Linguifex

User:Shariifka/Sandbox: Difference between revisions

User page Discussion

User:Shariifka/Sandbox (view source)

Revision as of 04:41, 11 May 2024

8,088 bytes added ,  11 May
→‎Deslavic
No edit summary
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit Advanced mobile edit
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit Advanced mobile edit
 
(54 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
==Somali-like relative of Zanahi==
==Bantu-esque romlang==
====Numerals====
====Numerals====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
Line 10: Line 10:
|-->
|-->
! 1
! 1
| cayn
| ʊːnʊ
|-
|-
! 2
! 2
| dhow
| toː
|-
|-
! 3
! 3
| taray
| ʈɛː
|-
|-
! 4
! 4
| kodor
| kʷɑtːɔ
|-
|-
! 5
! 5
| fangi
| kʷɪˑŋɡɛ
|-
|-
! 6
! 6
| hash
| sɛː
|-
|-
! 7
! 7
| hafti
| sɛtːɛ
|-
|-
! 8
! 8
| casti
| ɔtːɔː
|-
|-
! 9
! 9
| now
| nɔwɛ
|-
|-
! 10
! 10
| dhas
| teɣe
|-
|-
! 11
! 11
| cayn oo dhas
|  
|-
|-
! 20
! 20
|  
| βiː
|-
|-
! 30
! 30
Line 67: Line 67:
|-
|-
! 100
! 100
| sinti
|  
|-
|-
! 200
! 200
| dhow sinti
|  
|-
|-
! 1000
! 1000
Line 79: Line 79:
|-
|-
|}
|}
 
==Bantu-esque Indo-European lang==
==Somali-like Romlang==
====Numerals====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Verb conjugation of ''amaal'' "to love" - non-continuous tenses
|+ ???? numerals
! !! colspan="3"| Present !! colspan="3"| Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative !! rowspan="2"| Jussive
! Symbol !! Cardinal number
|-
|-
! !! Indicative !! Subordinate !! Adjectival !! Affirmative !! Negative !! Adjectival
<!--
! 0
| colspan="2"| ṣifr || ṣifr-
|-->
! 1
|
|-
|-
!1S
! 2
| amaa || ame || rowspan="6"| amá || amay || rowspan="6"| amays || rowspan="6"| amaý || — || áme
|  
|-
|-
!2S
! 3
| amaas || ames || amays || áma || ámes
|  
|-
|-
!3S
! 4
| amaa || ame || amay || — || áme
|  
|-
|-
!1P
! 5
| amaan || amaan || amayn || — || ameén
|  
|-
|-
!2P
! 6
| amaad || amaad || amayd || amaád || ameéd
|  
|-
! 7
|  
|-
! 8
|  
|-
! 9
|  
|-
! 10
|
|-
! 11
|  
|-
|-
!3P
! 20
| amaan || amaan || amayn || — || ameén
|  
|-
|-
|}
! 30
 
|
<!--
|-
==English-like relative of Twench==
! 40
===Swadesh list===
|
'''Abbreviations:'''
|-
*irr. = irregular (conjugation cannot be predicted from principal parts)
! 50
*pl. = plural
|
*pol. = polite
|-
*arch. = archaic
! 60
<table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;">
|
<tr>
|-
<th>'''No.'''</th>
! 70
<th>[[wikipedia:English language|English]]</th>
|
<th>Unnamed</th>
|-
</tr>
! 80
<tr><th>1</th><th>[[wiktionary:I|I]]</th><td>you</td></tr>
|
<tr><th>2</th><th>[[wiktionary:you|you (singular)]]</th><td>woose; tu (arch.)</td></tr>
|-
<tr><th>3</th><th>[[wiktionary:he|he]]</th><td>el</td></tr>
! 90
<tr><th>4</th><th>[[wiktionary:we|we]]</th><td>noose</td></tr>
|
<tr><th>5</th><th>[[wiktionary:you|you (plural)]]</th><td>woose</td></tr>
|-
<tr><th>6</th><th>[[wiktionary:they|they]]</th><td>else</tr>
! 100
<tr><th>7</th><th>[[wiktionary:this|this]]</th><td>cest</td></tr>
|
<tr><th>8</th><th>[[wiktionary:that|that]]</th><td>cel</td></tr>
|-
<tr><th>9</th><th>[[wiktionary:here|here]]</th><td>cie</td></tr>
! 200
<tr><th>10</th><th>[[wiktionary:there|there]]</th><td>lay</td></tr>
|
<tr><th>11</th><th>[[wiktionary:who|who]]</th><td>kie</td></tr>
|-
<tr><th>12</th><th>[[wiktionary:what|what]]</th><td>keeth</td></tr>
! 1000
<tr><th>13</th><th>[[wiktionary:where|where]]</th><td>ond</td></tr>
|
<tr><th>14</th><th>[[wiktionary:when|when]]</th><td>quand</td></tr>
|-
<tr><th>15</th><th>[[wiktionary:how|how]]</th><td>comment</td></tr>
! 2000
<tr><th>16</th><th>[[wiktionary:not|not]]</th>
|
|-
|}
 
==Somali-like relative of Zanahi==
====Numerals====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ ???? numerals
! Symbol !! Cardinal number
|-
<!--
! 0
| colspan="2"| ṣifr || ṣifr-
|-->
! 1
| ceyn
|-
! 2
| dhaba
|-
! 3
| taray
|-
! 4
| shodor
|-
! 5
| fash
|-
! 6
| shag
|-
! 7
| hafad
|-
! 8
| casta
|-
! 9
| now
|-
! 10
| dhas
|-
! 11
| ceyn oo dhas
|-
! 20
| dhabaasan
|-
! 30
| tiriisan
|-
! 40
| shodoorsan
|-
! 50
| fashaasan
|-
! 60
| shagaasan
|-
! 70
| haftaasan
|-
! 80
| castaash
an
|-
! 90
| nabaasan
|-
! 100
| sid
|-
! 200
| dhow sid
|-
! 1000
| dahal
|-
! 2000
| dhaba dahal
|-
|}
 
==Somali-like Romlang==
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Verb conjugation of ''amaal'' "to love" - non-continuous tenses
! !! colspan="3"| Present !! colspan="3"| Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative !! rowspan="2"| Jussive
|-
! !! Indicative !! Subordinate !! Adjectival !! Affirmative !! Negative !! Adjectival
|-
!1S
| amaa || ame || rowspan="6"| amá || amay || rowspan="6"| amays || rowspan="6"| amaý || — || áme
|-
!2S
| amaas || ames || amays || áma || ámes
|-
!3S
| amaa || ame || amay || — || áme
|-
!1P
| amaan || amaan || amayn || — || ameén
|-
!2P
| amaad || amaad || amayd || amaád || ameéd
|-
!3P
| amaan || amaan || amayn || — || ameén
|-
|}
 
<!--
==English-like relative of Twench==
===Swadesh list===
'''Abbreviations:'''
*irr. = irregular (conjugation cannot be predicted from principal parts)
*pl. = plural
*pol. = polite
*arch. = archaic
<table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;">
<tr>
<th>'''No.'''</th>
<th>[[wikipedia:English language|English]]</th>
<th>Unnamed</th>
</tr>
<tr><th>1</th><th>[[wiktionary:I|I]]</th><td>you</td></tr>
<tr><th>2</th
|-
|-
| 19 || [[wiktionary:some|some]] || negos
| tāl- || all || Romance ''<b>t</b>ot-'' and Germanic '''''all-'''''. Influenced by Arabic ''kull-''.
|-
|-
| 20 || [[wiktionary:few|few]] ||  
| -u- || ''masculine singular'' || Latin ''-<b>u</b>s''. Influenced by Arabic nominative singular ending ''-u(n)''. The singular nature of this word is influenced by Arabic usage.
|-
|-
| 21 || [[wiktionary:other|other]] || alho
| -∅ || ''construct form'' || Arabic.
|-
|-
| 22 || [[wiktionary:one|one]] || ono
| khōm- || person || Arabic '''''qawm''''' "people". The lack of a definite article after the determiner "all" is influenced by Germanic.
|-
|-
| 23 || [[wiktionary:two|two]] || duo
| -ī- || ''masculine plural'' || Latin '''''-ī''''', Arabic ''-<b>ī</b>n''. Considered to come from an earlier form ''*-uy-'', where ''-u-'' is the masculine vowel and ''*-y-'' is the original plural marker. This hypothetical ''*-y-'' is a backformation from the plural endings and is additionally influenced by Esperanto ''-j''.
|-
|-
| 24 || [[wiktionary:three|three]] || tris
| -n || ''genitive'' || Repurposing of Arabic tanween, particularly in the triptote genitive ending ''-i<b>n</b>''. Also influenced by oblique endings in ''-n'' in various languages, such as the Amharic and Esperanto accusatives, German dative plural, etc. The placement of this word in the genitive is influenced by Arabic.
|-
|-
| 25 || [[wiktionary:four|four]] || quiodres
| fār- || free || German '''''frei''''' and Arabic ''ħurr-'' (and its Portuguese descendant ''forro'').
|-
|-
| 26 || [[wiktionary:five|five]] || quinque
| -u- || ''masculine singular'' || See above.
|-
|-
| 27 || [[wiktionary:big|big]] || maro
| -m || ''accusative'' || Latin '''''-m''''' (in ''-um, -am, -em''). This usage of the accusative is influenced by Arabic.
|-
|-
| 28 || [[wiktionary:long|long]] || siro
| ya || and || Gothic ''jah''. Influenced by Persian ''yā'' "or".
|-
|-
| 29 || [[wiktionary:wide|wide]] || 
| qōn- || equal || Corruption of Proto-Germanic '''''*ebn-''''' (the ancestor of English ''even'') through a hypothetical development ''*ebn- > *eun- > *ōn-'', with a sporadic ''ʕ-'' inserted.
|-
|-
| 30 || [[wiktionary:thick|thick]] || tievo
| -u- || ''masculine singular'' || See above.
|-
|-
| 31 || [[wiktionary:heavy|heavy]] || 
| -m || ''accusative'' || See above.
|-
|-
| 32 || [[wiktionary:small|small]] || beco
| bi || in || Arabic ''bi-'' and ''fī'' (both of which can mean "in"). The primary meaning is spatial. The usage of spatial "in" to mean "in terms of" is influenced by English.
|-
|-
| 33 || [[wiktionary:short|short]] || berro
| al || the (''definite article'') || Arabic ''al-''. Also influenced by Spanish ''el''. Its usage in this generic sense is influenced by Arabic.
|-
|-
| 34 || [[wiktionary:narrow|narrow]] || ango 
| adr- || dignity || Influenced by English ''<b>d</b>ignity'' and Arabic ''sha<b>r</b>af''.
|-
|-
| 35 || [[wiktionary:thin|thin]] || 
| -a- || ''feminine singular'' || Latin ''-a''. Influenced by Arabic ''-a(h)'', pausal form of the feminine ending ''-at-''.
|-
|-
| 36 || [[wiktionary:woman|woman]] || biena
| -n || ''genitive'' || Influenced by various oblique forms ending in ''-n'' such as German ''-en'' (dative plural + masculine accusative singular of adjectives + oblique forms of weak nouns/adjectives) and Esperanto ''-n'' (accusative). This usage of the genitive is influenced by Arabic.
|}
 
