenited form of ''fiðra'', which is optional when it stands alone, but standard in compounds. (Gothic also had two versions of ‘four’: ''fidwōr'' and a compound form ''fidur''.) | The number ‘four’ is ''fiður'', where we would normally expect **''fidur'' through regular sound change (specifically, the change of /d/ to /ð/ would normally be blocked by the following /w/ in ''*fidwōr''). There is also a further lenited form of ''fiðra'', which is optional when it stands alone, but standard in compounds. (Gothic also had two versions of ‘four’: ''fidwōr'' and a compound form ''fidur''.) | ||
The number ‘seven’ has the expected form of ''sivun'', but also a lenited form of ''sivna'', again, | The number ‘seven’ has the expected form of ''sivun'', but also a lenited form of ''sivna'', again, common in compounds but otherwise optional. ‘Eight’ is ''āta'', but may optionally be lenited to ''āt''. (This is a newer innovation, and is not considered to be correct in writing.) Finally ‘ten’ is ''tǣjun'' or lenited ''tǣn'', the latter being used exclusively in the “teen” numbers. | ||
For compounding numbers, Griutungi and Gothic separated each of the number’s components with the word ''jah'' (‘and’, now ''jā''), but Valthungian has dispensed with this and now uses ''i'' – possibly a shortened form of ''jā'' – only before the last component. For numbers ending with '' | For compounding numbers, Griutungi and Gothic separated each of the number’s components with the word ''jah'' (‘and’, now ''jā''), but Valthungian has dispensed with this and now uses ''i'' – possibly a shortened form of ''jā'' – only before the last component. For numbers ending with ''tiǧis'', a further contraction has become standard, and the new suffix is shortened to ''tiǧi'', e.g. ''þrīs tiǧi fim'' ‘thirty-five’. ''Hund'' becomes ''hundi'' and ''hunda'' is also contracted to ''hund·i'', ''þūsunde'' to ''þūsund·i'', and ''þūsunǧis'' to ''þūsunǧi''. (Note the lack of apostrophic interpunct in ''tiǧi'', ''hundi'', and ''þūsunǧi''.) No ''‑i‑'' is added before numbers beginning with a vowel, i.e. ''ǣn‑'' and ''āta''. | ||
Number terms higher than ‘thousand’ are ostensibly borrowed from Latin, though they contain their own Germanic innovations, e.g. ''þriljǭn'' ‘trillion’, ''fiðriljǭn'' ‘quadrillion’, ''fimfiljǭn'' ‘quintillion’, instead of the expected **''triljǭn'', **''kuaðriljǭn'', and **''kuintiljǭn''. | Number terms higher than ‘thousand’ are ostensibly borrowed from Latin, though they contain their own Germanic innovations, e.g. ''þriljǭn'' ‘trillion’, ''fiðriljǭn'' ‘quadrillion’, ''fimfiljǭn'' ‘quintillion’, instead of the expected **''triljǭn'', **''kuaðriljǭn'', and **''kuintiljǭn''. | ||
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| sivunþis | | sivunþis | ||
| seven times | | seven times | ||
| | | sivun dǣlaro | ||
| seventh | | seventh | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! 13 | ! 13 | ||
| | | þrigatǣnþs | ||
| | | þrigatǣnþa | ||
| thirteenth | | thirteenth | ||
| | | þrigatǣnþis | ||
| thirteen times | | thirteen times | ||
| | | þrigatǣjun dǣlaro | ||
| thirteenth | | thirteenth | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 20 | ! 20 | ||
| | | tuǣ tiǧist | ||
| | | tuǣ tiǧista | ||
| twentieth | | twentieth | ||
| | | tuǣ tiǧistis | ||
| twenty times | | twenty times | ||
| tuǣtiǧa dǣlaro | | tuǣtiǧa dǣlaro | ||
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===Alternative Numbers=== | ===Alternative Numbers=== | ||
The Gothic number system, modeled after the Greek system (in turn modeled after the Hebrew), which used the letters of the alphabet instead of separate unique characters, continued to be used well into the middle ages ([[Middle Valthungian]]), and certain taboo numbers came to be called by their character representation rather than their numeric form. | The Gothic number system, modeled after the Greek system (in turn modeled after the Hebrew), which used the letters of the alphabet instead of separate unique characters, continued to be used well into the middle ages ([[Middle Valthungian]]), and certain taboo numbers came to be called by their character representation rather than their numeric form. Primary among these numbers were ‘13’ and ‘19’, which were written in Gothic as ''·ig·'' and ''·iþ·'', respectively. This also occurred with the numbers ‘113’ (''rig''), ‘119’ (''riþ''), ‘213’ (''sig''), ‘219’ (''siþ''), ‘313’ (''tig''), ‘319’ (''tiþ''), ‘413’ (''wig''), ‘419’ (''wiþ''), ‘513’ (''fig''), and ‘519’ (''fiþ''). (This was not mirrored in the higher numbers of the hundreds, because most of those combinations would have been unpronounceable.) | ||
The | Though this seems like a modern form of word-play, it is actually quite ancient. The rendering of ‘19’ as ''iþ'' exerted enough influence on the numeric form from early days that the modern form became ''niðatǣn'' rather than the expected **''njunatǣn''. Similarly, the standard form of ‘13’ is ''þrigatǣn'', though the expected ''þrižatǣn'' is still an accepted alternative. | ||