==Iberian Celtic lang==
{| class="wikitable"
! '''No.''' !! [[wikipedia:English language|English]] !! 
|-
|-
| 37 || [[wiktionary:man|man (adult male)]] || vero
| 1 || [[wiktionary:I|I]] || mi
|-
|-
| 38 || [[wiktionary:man|man (human being)]] || duenho
| 2 || [[wiktionary:you|you (singular)]] || tu
|-
|-
| 39 || [[wiktionary:child|child]] || maco
| 3 || [[wiktionary:he|he]] ||  
|-
|-
| 40 || [[wiktionary:wife|wife]] ||
| 4 || [[wiktionary:we|we]] || nis
|-
|-
| 41 || [[wiktionary:husband|husband]] ||
| 5 || [[wiktionary:you|you (plural)]] || sis
|-
|-
| 42 || [[wiktionary:mother|mother]] || madre  
| 6 || [[wiktionary:they|they]] ||   
|-
|-
| 43 || [[wiktionary:father|father]] || adre 
| 7 || [[wiktionary:this|this]] ||  
|-
|-
| 44 || [[wiktionary:animal|animal]] || milo  
| 8 || [[wiktionary:that|that]] ||   
|-
|-
| 45 || [[wiktionary:fish|fish]] || esco
| 9 || [[wiktionary:here|here]] ||
|-
|-
| 46 || [[wiktionary:bird|bird]] ||   
| 10 || [[wiktionary:there|there]] ||   
|-
|-
| 47 || [[wiktionary:dog|dog]] || con
| 11 || [[wiktionary:who|who]] || quien
|-
|-
| 48 || [[wiktionary:louse|louse]] ||
| 12 || [[wiktionary:what|what]] || que
|-
|-
| 49 || [[wiktionary:snake|snake]] ||   
| 13 || [[wiktionary:where|where]] ||   
|-
|-
| 50 || [[wiktionary:worm|worm]] || preme
| 14 || [[wiktionary:when|when]] || quan
|-
|-
| 51 || [[wiktionary:tree|tree]] || prieno
| 15 || [[wiktionary:how|how]] ||
|-
|-
| 52 || [[wiktionary:forest|forest]] ||
| 16 || [[wiktionary:not|not]] || ne
|-
|-
| 53 || [[wiktionary:stick|stick]] ||
| 17 || [[wiktionary:all|all]] || welho
|-
|-
| 54 || [[wiktionary:fruit|fruit]] ||
| 18 || [[wiktionary:many|many]] || elo
|-
|-
| 55 || [[wiktionary:seed|seed]] || silo
| 19 || [[wiktionary:some|some]] || negos
|-
|-
| 56 || [[wiktionary:leaf|leaf]] ||
| 20 || [[wiktionary:few|few]] ||  
|-
|-
| 57 || [[wiktionary:root|root]] ||
| 21 || [[wiktionary:other|other]] || alho
|-
|-
| 58 || [[wiktionary:bark|bark]] || rosco
| 22 || [[wiktionary:one|one]] || ono
|-
|-
| 59 || [[wiktionary:flower|flower]] ||
| 23 || [[wiktionary:two|two]] || duo
|-
|-
| 60 || [[wiktionary:grass|grass]] || guelta
| 24 || [[wiktionary:three|three]] || tris
|-
|-
| 61 || [[wiktionary:rope|rope]] ||
| 25 || [[wiktionary:four|four]] || quiodres
|-
|-
| 62 || [[wiktionary:skin|skin]] ||
| 26 || [[wiktionary:five|five]] || quinque
|-
|-
| 63 || [[wiktionary:meat|meat]] || chigo
| 27 || [[wiktionary:big|big]] || maro
|-
|-
| 64 || [[wiktionary:blood|blood]] || cruevo
| 28 || [[wiktionary:long|long]] || siro
|-
|-
| 65 || [[wiktionary:bone|bone]] ||   
| 29 || [[wiktionary:wide|wide]] ||   
|-
|-
| 66 || [[wiktionary:fat#Noun|fat (noun)]] ||
| 30 || [[wiktionary:thick|thick]] || tievo
|-
|-
| 67 || [[wiktionary:egg|egg]] ||   
| 31 || [[wiktionary:heavy|heavy]] ||   
|-
|-
| 68 || [[wiktionary:horn|horn]] ||
| 32 || [[wiktionary:small|small]] || beco
|-
|-
| 69 || [[wiktionary:tail|tail]] ||
| 33 || [[wiktionary:short|short]] || berro
|-
|-
| 70 || [[wiktionary:feather|feather]] ||   
| 34 || [[wiktionary:narrow|narrow]] || ango  
|-
|-
| 71 || [[wiktionary:hair|hair]] || vuelto
| 35 || [[wiktionary:thin|thin]] ||
|-
|-
| 72 || [[wiktionary:head|head]] || queño
| 36 || [[wiktionary:woman|woman]] || biena
|-
|-
| 73 || [[wiktionary:ear|ear]] || closta
| 37 || [[wiktionary:man|man (adult male)]] || vero
|-
|-
| 74 || [[wiktionary:eye|eye]] ||
| 38 || [[wiktionary:man|man (human being)]] || duenho
|-
|-
| 75 || [[wiktionary:nose|nose]] ||
| 39 || [[wiktionary:child|child]] || maco
|-
|-
| 76 || [[wiktionary:mouth|mouth]] ||   
| 40 || [[wiktionary:wife|wife]] ||   
|-
|-
| 77 || [[wiktionary:tooth|tooth]] || dante
| 41 || [[wiktionary:husband|husband]] ||
|-
|-
| 78 || [[wiktionary:tongue|tongue]] || tanguad  
| 42 || [[wiktionary:mother|mother]] || madre  
|-
|-
| 79 || [[wiktionary:fingernail|fingernail]] ||   
| 43 || [[wiktionary:father|father]] || adre  
|-
|-
| 80 || [[wiktionary:foot|foot]] ||   
| 44 || [[wiktionary:animal|animal]] || milo  
|-
|-
| 81 || [[wiktionary:leg|leg]] ||
| 45 || [[wiktionary:fish|fish]] || esco
|-
|-
| 82 || [[wiktionary:knee|knee]] ||   
| 46 || [[wiktionary:bird|bird]] ||   
|-
|-
| 83 || [[wiktionary:hand|hand]] ||
| 47 || [[wiktionary:dog|dog]] || con
|-
|-
| 84 || [[wiktionary:wing|wing]] ||   
| 48 || [[wiktionary:louse|louse]] ||   
|-
|-
| 85 || [[wiktionary:belly|belly]] ||   
| 49 || [[wiktionary:snake|snake]] ||   
|-
|-
| 86 || [[wiktionary:guts|guts]] ||
| 50 || [[wiktionary:worm|worm]] || preme
|-
|-
| 87 || [[wiktionary:neck|neck]] ||
| 51 || [[wiktionary:tree|tree]] || prieno
|-
|-
| 88 || [[wiktionary:back|back]] ||   
| 52 || [[wiktionary:forest|forest]] ||   
|-
|-
| 89 || [[wiktionary:breast|breast]] ||   
| 53 || [[wiktionary:stick|stick]] ||   
|-
|-
| 90 || [[wiktionary:heart|heart]] ||   
| 54 || [[wiktionary:fruit|fruit]] ||   
|-
|-
| 91 || [[wiktionary:liver|liver]] ||
| 55 || [[wiktionary:seed|seed]] || silo
|-
|-
| 92 || [[wiktionary:drink|to drink]] ||   
| 56 || [[wiktionary:leaf|leaf]] ||   
|-
|-
| 93 || [[wiktionary:eat|to eat]] ||   
| 57 || [[wiktionary:root|root]] ||   
|-
|-
| 94 || [[wiktionary:bite|to bite]] ||
| 58 || [[wiktionary:bark|bark]] || rosco
|-
|-
| 95 || [[wiktionary:suck|to suck]] ||   
| 59 || [[wiktionary:flower|flower]] ||   
|-
|-
| 96 || [[wiktionary:spit|to spit]] ||
| 60 || [[wiktionary:grass|grass]] || guelta
|-
|-
| 97 || [[wiktionary:vomit|to vomit]] ||   
| 61 || [[wiktionary:rope|rope]] ||   
|-
|-
| 98 || [[wiktionary:blow|to blow]] ||   
| 62 || [[wiktionary:skin|skin]] ||   
|-
|-
| 99 || [[wiktionary:breathe|to breathe]] ||
| 63 || [[wiktionary:meat|meat]] || chigo
|-
|-
| 100 || [[wiktionary:laugh|to laugh]] ||
| 64 || [[wiktionary:blood|blood]] || cruevo
|-
|-
| 101 || [[wiktionary:see|to see]] ||   
| 65 || [[wiktionary:bone|bone]] ||   
|-
|-
| 102 || [[wiktionary:hear|to hear]] ||   
| 66 || [[wiktionary:fat#Noun|fat (noun)]] ||   
|-
|-
| 103 || [[wiktionary:know|to know]] ||   
| 67 || [[wiktionary:egg|egg]] ||   
|-
|-
| 104 || [[wiktionary:think|to think]] ||   
| 68 || [[wiktionary:horn|horn]] ||   
|-
|-
| 105 || [[wiktionary:smell|to smell]] ||   
| 69 || [[wiktionary:tail|tail]] ||   
|-
|-
| 106 || [[wiktionary:fear|to fear]] ||   
| 70 || [[wiktionary:feather|feather]] ||   
|-
|-
| 107 || [[wiktionary:sleep|to sleep]] ||
| 71 || [[wiktionary:hair|hair]] || vuelto
|-
|-
| 108 || [[wiktionary:live|to live]] ||
| 72 || [[wiktionary:head|head]] || queño
|-
|-
| 109 || [[wiktionary:die|to die]] ||
| 73 || [[wiktionary:ear|ear]] || closta
|-
|-
| 110 || [[wiktionary:kill|to kill]] ||   
| 74 || [[wiktionary:eye|eye]] ||   
|-
|-
| 111 || [[wiktionary:fight|to fight]] ||   
| 75 || [[wiktionary:nose|nose]] ||   
|-
|-
| 112 || [[wiktionary:hunt|to hunt]] ||   
| 76 || [[wiktionary:mouth|mouth]] ||   
|-
|-
| 113 || [[wiktionary:hit|to hit]] ||
| 77 || [[wiktionary:tooth|tooth]] || dante
|-
|-
| 114 || [[wiktionary:cut|to cut]] ||   
| 78 || [[wiktionary:tongue|tongue]] || tanguad  
|-
|-
| 115 || [[wiktionary:split|to split]] ||   
| 79 || [[wiktionary:fingernail|fingernail]] ||   
|-
|-
| 116 || [[wiktionary:stab|to stab]]
| 80 || [[wiktionary:foot|foot]] || 
|-
|-
| 117 || [[wiktionary:scratch|to scratch]] ||   
| 81 || [[wiktionary:leg|leg]] ||   
|-
|-
| 118 || [[wiktionary:dig|to dig]] ||   
| 82 || [[wiktionary:knee|knee]] ||   
|-
|-
| 119 || [[wiktionary:swim|to swim]] ||   
| 83 || [[wiktionary:hand|hand]] ||   
|-
|-
| 120 || [[wiktionary:fly|to fly]] ||   
| 84 || [[wiktionary:wing|wing]] ||   
|-
|-
| 121 || [[wiktionary:walk|to walk]] ||   
| 85 || [[wiktionary:belly|belly]] ||   
|-
|-
| 122 || [[wiktionary:come|to come]] ||   
| 86 || [[wiktionary:guts|guts]] ||   
|-
|-
| 123 || [[wiktionary:lie|to lie]] ||   
| 87 || [[wiktionary:neck|neck]] ||   
|-
|-
| 124 || [[wiktionary:sit|to sit]] ||   
| 88 || [[wiktionary:back|back]] ||   
|-
|-
| 125 || [[wiktionary:stand|to stand]] ||   
| 89 || [[wiktionary:breast|breast]] ||   
|-
|-
| 126 || [[wiktionary:turn|to turn]] ||   
| 90 || [[wiktionary:heart|heart]] ||   
|-
|-
| 127 || [[wiktionary:fall|to fall]] ||   
| 91 || [[wiktionary:liver|liver]] ||   
|-
|-
| 128 || [[wiktionary:give|to give]] ||   
| 92 || [[wiktionary:drink|to drink]] ||   
|-
|-
| 129 || [[wiktionary:hold|to hold]] ||   
| 93 || [[wiktionary:eat|to eat]] ||   
|-
|-
| 130 || [[wiktionary:squeeze|to squeeze]] ||   
| 94 || [[wiktionary:bite|to bite]] ||   
|-
|-
| 131 || [[wiktionary:rub|to rub]] ||   
| 95 || [[wiktionary:suck|to suck]] ||   
|-
|-
| 132 || [[wiktionary:wash|to wash]] ||   
| 96 || [[wiktionary:spit|to spit]] ||   
|-
|-
| 133 || [[wiktionary:wipe|to wipe]] ||   
| 97 || [[wiktionary:vomit|to vomit]] ||   
|-
|-
| 134 || [[wiktionary:pull|to pull]] ||   
| 98 || [[wiktionary:blow|to blow]] ||   
|-
|-
| 135 || [[wiktionary:push|to push]] ||   
| 99 || [[wiktionary:breathe|to breathe]] ||   
|-
|-
| 136 || [[wiktionary:throw|to throw]] ||   
| 100 || [[wiktionary:laugh|to laugh]] ||   
|-
|-
| 137 || [[wiktionary:tie|to tie]] ||   
| 101 || [[wiktionary:see|to see]] ||   
|-
|-
| 138 || [[wiktionary:sew|to sew]] ||   
| 102 || [[wiktionary:hear|to hear]] ||   
|-
|-
| 139 || [[wiktionary:count|to count]] ||   
| 103 || [[wiktionary:know|to know]] ||   
|-
|-
| 140 || [[wiktionary:say|to say]] ||   
| 104 || [[wiktionary:think|to think]] ||   
|-
|-
| 141 || [[wiktionary:sing|to sing]] ||   
| 105 || [[wiktionary:smell|to smell]] ||   
|-
|-
| 142 || [[wiktionary:play|to play]] ||   
| 106 || [[wiktionary:fear|to fear]] ||   
|-
|-
| 143 || [[wiktionary:float|to float]] ||   
| 107 || [[wiktionary:sleep|to sleep]] ||   
|-
|-
| 144 || [[wiktionary:flow|to flow]] ||   
| 108 || [[wiktionary:live|to live]] ||   
|-
|-
| 145 || [[wiktionary:freeze|to freeze]] ||   
| 109 || [[wiktionary:die|to die]] ||   
|-
|-
| 146 || [[wiktionary:swell|to swell]]
| 110 || [[wiktionary:kill|to kill]] || 
|-
|-
| 147 || [[wiktionary:sun|sun]] ||   
| 111 || [[wiktionary:fight|to fight]] ||   
|-
|-
| 148 || [[wiktionary:moon|moon]] ||   
| 112 || [[wiktionary:hunt|to hunt]] ||   
|-
|-
| 149 || [[wiktionary:star|star]] ||   
| 113 || [[wiktionary:hit|to hit]] ||   
|-
|-
| 150 || [[wiktionary:water|water]] ||   
| 114 || [[wiktionary:cut|to cut]] ||   
|-
|-
| 151 || [[wiktionary:rain|rain]]
| 115 || [[wiktionary:split|to split]] || 
|-
|-
| 152 || [[wiktionary:river|river]] || 
| 116 || [[wiktionary:stab|to stab]]
|-
|-
| 153 || [[wiktionary:lake|lake]] ||   
| 117 || [[wiktionary:scratch|to scratch]] ||   
|-
|-
| 154 || [[wiktionary:sea|sea]] ||   
| 118 || [[wiktionary:dig|to dig]] ||   
|-
|-
| 155 || [[wiktionary:salt|salt]] ||   
| 119 || [[wiktionary:swim|to swim]] ||   
|-
|-
| 156 || [[wiktionary:stone|stone]] ||   
| 120 || [[wiktionary:fly|to fly]] ||   
|-
|-
| 157 || [[wiktionary:sand|sand]] ||   
| 121 || [[wiktionary:walk|to walk]] ||   
|-
|-
| 158 || [[wiktionary:dust|dust]] ||   
| 122 || [[wiktionary:come|to come]] ||   
|-
|-
| 159 || [[wiktionary:earth|earth]] ||   
| 123 || [[wiktionary:lie|to lie]] ||   
|-
|-
| 160 || [[wiktionary:cloud|cloud]] ||   
| 124 || [[wiktionary:sit|to sit]] ||   
|-
|-
| 161 || [[wiktionary:fog|fog]] ||   
| 125 || [[wiktionary:stand|to stand]] ||   
|-
|-
| 162 || [[wiktionary:sky|sky]] ||   
| 126 || [[wiktionary:turn|to turn]] ||   
|-
|-
| 163 || [[wiktionary:wind|wind]] ||   
| 127 || [[wiktionary:fall|to fall]] ||   
|-
|-
| 164 || [[wiktionary:snow|snow]] ||   
| 128 || [[wiktionary:give|to give]] ||   
|-
|-
| 165 || [[wiktionary:ice|ice]] ||   
| 129 || [[wiktionary:hold|to hold]] ||   
|-
|-
| 166 || [[wiktionary:smoke|smoke]] ||   
| 130 || [[wiktionary:squeeze|to squeeze]] ||   
|-
|-
| 167 || [[wiktionary:fire|fire]] ||   
| 131 || [[wiktionary:rub|to rub]] ||   
|-
|-
| 168 || [[wiktionary:ash|ash]]
| 132 || [[wiktionary:wash|to wash]] || 
|-
|-
| 169 || [[wiktionary:burn|burn]] ||   
| 133 || [[wiktionary:wipe|to wipe]] ||   
|-
|-
| 170 || [[wiktionary:road|road]] ||   
| 134 || [[wiktionary:pull|to pull]] ||   
|-
|-
| 171 || [[wiktionary:mountain|mountain]] ||   
| 135 || [[wiktionary:push|to push]] ||   
|-
|-
| 172 || [[wiktionary:red|red]] ||   
| 136 || [[wiktionary:throw|to throw]] ||   
|-
|-
| 173 || [[wiktionary:green|green]]
| 137 || [[wiktionary:tie|to tie]] || 
|-
|-
| 174 || [[wiktionary:yellow|yellow]] ||   
| 138 || [[wiktionary:sew|to sew]] ||   
|-
|-
| 175 || [[wiktionary:white|white]] ||   
| 139 || [[wiktionary:count|to count]] ||   
|-
|-
| 176 || [[wiktionary:black|black]] ||   
| 140 || [[wiktionary:say|to say]] ||   
|-
|-
| 177 || [[wiktionary:night|night]] ||   
| 141 || [[wiktionary:sing|to sing]] ||   
|-
|-
| 178 || [[wiktionary:day|day]] ||   
| 142 || [[wiktionary:play|to play]] ||   
|-
|-
| 179 || [[wiktionary:year|year]]
| 143 || [[wiktionary:float|to float]] || 
|-
|-
| 180 || [[wiktionary:warm|warm]] ||   
| 144 || [[wiktionary:flow|to flow]] ||   
|-
|-
| 181 || [[wiktionary:cold|cold]] ||   
| 145 || [[wiktionary:freeze|to freeze]] ||   
|-
|-
| 182 || [[wiktionary:full|full]] || 
| 146 || [[wiktionary:swell|to swell]]
|-
|-
| 183 || [[wiktionary:new|new]] ||   
| 147 || [[wiktionary:sun|sun]] ||   
|-
|-
| 184 || [[wiktionary:old|old]] ||   
| 148 || [[wiktionary:moon|moon]] ||   
|-
|-
| 185 || [[wiktionary:good|good]] ||   
| 149 || [[wiktionary:star|star]] ||   
|-
|-
| 186 || [[wiktionary:bad|bad]] ||   
| 150 || [[wiktionary:water|water]] ||   
|-
|-
| 187 || [[wiktionary:rotten|rotten]] || 
| 151 || [[wiktionary:rain|rain]]
|-
|-
| 188 || [[wiktionary:dirty|dirty]] ||   
| 152 || [[wiktionary:river|river]] ||   
|-
|-
| 189 || [[wiktionary:straight|straight]] ||   
| 153 || [[wiktionary:lake|lake]] ||   
|-
|-
| 190 || [[wiktionary:round|round]] ||   
| 154 || [[wiktionary:sea|sea]] ||   
|-
|-
| 191 || [[wiktionary:sharp|sharp]] ||   
| 155 || [[wiktionary:salt|salt]] ||   
|-
|-
| 192 || [[wiktionary:dull|dull]] ||   
| 156 || [[wiktionary:stone|stone]] ||   
|-
|-
| 193 || [[wiktionary:smooth|smooth]] ||   
| 157 || [[wiktionary:sand|sand]] ||   
|-
|-
| 194 || [[wiktionary:wet|wet]] ||   
| 158 || [[wiktionary:dust|dust]] ||   
|-
|-
| 195 || [[wiktionary:dry|dry]] ||   
| 159 || [[wiktionary:earth|earth]] ||   
|-
|-
| 196 || [[wiktionary:correct|correct]] ||   
| 160 || [[wiktionary:cloud|cloud]] ||   
|-
|-
| 197 || [[wiktionary:near|near]] ||   
| 161 || [[wiktionary:fog|fog]] ||   
|-
|-
| 198 || [[wiktionary:far|far]] ||   
| 162 || [[wiktionary:sky|sky]] ||   
|-
|-
| 199 || [[wiktionary:right|right]] ||   
| 163 || [[wiktionary:wind|wind]] ||   
|-
|-
| 200 || [[wiktionary:left|left]] ||   
| 164 || [[wiktionary:snow|snow]] ||   
|-
|-
| 201 || [[wiktionary:at|at]] ||   
| 165 || [[wiktionary:ice|ice]] ||   
|-
|-
| 202 || [[wiktionary:in|in]] ||   
| 166 || [[wiktionary:smoke|smoke]] ||   
|-
|-
| 203 || [[wiktionary:with|with]] ||   
| 167 || [[wiktionary:fire|fire]] ||   
|-
|-
| 204 || [[wiktionary:and|and]] || 
| 168 || [[wiktionary:ash|ash]]
|-
|-
| 205 || [[wiktionary:if|if]] ||   
| 169 || [[wiktionary:burn|burn]] ||   
|-
|-
| 206 || [[wiktionary:because|because]] ||   
| 170 || [[wiktionary:road|road]] ||   
|-
|-
| 207 || [[wiktionary:name|name]] ||   
| 171 || [[wiktionary:mountain|mountain]] ||   
|}
 