Certain slang terms have also developed out of this system, in reverse, as it were. For example, the homophony of hortative particle ''iþ'' with the number ''19'' gives rise to a nominal form ''þat | Certain slang terms have also developed out of this system, in reverse, as it were. For example, the homophony of hortative particle ''iþ'' with the number ''19'' gives rise to a nominal form ''þat niðatǣn'' referring to a duty or obligation. Similarly, a ‘road’ or ‘highway’ is sometimes referred to as a ‘413’ (''fiður-ig''), written ''wig'' (the accusative of ''wiǧ'' (‘road’). | ||
A much more recent slang term that has evolved from this system is the use of the number ‘843’ to represent the (unpronounceable) letter combination ''·omg·''. | A much more recent slang term that has evolved from this system is the use of the number ‘843’ to represent the (unpronounceable) letter combination ''·omg·''. | ||
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The progressive is formed using the auxiliary verb ''sitna'' ‘to sit’ and the preposition ''bī'' ‘by’, followed by the infinitive. (In very formal language, you may encounter ''sitna bi'' followed by the dative of the nominalized form of the verb, e.g. ‘I am drawing’ may be rendered as ''Ik sita bi vrǣtina'' rather than the expected ''Ik sita bi vrǣčin''. | The progressive is formed using the auxiliary verb ''sitna'' ‘to sit’ and the preposition ''bī'' ‘by’, followed by the infinitive. (In very formal language, you may encounter ''sitna bi'' followed by the dative of the nominalized form of the verb, e.g. ‘I am drawing’ may be rendered as ''Ik sita bi vrǣtina'' rather than the expected ''Ik sita bi vrǣčin''. | ||
*'' | *''Hua '''sitistu''' njužis '''bi drinkna''' gā?'' | ||
**‘Have you '''been drinking''' again?’ | **‘Have you '''been drinking''' again?’ | ||
*''Ik '''sita bi skrīvna''' þo bisāt mīna. Raniso '''sitik bi drinkna''' gā.'' | *''Ik '''sita bi skrīvna''' þo bisāt mīna. Raniso '''sitik bi drinkna''' gā.'' | ||
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==Adjectives== | ==Adjectives== | ||
In Valthungian, adjectives can be strong or weak (as with adjectives in any Germanic language that declines). The general rule is: If a | In Valthungian, adjectives can be strong or weak (as with adjectives in any Germanic language that declines). The general rule is: If a noun takes a [[#Determiners|determiner]] (article, possessive<ref>Only when a possessive is used without an article; otherwise the possessive itself is also declined as weak.</ref>, quantifier, &c), its accompanying adjective is weak; otherwise it is strong. | ||
Predicative adjectives do not decline; they usually take the form of the strong neuter singular regardless of what they modify. | Predicative adjectives do not decline; they usually take the form of the strong neuter singular regardless of what they modify. | ||
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*''vituvne <span style="background-color:#FF99FF;">frobúðna</span>'' ‘forbidden knowledge’ | *''vituvne <span style="background-color:#FF99FF;">frobúðna</span>'' ‘forbidden knowledge’ | ||
When paired with a third person possessive (is, ižis, or iža), an adjective also takes the strong declension: | When paired with a third person possessive (is, ižis, or iža), an adjective also takes the strong declension, and the possessive precedes the noun: | ||
*''<span style="background-color:#FF9999;">is</span> ražna <span style="background-color:#FF99FF;">rǭðat</span>'' ‘his red house’ | *''<span style="background-color:#FF9999;">is</span> ražna <span style="background-color:#FF99FF;">rǭðat</span>'' ‘his red house’ | ||
*''<span style="background-color:#FF9999;">ižis</span> miðus <span style="background-color:#FF99FF;">glitnaþs</span>'' ‘her sparkling mead’ | *''<span style="background-color:#FF9999;">ižis</span> miðus <span style="background-color:#FF99FF;">glitnaþs</span>'' ‘her sparkling mead’ | ||
*''<span style="background-color:#FF9999;">iža</span> vituvne <span style="background-color:#FF99FF;">frobúðna</span>'' ‘their forbidden knowledge’ | *''<span style="background-color:#FF9999;">iža</span> vituvne <span style="background-color:#FF99FF;">frobúðna</span>'' ‘their forbidden knowledge’ | ||
When one of the above possessives is used without an adjective, | When one of the above possessives is used without an adjective, it follows the noun. | ||
*''ražna <span style="background-color:#FF9999;">is</span> ‘his house’ | *''ražna <span style="background-color:#FF9999;">is</span> ‘his house’ | ||
*''miðus <span style="background-color:#FF9999;">ižis</span> ‘her mead’ | *''miðus <span style="background-color:#FF9999;">ižis</span> ‘her mead’ |