==Descendent of Old Latin==
{| class="wikitable"
! '''No.''' !! [[wikipedia:English language|English]] !!
|-
|-
| 1 || [[wiktionary:I|I]] || mu
| 172 || [[wiktionary:red|red]] ||
|-
|-
| 2 || [[wiktionary:you|you (singular)]] || tu
| 173 || [[wiktionary:green|green]]
|-
|-
| 3 || [[wiktionary:he|he]] || gio
| 174 || [[wiktionary:yellow|yellow]] ||
|-
|-
| 4 || [[wiktionary:we|we]] || nox
| 175 || [[wiktionary:white|white]] ||
|-
|-
| 5 || [[wiktionary:you|you (plural)]] || gox
| 176 || [[wiktionary:black|black]] ||
|-
|-
| 6 || [[wiktionary:they|they]] || giox (''m.''); giax (''f.'')
| 177 || [[wiktionary:night|night]] ||
|-
|-
| 7 || [[wiktionary:this|this]] || xicce
| 178 || [[wiktionary:day|day]] ||
|-
|-
| 8 || [[wiktionary:that|that]] || isto
| 179 || [[wiktionary:year|year]]
|-
|-
| 9 || [[wiktionary:here|here]] || xic
| 180 || [[wiktionary:warm|warm]] ||
|-
|-
| 10 || [[wiktionary:there|there]] || eve
| 181 || [[wiktionary:cold|cold]] ||
|-
|-
| 11 || [[wiktionary:who|who]] || quex
| 182 || [[wiktionary:full|full]] ||
|-
|-
| 12 || [[wiktionary:what|what]] || que
| 183 || [[wiktionary:new|new]] ||
|-
|-
| 13 || [[wiktionary:where|where]] || cove
| 184 || [[wiktionary:old|old]] ||
|-
|-
| 14 || [[wiktionary:when|when]] || quando
| 185 || [[wiktionary:good|good]] ||
|-
|-
| 15 || [[wiktionary:how|how]] || quan
| 186 || [[wiktionary:bad|bad]] ||
|-
|-
| 16 || [[wiktionary:not|not]] || ne
| 187 || [[wiktionary:rotten|rotten]] ||
|-
|-
| 17 || [[wiktionary:all|all]] || guabrix
| 188 || [[wiktionary:dirty|dirty]] ||
|-
|-
| 18 || [[wiktionary:many|many]] || moltox (''m.''); moltax (''f.'')
| 189 || [[wiktionary:straight|straight]] ||
|-
|-
| 19 || [[wiktionary:some|some]] ||   
| 190 || [[wiktionary:round|round]] ||   
|-
|-
| 20 || [[wiktionary:few|few]] || pocox; pokax
| 191 || [[wiktionary:sharp|sharp]] ||
|-
|-
| 21 || [[wiktionary:other|other]] || alio
| 192 || [[wiktionary:dull|dull]] ||
|-
|-
| 22 || [[wiktionary:one|one]] || gueno (''m.''); guena (''f.'')
| 193 || [[wiktionary:smooth|smooth]] ||
|-
|-
| 23 || [[wiktionary:two|two]] || dúox (''m.''); dúax (''f.'')
| 194 || [[wiktionary:wet|wet]] ||
|-
|-
| 24 || [[wiktionary:three|three]] || trix
| 195 || [[wiktionary:dry|dry]] ||
|-
|-
| 25 || [[wiktionary:four|four]] || quattor
| 196 || [[wiktionary:correct|correct]] ||
|-
|-
| 26 || [[wiktionary:five|five]] || chinque
| 197 || [[wiktionary:near|near]] ||
|-
|-
| 27 || [[wiktionary:big|big]] || mangro
| 198 || [[wiktionary:far|far]] ||
|-
|-
| 28 || [[wiktionary:long|long]] || luango
| 199 || [[wiktionary:right|right]] ||
|-
|-
| 29 || [[wiktionary:wide|wide]] || lato
| 200 || [[wiktionary:left|left]] ||
|-
|-
| 30 || [[wiktionary:thick|thick]] ||   
| 201 || [[wiktionary:at|at]] ||   
|-
|-
| 31 || [[wiktionary:heavy|heavy]] ||  
| 202 || [[wiktionary:in|in]] ||
|-
|-
| 32 || [[wiktionary:small|small]] ||   
| 203 || [[wiktionary:with|with]] ||   
|-
|-
| 33 || [[wiktionary:short|short]] ||   
| 204 || [[wiktionary:and|and]] ||   
|-
|-
| 34 || [[wiktionary:narrow|narrow]] ||   
| 205 || [[wiktionary:if|if]] ||   
|-
|-
| 35 || [[wiktionary:thin|thin]] ||   
| 206 || [[wiktionary:because|because]] ||   
|-
|-
| 36 || [[wiktionary:woman|woman]] || femna
| 207 || [[wiktionary:name|name]] ||
|}
 
==Descendent of Old Latin==
{| class="wikitable"
! '''No.''' !! [[wikipedia:English language|English]] !!
|-
|-
| 37 || [[wiktionary:man|man (adult male)]] || guero
| 1 || [[wiktionary:I|I]] || mu
|-
|-
| 38 || [[wiktionary:man|man (human being)]] || huamne
| 2 || [[wiktionary:you|you (singular)]] || tu
|-
|-
| 39 || [[wiktionary:child|child]] ||
| 3 || [[wiktionary:he|he]] || gio
|-
|-
| 40 || [[wiktionary:wife|wife]] || femna
| 4 || [[wiktionary:we|we]] || nox
|-
|-
| 41 || [[wiktionary:husband|husband]] || guero
| 5 || [[wiktionary:you|you (plural)]] || gox
|-
|-
| 42 || [[wiktionary:mother|mother]] || matre 
| 6 || [[wiktionary:they|they]] || giox (''m.''); giax (''f.'')
|-
|-
| 43 || [[wiktionary:father|father]] || patre 
| 7 || [[wiktionary:this|this]] || xicce
|-
|-
| 44 || [[wiktionary:animal|animal]] ||
| 8 || [[wiktionary:that|that]] || isto
|-
|-
| 45 || [[wiktionary:fish|fish]] || pesci
| 9 || [[wiktionary:here|here]] || xic
|-
|-
| 46 || [[wiktionary:bird|bird]] || agui
| 10 || [[wiktionary:there|there]] || eve
|-
|-
| 47 || [[wiktionary:dog|dog]] || cane
| 11 || [[wiktionary:who|who]] || quex
|-
|-
| 48 || [[wiktionary:louse|louse]] ||
| 12 || [[wiktionary:what|what]] || que
|-
|-
| 49 || [[wiktionary:snake|snake]] || serpiante
| 13 || [[wiktionary:where|where]] || cove
|-
|-
| 50 || [[wiktionary:worm|worm]] || ghiarmi
| 14 || [[wiktionary:when|when]] || quando
|-
|-
| 51 || [[wiktionary:tree|tree]] || arbre
| 15 || [[wiktionary:how|how]] || quan
|-
|-
| 52 || [[wiktionary:forest|forest]] || selgua 
| 16 || [[wiktionary:not|not]] || ne
|-
|-
| 53 || [[wiktionary:stick|stick]] ||
| 17 || [[wiktionary:all|all]] || guabrix
|-
|-
| 54 || [[wiktionary:fruit|fruit]] || pomo
| 18 || [[wiktionary:many|many]] || moltox (''m.''); moltax (''f.'')
|-
|-
| 55 || [[wiktionary:seed|seed]] ||   
| 19 || [[wiktionary:some|some]] ||   
|-
|-
| 56 || [[wiktionary:leaf|leaf]] || folio
| 20 || [[wiktionary:few|few]] || pocox; pokax
|-
|-
| 57 || [[wiktionary:root|root]] ||
| 21 || [[wiktionary:other|other]] || alio
|-
|-
| 58 || [[wiktionary:bark|bark]] ||
| 22 || [[wiktionary:one|one]] || gueno (''m.''); guena (''f.'')
|-
|-
| 59 || [[wiktionary:flower|flower]] ||
| 23 || [[wiktionary:two|two]] || dúox (''m.''); dúax (''f.'')
|-
|-
| 60 || [[wiktionary:grass|grass]] ||
| 24 || [[wiktionary:three|three]] || trix
|-
|-
| 61 || [[wiktionary:rope|rope]] ||
| 25 || [[wiktionary:four|four]] || quattor
|-
|-
| 62 || [[wiktionary:skin|skin]] ||
| 26 || [[wiktionary:five|five]] || chinque
|-
|-
| 63 || [[wiktionary:meat|meat]] || carne
| 27 || [[wiktionary:big|big]] || mangro
|-
|-
| 64 || [[wiktionary:blood|blood]] ||
| 28 || [[wiktionary:long|long]] || luango
|-
|-
| 65 || [[wiktionary:bone|bone]] ||
| 29 || [[wiktionary:wide|wide]] || lato
|-
|-
| 66 || [[wiktionary:fat#Noun|fat (noun)]] ||   
| 30 || [[wiktionary:thick|thick]] ||   
|-
|-
| 67 || [[wiktionary:egg|egg]] || ogo
| 31 || [[wiktionary:heavy|heavy]] ||  
|-
|-
| 68 || [[wiktionary:horn|horn]] ||   
| 32 || [[wiktionary:small|small]] ||   
|-
|-
| 69 || [[wiktionary:tail|tail]] ||   
| 33 || [[wiktionary:short|short]] ||   
|-
|-
| 70 || [[wiktionary:feather|feather]] ||   
| 34 || [[wiktionary:narrow|narrow]] ||   
|-
|-
| 71 || [[wiktionary:hair|hair]] ||   
| 35 || [[wiktionary:thin|thin]] ||   
|-
|-
| 72 || [[wiktionary:head|head]] ||  
| 36 || [[wiktionary:woman|woman]] || femna
|-
|-
| 73 || [[wiktionary:ear|ear]] ||
| 37 || [[wiktionary:man|man (adult male)]] || guero
|-
|-
| 74 || [[wiktionary:eye|eye]] || guaclo
| 38 || [[wiktionary:man|man (human being)]] || huamne
|-
|-
| 75 || [[wiktionary:nose|nose]] || naso
| 39 || [[wiktionary:child|child]] ||
|-
|-
| 76 || [[wiktionary:mouth|mouth]] ||
| 40 || [[wiktionary:wife|wife]] || femna
|-
|-
| 77 || [[wiktionary:tooth|tooth]] || diante
| 41 || [[wiktionary:husband|husband]] || guero
|-
|-
| 78 || [[wiktionary:tongue|tongue]] || dengua  
| 42 || [[wiktionary:mother|mother]] || matre  
|-
|-
| 79 || [[wiktionary:fingernail|fingernail]] ||   
| 43 || [[wiktionary:father|father]] || patre  
|-
|-
| 80 || [[wiktionary:foot|foot]] ||   
| 44 || [[wiktionary:animal|animal]] ||   
|-
|-
| 81 || [[wiktionary:leg|leg]] ||
| 45 || [[wiktionary:fish|fish]] || pesci
|-
|-
| 82 || [[wiktionary:knee|knee]] ||
| 46 || [[wiktionary:bird|bird]] || agui
|-
|-
| 83 || [[wiktionary:hand|hand]] ||
| 47 || [[wiktionary:dog|dog]] || cane
|-
|-
| 84 || [[wiktionary:wing|wing]] ||   
| 48 || [[wiktionary:louse|louse]] ||   
|-
|-
| 85 || [[wiktionary:belly|belly]] ||
| 49 || [[wiktionary:snake|snake]] || serpiante
|-
|-
| 86 || [[wiktionary:guts|guts]] ||
| 50 || [[wiktionary:worm|worm]] || ghiarmi
|-
|-
| 87 || [[wiktionary:neck|neck]] ||
| 51 || [[wiktionary:tree|tree]] || arbre
|-
|-
| 88 || [[wiktionary:back|back]] ||   
| 52 || [[wiktionary:forest|forest]] || selgua  
|-
|-
| 89 || [[wiktionary:breast|breast]] ||   
| 53 || [[wiktionary:stick|stick]] ||   
|-
|-
| 90 || [[wiktionary:heart|heart]] ||
| 54 || [[wiktionary:fruit|fruit]] || pomo
|-
|-
| 91 || [[wiktionary:liver|liver]] ||   
| 55 || [[wiktionary:seed|seed]] ||   
|-
|-
| 92 || [[wiktionary:drink|to drink]] || bivre, bivo, beve
| 56 || [[wiktionary:leaf|leaf]] || folio
|-
|-
| 93 || [[wiktionary:eat|to eat]] || giadre, giado, gede
| 57 || [[wiktionary:root|root]] ||
|-
|-
| 94 || [[wiktionary:bite|to bite]] ||   
| 58 || [[wiktionary:bark|bark]] ||   
|-
|-
| 95 || [[wiktionary:suck|to suck]] ||   
| 59 || [[wiktionary:flower|flower]] ||   
|-
|-
| 96 || [[wiktionary:spit|to spit]] ||   
| 60 || [[wiktionary:grass|grass]] ||   
|-
|-
| 97 || [[wiktionary:vomit|to vomit]] || guamre, guamo, gome
| 61 || [[wiktionary:rope|rope]] ||
|-
|-
| 98 || [[wiktionary:blow|to blow]] ||   
| 62 || [[wiktionary:skin|skin]] ||   
|-
|-
| 99 || [[wiktionary:breathe|to breathe]] ||
| 63 || [[wiktionary:meat|meat]] || carne
|-
|-
| 100 || [[wiktionary:laugh|to laugh]] ||   
| 64 || [[wiktionary:blood|blood]] ||   
|-
|-
| 101 || [[wiktionary:see|to see]] || guedere, guedio, guise
| 65 || [[wiktionary:bone|bone]] ||
|-
|-
| 102 || [[wiktionary:hear|to hear]] || odire, odio, odigue
| 66 || [[wiktionary:fat#Noun|fat (noun)]] ||
|-
|-
| 103 || [[wiktionary:know|to know]] || groscre, grosco, grogue
| 67 || [[wiktionary:egg|egg]] || ogo
|-
|-
| 104 || [[wiktionary:think|to think]] ||   
| 68 || [[wiktionary:horn|horn]] ||   
|-
|-
| 105 || [[wiktionary:smell|to smell]] || sentire, sianto, sentigue
| 69 || [[wiktionary:tail|tail]] ||
|-
|-
| 106 || [[wiktionary:fear|to fear]] ||   
| 70 || [[wiktionary:feather|feather]] ||   
|-
|-
| 107 || [[wiktionary:sleep|to sleep]] ||   
| 71 || [[wiktionary:hair|hair]] ||   
|-
|-
| 108 || [[wiktionary:live|to live]] || guigre, guigo, guige 
| 72 || [[wiktionary:head|head]] ||  
|-
|-
| 109 || [[wiktionary:die|to die]] ||   
| 73 || [[wiktionary:ear|ear]] ||   
|-
|-
| 110 || [[wiktionary:kill|to kill]] ||
| 74 || [[wiktionary:eye|eye]] || guaclo
|-
|-
| 111 || [[wiktionary:fight|to fight]] ||
| 75 || [[wiktionary:nose|nose]] || naso
|-
|-
| 112 || [[wiktionary:hunt|to hunt]] ||   
| 76 || [[wiktionary:mouth|mouth]] ||   
|-
|-
| 113 || [[wiktionary:hit|to hit]] ||
| 77 || [[wiktionary:tooth|tooth]] || diante
|-
|-
| 114 || [[wiktionary:cut|to cut]] ||   
| 78 || [[wiktionary:tongue|tongue]] || dengua  
|-
|-
| 115 || [[wiktionary:split|to split]] ||   
| 79 || [[wiktionary:fingernail|fingernail]] ||   
|-
|-
| 116 || [[wiktionary:stab|to stab]]
| 80 || [[wiktionary:foot|foot]] || 
|-
|-
| 117 || [[wiktionary:scratch|to scratch]] ||   
| 81 || [[wiktionary:leg|leg]] ||   
|-
|-
| 118 || [[wiktionary:dig|to dig]] ||   
| 82 || [[wiktionary:knee|knee]] ||   
|-
|-
| 119 || [[wiktionary:swim|to swim]] ||   
| 83 || [[wiktionary:hand|hand]] ||   
|-
|-
| 120 || [[wiktionary:fly|to fly]] ||   
| 84 || [[wiktionary:wing|wing]] ||   
|-
|-
| 121 || [[wiktionary:walk|to walk]] ||   
| 85 || [[wiktionary:belly|belly]] ||   
|-
|-
| 122 || [[wiktionary:come|to come]] ||   
| 86 || [[wiktionary:guts|guts]] ||   
|-
|-
| 123 || [[wiktionary:lie|to lie]] ||   
| 87 || [[wiktionary:neck|neck]] ||   
|-
|-
| 124 || [[wiktionary:sit|to sit]] ||   
| 88 || [[wiktionary:back|back]] ||   
|-
|-
| 125 || [[wiktionary:stand|to stand]] ||   
| 89 || [[wiktionary:breast|breast]] ||   
|-
|-
| 126 || [[wiktionary:turn|to turn]] ||   
| 90 || [[wiktionary:heart|heart]] ||   
|-
|-
| 127 || [[wiktionary:fall|to fall]] ||   
| 91 || [[wiktionary:liver|liver]] ||   
|-
|-
| 128 || [[wiktionary:give|to give]] ||
| 92 || [[wiktionary:drink|to drink]] || bivre, bivo, beve
|-
|-
| 129 || [[wiktionary:hold|to hold]] ||
| 93 || [[wiktionary:eat|to eat]] || giadre, giado, gede
|-
|-
| 130 || [[wiktionary:squeeze|to squeeze]] ||   
| 94 || [[wiktionary:bite|to bite]] ||   
|-
|-
| 131 || [[wiktionary:rub|to rub]] ||   
| 95 || [[wiktionary:suck|to suck]] ||   
|-
|-
| 132 || [[wiktionary:wash|to wash]] ||   
| 96 || [[wiktionary:spit|to spit]] ||   
|-
|-
| 133 || [[wiktionary:wipe|to wipe]] ||
| 97 || [[wiktionary:vomit|to vomit]] || guamre, guamo, gome
|-
|-
| 134 || [[wiktionary:pull|to pull]] ||   
| 98 || [[wiktionary:blow|to blow]] ||   
|-
|-
| 135 || [[wiktionary:push|to push]] ||   
| 99 || [[wiktionary:breathe|to breathe]] ||   
|-
|-
| 136 || [[wiktionary:throw|to throw]] ||   
| 100 || [[wiktionary:laugh|to laugh]] ||   
|-
|-
| 137 || [[wiktionary:tie|to tie]] ||
| 101 || [[wiktionary:see|to see]] || guedere, guedio, guise
|-
|-
| 138 || [[wiktionary:sew|to sew]] ||
| 102 || [[wiktionary:hear|to hear]] || odire, odio, odigue
|-
|-
| 139 || [[wiktionary:count|to count]] ||
| 103 || [[wiktionary:know|to know]] || groscre, grosco, grogue
|-
|-
| 140 || [[wiktionary:say|to say]] ||   
| 104 || [[wiktionary:think|to think]] ||   
|-
|-
| 141 || [[wiktionary:sing|to sing]] ||
| 105 || [[wiktionary:smell|to smell]] || sentire, sianto, sentigue
|-
|-
| 142 || [[wiktionary:play|to play]] ||   
| 106 || [[wiktionary:fear|to fear]] ||   
|-
|-
| 143 || [[wiktionary:float|to float]] ||   
| 107 || [[wiktionary:sleep|to sleep]] ||   
|-
|-
| 144 || [[wiktionary:flow|to flow]] ||   
| 108 || [[wiktionary:live|to live]] || guigre, guigo, guige  
|-
|-
| 145 || [[wiktionary:freeze|to freeze]] ||   
| 109 || [[wiktionary:die|to die]] ||   
|-
|-
| 146 || [[wiktionary:swell|to swell]]
| 110 || [[wiktionary:kill|to kill]] || 
|-
|-
| 147 || [[wiktionary:sun|sun]] || sol
| 111 || [[wiktionary:fight|to fight]] ||
|-
|-
| 148 || [[wiktionary:moon|moon]] || lona
| 112 || [[wiktionary:hunt|to hunt]] ||
|-
|-
| 149 || [[wiktionary:star|star]] ||   
| 113 || [[wiktionary:hit|to hit]] ||   
|-
|-
| 150 || [[wiktionary:water|water]] || aqua
| 114 || [[wiktionary:cut|to cut]] ||
|-
|-
| 151 || [[wiktionary:rain|rain]]
| 115 || [[wiktionary:split|to split]] || 
|-
|-
| 152 || [[wiktionary:river|river]] || 
| 116 || [[wiktionary:stab|to stab]]
|-
|-
| 153 || [[wiktionary:lake|lake]] ||   
| 117 || [[wiktionary:scratch|to scratch]] ||   
|-
|-
| 154 || [[wiktionary:sea|sea]] || mare
| 118 || [[wiktionary:dig|to dig]] ||
|-
|-
| 155 || [[wiktionary:salt|salt]] ||   
| 119 || [[wiktionary:swim|to swim]] ||   
|-
|-
| 156 || [[wiktionary:stone|stone]] ||   
| 120 || [[wiktionary:fly|to fly]] ||   
|-
|-
| 157 || [[wiktionary:sand|sand]] ||   
| 121 || [[wiktionary:walk|to walk]] ||   
|-
|-
| 158 || [[wiktionary:dust|dust]] ||   
| 122 || [[wiktionary:come|to come]] ||   
|-
|-
| 159 || [[wiktionary:earth|earth]] || tiarra
| 123 || [[wiktionary:lie|to lie]] ||
|-
|-
| 160 || [[wiktionary:cloud|cloud]] ||   
| 124 || [[wiktionary:sit|to sit]] ||   
|-
|-
| 161 || [[wiktionary:fog|fog]] ||   
| 125 || [[wiktionary:stand|to stand]] ||   
|-
|-
| 162 || [[wiktionary:sky|sky]] || celo
| 126 || [[wiktionary:turn|to turn]] ||
|-
|-
| 163 || [[wiktionary:wind|wind]] || ghianto
| 127 || [[wiktionary:fall|to fall]] ||
|-
|-
| 164 || [[wiktionary:snow|snow]] ||   
| 128 || [[wiktionary:give|to give]] ||   
|-
|-
| 165 || [[wiktionary:ice|ice]] ||   
| 129 || [[wiktionary:hold|to hold]] ||   
|-
|-
| 166 || [[wiktionary:smoke|smoke]] ||   
| 130 || [[wiktionary:squeeze|to squeeze]] ||   
|-
|-
| 167 || [[wiktionary:fire|fire]] ||   
| 131 || [[wiktionary:rub|to rub]] ||   
|-
|-
| 168 || [[wiktionary:ash|ash]] ||  
| 132 || [[wiktionary:wash|to wash]] ||
|-
|-
| 169 || [[wiktionary:burn|burn]] ||   
| 133 || [[wiktionary:wipe|to wipe]] ||   
|-
|-
| 170 || [[wiktionary:road|road]] ||   
| 134 || [[wiktionary:pull|to pull]] ||   
|-
|-
| 171 || [[wiktionary:mountain|mountain]] || muante
| 135 || [[wiktionary:push|to push]] ||
|-
|-
| 172 || [[wiktionary:red|red]] ||  
| 136 || [[wiktionary:throw|to throw]] ||
|-
|-
| 173 || [[wiktionary:green|green]] ||  
| 137 || [[wiktionary:tie|to tie]] ||
|-
|-
| 174 || [[wiktionary:yellow|yellow]] ||   
| 138 || [[wiktionary:sew|to sew]] ||   
|-
|-
| 175 || [[wiktionary:white|white]] || albo
| 139 || [[wiktionary:count|to count]] ||
|-
|-
| 176 || [[wiktionary:black|black]] || negro
| 140 || [[wiktionary:say|to say]] ||
|-
|-
| 177 || [[wiktionary:night|night]] || noapte
| 141 || [[wiktionary:sing|to sing]] ||
|-
|-
| 178 || [[wiktionary:day|day]] || día
| 142 || [[wiktionary:play|to play]] ||
|-
|-
| 179 || [[wiktionary:year|year]] || anno
| 143 || [[wiktionary:float|to float]] ||
|-
|-
| 180 || [[wiktionary:warm|warm]] ||   
| 144 || [[wiktionary:flow|to flow]] ||   
|-
|-
| 181 || [[wiktionary:cold|cold]] ||   
| 145 || [[wiktionary:freeze|to freeze]] ||   
|-
|-
| 182 || [[wiktionary:full|full]] || pleno
| 146 || [[wiktionary:swell|to swell]]
|-
|-
| 183 || [[wiktionary:new|new]] || nogo
| 147 || [[wiktionary:sun|sun]] || sol
|-
|-
| 184 || [[wiktionary:old|old]] || seno
| 148 || [[wiktionary:moon|moon]] || lona
|-
|-
| 185 || [[wiktionary:good|good]] || dueno
| 149 || [[wiktionary:star|star]] ||
|-
|-
| 186 || [[wiktionary:bad|bad]] || malo
| 150 || [[wiktionary:water|water]] || aqua
|-
|-
| 187 || [[wiktionary:rotten|rotten]] || 
| 151 || [[wiktionary:rain|rain]]
|-
|-
| 188 || [[wiktionary:dirty|dirty]] ||   
| 152 || [[wiktionary:river|river]] ||   
|-
|-
| 189 || [[wiktionary:straight|straight]] ||   
| 153 || [[wiktionary:lake|lake]] ||   
|-
|-
| 190 || [[wiktionary:round|round]] ||
| 154 || [[wiktionary:sea|sea]] || mare
|-
|-
| 191 || [[wiktionary:sharp|sharp]] ||   
| 155 || [[wiktionary:salt|salt]] ||   
|-
|-
| 192 || [[wiktionary:dull|dull]] ||   
| 156 || [[wiktionary:stone|stone]] ||   
|-
|-
| 193 || [[wiktionary:smooth|smooth]] ||   
| 157 || [[wiktionary:sand|sand]] ||   
|-
|-
| 194 || [[wiktionary:wet|wet]] ||   
| 158 || [[wiktionary:dust|dust]] ||   
|-
|-
| 195 || [[wiktionary:dry|dry]] || secco
| 159 || [[wiktionary:earth|earth]] || tiarra
|-
|-
| 196 || [[wiktionary:correct|correct]] ||   
| 160 || [[wiktionary:cloud|cloud]] ||   
|-
|-
| 197 || [[wiktionary:near|near]] ||   
| 161 || [[wiktionary:fog|fog]] ||   
|-
|-
| 198 || [[wiktionary:far|far]] ||
| 162 || [[wiktionary:sky|sky]] || celo
|-
|-
| 199 || [[wiktionary:right|right]] ||
| 163 || [[wiktionary:wind|wind]] || ghianto
|-
|-
| 200 || [[wiktionary:left|left]] ||   
| 164 || [[wiktionary:snow|snow]] ||   
|-
|-
| 201 || [[wiktionary:at|at]] || a
| 165 || [[wiktionary:ice|ice]] ||
|-
|-
| 202 || [[wiktionary:in|in]] || en
| 166 || [[wiktionary:smoke|smoke]] ||
|-
|-
| 203 || [[wiktionary:with|with]] || con
| 167 || [[wiktionary:fire|fire]] ||
|-
| 168 || [[wiktionary:ash|ash]] ||
|-
| 169 || [[wiktionary:burn|burn]] || 
|-
| 170 || [[wiktionary:road|road]] || 
|-
| 171 || [[wiktionary:mountain|mountain]] || muante
|-
| 172 || [[wiktionary:red|red]] ||
|-
| 173 || [[wiktionary:green|green]] ||
|-
| 174 || [[wiktionary:yellow|yellow]] || 
|-
| 175 || [[wiktionary:white|white]] || albo
|-
|-
| 204 || [[wiktionary:and|and]] || e
| 176 || [[wiktionary:black|black]] || negro
|-
|-
| 205 || [[wiktionary:if|if]] ||
| 177 || [[wiktionary:night|night]] || noapte
|-
|-
| 206 || [[wiktionary:because|because]] ||
| 178 || [[wiktionary:day|day]] || día
|-
|-
| 207 || [[wiktionary:name|name]] || nome
| 179 || [[wiktionary:year|year]] || anno
|}
|-
 
| 180 || [[wiktionary:warm|warm]] || 
==Blank Swadesh list==
|-
<table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;">
| 181 || [[wiktionary:cold|cold]] || 
<tr>
|-
<th>'''No.'''</th>
| 182 || [[wiktionary:full|full]] || pleno
<th>[[wikipedia:English language|English]]</th>
|-
<th> </th>
| 183 || [[wiktionary:new|new]] || nogo
</tr>
|-
<tr><th>1</th><th>[[wiktionary:I|I]]</th><td> </td></tr>
| 184 || [[wiktionary:old|old]] || seno
<tr><th>2</th><th>[[wiktionary:you|you (singular)]]</th><td> </td></tr>
|-
<tr><th>3</th><th>[[wiktionary:he|he]]</th><td> </td></tr>
| 185 || [[wiktionary:good|good]] || dueno
<tr><th>4</th><th>[[wiktionary:we|we]]</th><td> </td></tr>
|-
<tr><th>5</th><th>[[wiktionary:you|you (plural)]]</th><td> </td></tr>
| 186 || [[wiktionary:bad|bad]] || malo
<tr><th>6</th><th>[[wiktionary:they|they]]</th><td> </td></tr>
|-
<tr><th>7</th><th>[[wiktionary:this|this]]</th><td> </td></tr>
| 187 || [[wiktionary:rotten|rotten]] || 
<tr><th>8</th><th>[[wiktionary:that|that]]</th><td> </td></tr>
|-
<tr><th>9</th><th>[[wiktionary:here|here]]</th><td> </td></
| 188 || [[wiktionary:dirty|dirty]] || 
|-
| 189 || [[wiktionary:straight|straight]] || 
|-
| 190 || [[wiktionary:round|round]] || 
|-
| 191 || [[wiktionary:sharp|sharp]] || 
|-
| 192 || [[wiktionary:dull|dull]] || 
|-
| 193 || [[wiktionary:smooth|smooth]] || 
|-
| 194 || [[wiktionary:wet|wet]] || 
|-
| 195 || [[wiktionary:dry|dry]] || secco
|-
| 196 || [[wiktionary:correct|correct]] || 
|-
| 197 || [[wiktionary:near|near]] || 
|-
| 198 || [[wiktionary:far|far]] || 
|-
| 199 || [[wiktionary:right|right]] || 
|-
| 200 || [[wiktionary:left|left]] || 
|-
| 201 || [[wiktionary:at|at]] || a
|-
| 202 || [[wiktionary:in|in]] || en
|-
| 203 || [[wiktionary:with|with]]
|-
|-
| 9 || [[wiktionary:here|here]] ||   
| 1 || [[wiktionary:I|I]] ||   
|-
|-
| 10 || [[wiktionary:there|there]] ||   
| 2 || [[wiktionary:you|you (singular)]] ||   
|-
|-
| 11 || [[wiktionary:who|who]] ||   
| 3 || [[wiktionary:he|he]] || 
|-
| 4 || [[wiktionary:we|we]] || 
|-
| 5 || [[wiktionary:you|you (plural)]] || 
|-
| 6 || [[wiktionary:they|they]] || 
|-
| 7 || [[wiktionary:this|this]] || 
|-
| 8 || [[wiktionary:that|that]] || 
|-
| 9 || [[wiktionary:here|here]] || 
|-
| 10 || [[wiktionary:there|there]] || 
|-
| 11 || [[wiktionary:who|who]] ||   
|-
|-
| 12 || [[wiktionary:what|what]] ||   
| 12 || [[wiktionary:what|what]] ||   
Line 3,100: Line 3,262:
! rowspan="2" |Notes
! rowspan="2" |Notes
|-
|-
! Arabicized<br/>(with transliteration)
! Arabicized
! Traditional Somali<br/>(with Somali Latin script)
! Traditional Somali
!Isolated
!Isolated
!Final
!Final
Line 3,107: Line 3,269:
!Initial
!Initial
|-
|-
| ʾalif<br>الف
| alif<br>الف
| alif<br>الف
| alif<br>الف
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ا</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ا</span>
Line 3,115: Line 3,277:
| /aː/
| /aː/
| aa
| aa
| ''ʾalif'' has two functions: firstly, as a carrier for ''hamzah'' (which may not be written, especially at the beginning of words). Secondly, for showing the long vowel "aa".
| ''alif'' has two functions: firstly, as a carrier for ''hamzah'' (which may not be written, especially at the beginning of words). Secondly, for showing the long vowel "aa".
|-
|-
| bāʾ<br>باء
| baa'<br>باء
| ba'<br>بأ
| ba'<br>بأ
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ب</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ب</span>
Line 3,127: Line 3,289:
|
|
|-
|-
| tāʾ<br>تاء
| paa'<br>پاء
| pa'<br>پأ
|<span style="font-size:160%;">پ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـپ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـپـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">پـ</span>
|[β] (weak allophone of /b/); /p/ (loanwords, Af Maay)
|b; p (Af Maay)
| This is an extra letter that is not normally used. It can be used for intervocalic /b/ pronounced as /β/, especially in Af Maay. It can also be used for /p/ in foreign words (where it is usually replaced with ''b'') and initially in some Af Maay words.
|-
| taa'<br>تاء
| ta'<br>تأ
| ta'<br>تأ
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ت</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ت</span>
Line 3,137: Line 3,309:
|
|
|-
|-
|thāʼ <br>ثاء
|<u>th</u>aaʼ <br>ثاء
|θa' <br>ثأ
|<u>th</u>a' <br>ثأ
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ث</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ث</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـث</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـث</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـثـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـثـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ثـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ثـ</span>
|/θ/ (Arabic)
|/θ/ (loanwords)
|s
|s
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords. Usually pronounced as ''s'' or ''t'' (or sometimes ''d'').
|-
|-
|jīm<br>جيم
|jiim<br>جيم
|jīn<br>جيم
|jiim<br>جيم
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ج</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ج</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـج</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـج</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـجـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـجـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">جـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">جـ</span>
|/d͡ʒ/
|/d͡ʒ ~ t͡ʃ/
|j
|j
|
|
|-
|-
|ḥāʾ<br>حاء
|jhiim<br>ڃيم
|jhiim<br>ڃيم
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ڃ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـڃ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـڃـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ڃـ</span>
|/ʄ/
|jh (Af Maay)
| Used in Af Maay. Generally corresponds to ''dh'' or ''j'' in Af Maxaa.
|-
|chiim<br>چيم
|chiim<br>چيم
|<span style="font-size:160%;">چ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـچ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـچـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">چـ</span>
|/t͡ʃ/
| (ch)
| Exclusively for foreign words (almost always replaced with ''jiim'').
|-
|xaa'<br>حاء
|xa'<br>حأ
|xa'<br>حأ
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ح</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ح</span>
Line 3,167: Line 3,359:
|
|
|-
|-
|khāʾ<br>خاء
|khaa'<br>خاء
| kha'<br>خأ
| kha'<br>خأ
|<span style="font-size:160%;">خ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">خ</span>
Line 3,177: Line 3,369:
|
|
|-
|-
|dāl<br>دال
|daal<br>دال
| deel<br>ديل
| deel<br>ديل
|<span style="font-size:160%;">د</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">د</span>
Line 3,187: Line 3,379:
|
|
|-
|-
|dhāl<br>ذال
|thaal<br>ذال
| ðeel<br>ذيل
| theel<br>ذيل
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ذ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ذ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـذ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـذ</span>
|
|
|
|
|/ð/ (Arabic)
|/ð/ (foreign); [ð] (weak allophone of /d/)
|d
|d; th (Af Maay)
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.
|Mainly used in Arabic loanwords. It can also be used in native Sonali words for [ð], especially in Af Maay.
|-
|-
<!--
|dhaal<br>ڎال
|dhāl<br>ڎال
| dheel
| dheel
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ڎ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ڎ</span>
Line 3,206: Line 3,397:
|/ɖ/
|/ɖ/
|dh
|dh
|Additional letter not present in Arabic. Properly used for post-vocalic non-geminated /ɖ/ (which is replaced with /r/ in many dialects).
|Additional letter not present in Arabic. Can be used as a less common alternative of ڟ. Alternatively, it can be used for /ɖ/ in "''dh''-dialects" in positions where it is replaced with /r/ in "''r''-dialects".
|-
|-
-->
|raaʾ<br>راء
|rāʾ<br>راء
| ra'<br>رأ
| ra'<br>رأ
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ر</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ر</span>
Line 3,219: Line 3,409:
|
|
|-
|-
|zāy<br>زاي
|zaay<br>زاي
| za'<br>زأ
| za'<br>زأ
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ز</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ز</span>
Line 3,225: Line 3,415:
|
|
|
|
|/z/ (Arabic)
|/z/ (foreign)
|s
|s
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords. Usually pronounced as ''s''.
|-
|-
|sīn<br>سين
|siin<br>سين
| siin<br>سين
| siin<br>سين
|<span style="font-size:160%;">س</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">س</span>
Line 3,239: Line 3,429:
|
|
|-
|-
|shīn<br>شين
|shiin<br>شين
| shiin<br>شين
| shiin<br>شين
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ش</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ش</span>
Line 3,249: Line 3,439:
|
|
|-
|-
|ṣād<br>صاد
|ṣaad<br>صاد
| ṣaad<br>صاد
| ṣaad<br>صاد
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ص</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ص</span>
Line 3,256: Line 3,446:
|<span style="font-size:160%;">صـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">صـ</span>
|/sˁ/ (Arabic)
|/sˁ/ (Arabic)
|s
| s
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.
| Mainly used in Arabic loanwords. Usually pronounced as ''s''.
|-
|-
|ḍād <br>ضاد
|ḍaad <br>ضاد
| ḍaad<br>ضاد
| ḍaad<br>ضاد
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ض</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ض</span>
Line 3,267: Line 3,457:
|/d͡ɮˁ/ (Arabic)
|/d͡ɮˁ/ (Arabic)
|l, d
|l, d
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords. Usually pronounced as ''d'' or ''l''.
|-
|-
|ṭāʾ<br>طاء
|ṭaa'<br>طاء
| ṭa'<br>طأ
| ṭa'<br>طأ
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ط</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ط</span>
Line 3,275: Line 3,465:
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـطـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـطـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">طـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">طـ</span>
|/t/, /ɖ/
|/tˁ/ (Arabic); /d/ (back harmony)
|d
|d
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.
|Mainly used in Arabic loanwords. Used (optionally) in some Somali words for /d/ near back harmony vowels.
|-
|-
|ẓāʾ <br>ظاء
|ṭhaa' <br>ظاء
| ð̣a'<br>ظأ
| ṭha'<br>ظأ
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ظ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ظ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـظ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـظ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـظـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـظـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ظـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ظـ</span>
|/ðˁ/
|/ðˁ/; [ð] (weak allophone of /d/, back harmony)
|d
|d, th (Af Maay)
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.
|Mainly used in Arabic loanwords. Can be used in Somali words for the [ð] allophone of /d/ near back harmony vowels.
|-
|-
|dhāʾ<br>ڟاء
|dhaaʾ<br>ڟاء
| dha'<br>ڟأ
| dha'<br>ڟأ
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ڟ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ڟ</span>
Line 3,299: Line 3,489:
|Additional letter not present in Arabic.<!-- Properly used for initial, post-consonantal, and geminated /ɖ/ (which is not replaced with /r/ in any dialect).-->
|Additional letter not present in Arabic.<!-- Properly used for initial, post-consonantal, and geminated /ɖ/ (which is not replaced with /r/ in any dialect).-->
|-
|-
|ʿayn<br>عين
|cayn<br>عين
| cayn<br>عين
| cayn<br>عين
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ع</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ع</span>
Line 3,315: Line 3,505:
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـغـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـغـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">غـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">غـ</span>
|/ɣ/
|/ɣ/ (Arabic); [ɣ] (weak allophone of /ɡ/)
|q
|q; gh (Af Maay)
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.
|Mainly used in Arabic loanwords. It can also be used for the [ɣ] allophone of ''g'', especially in Af Maay.
|-
|-
|fāʾ<br>فاء
|faaʾ<br>فاء
| fa'<br>فأ
| fa'<br>فأ
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ف</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ف</span>
Line 3,327: Line 3,517:
|/f/
|/f/
|f
|f
|
|  
|-
|vaaʾ<br>ڤاء
| va'<br>ڤأ
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ف</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـف</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـفـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">فـ</span>
|/v/
|v (foreign)
| Exclusively for foreign words (almost always replaced with <i>faa'</i>).
|-
|-
|qāf<br>قاف
|qaaf<br>قاف
| qaaf<br>قاف
| qaaf<br>قاف
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ق</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ق</span>
Line 3,335: Line 3,535:
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـقـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـقـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">قـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">قـ</span>
|/q/
|/q/; /ɠ~ʛ/ (Af Maay)
|q
|q
|
|
|-
|-
|kāf<br>كاف
|kaaf<br>كاف
| kaaf<br>كاف
| kaaf<br>كاف
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ك</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ك</span>
Line 3,349: Line 3,549:
|  
|  
|-
|-
|gāf<br>ڬاف
|gaaf<br>ڭاف
| gaaf<br>ڭاف
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ڭ‎</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـڭ‎</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـڭـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ڭـ</span>
|/ɡ/
|g
|Additional letter not present in Arabic.
<!--
|-
|gaaf<br>ڬاف
| gaaf<br>ڬاف
| gaaf<br>ڬاف
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ڬ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ڬ</span>
Line 3,357: Line 3,568:
|/ɡ/
|/ɡ/
|g
|g
|Additional letter not present in Arabic.
|Additional letter not present in Arabic.-->
|-
|-
|lām<br>لام
|laam<br>لام
| laan<br>لام
| laam<br>لام
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ل</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ل</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـل</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـل</span>
Line 3,369: Line 3,580:
|
|
|-
|-
|mīm<br>ميم
|miim<br>ميم
| miin<br>ميم
| miim<br>ميم
|<span style="font-size:160%;">م</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">م</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـم</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـم</span>
Line 3,379: Line 3,590:
| Often represents /n/ when unvowelled word-finally.
| Often represents /n/ when unvowelled word-finally.
|-
|-
|nūn<br>نون
|ngiim<br>ݦيم
| nuun<br>نوم
| ngiim<br>ݦيم
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ݦ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـݦ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـݦـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ݦـ</span>
|/ŋ/
|ng
| Used in Af Maay. Equivalent to final or pre-consonantal ''-n'' in Af Maxaa. Can instead be written with ''nuun''.
|-
|nuun<br>نون
| nuun<br>نون
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ن</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ن</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـن</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـن</span>
Line 3,389: Line 3,610:
|
|
|-
|-
|wāw<br>واو
|nyuun<br>ݧون
| nyuun<br>ݧون
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ݧ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـݧ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـݧـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ݧـ</span>
|/ɲ/
|ny (also written "y‘" in Af Maay)
| Mainly used in Af Maay. It can also be used in Af Maxaa, but it is usually replaced with ''y'' or else written as ''ny''.
|-
|waaw<br>واو
| woow<br>وو
| woow<br>وو
|<span style="font-size:160%;">و</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">و</span>
Line 3,396: Line 3,627:
|
|
|/w/<Br>/ɞ: ~ ɔ:/, /ʉ: ~ u:/
|/w/<Br>/ɞ: ~ ɔ:/, /ʉ: ~ u:/
|w<br>oo, uu
|w<br>oo, uu
|The letter ''wāw'' serves three functions. Firstly, is as a consonant, with a sound /w/. Secondly, it is used to write the long vowels /oː/ and /uː/. Finally, it is used as a carrier for ''hamzah''.
|The letter ''waaw'' serves three functions. Firstly, is as a consonant, with a sound /w/. Secondly, it is used to write the long vowels /oː/ and /uː/. Finally, it is used as a carrier for ''hamzah''.
|-
|haa'<br>هاء
| ha'<br>هأ
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ه<br>ة</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـه<br>ـة</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـهـ<br></span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">هـ<br></span>
|/h/
|h
| <i>Haa'</i> is also used silently at the end of nouns ending in /e/, /o/, (in Af Maay) /ə/. Such a silent <i>haa'</i> may be replaced with ''taa' marbuuṭah'' (ـَة، ة) in some words (generally feminine words and/or words that end in it in Arabic).
|-
|yaa'<br>ياء
| ya'<br>يأ
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ي</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـي</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـيـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">يـ</span>
|/j/<Br>/eː ~ ɛ:/, /i: ~ ɪ:/
| y<br>ee, ii
| The letter <i>yaa'</i> serves three functions. Firstly, it is used as a consonant, with a sound /j/. Secondly, it is used to write the long vowels /eː/ and /iː/. Finally, it is used as a carrier for ''hamzah''. It can also be used silently at the ends of words ending in ''-e'' as an alternative to <i>haa'</i>.
|-
|hamzah<br>همزة
| hamse/firgin<br>همزه\فرڭن
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ء<br>أ<br>ؤ<br>ئ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;"><br>ـأ<br>ـؤ<br>ـئ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;"><br><br><br>ـئـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;"><br><br><br>ئـ</span>
|/ʔ/
| ’
| It may be written on its own (ء) or with a carrier (أ، ؤ، ئ) depending on the environment.
|}
 
===Diacritics===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Diacritics in Somali Arabic Alphabet
|-
! colspan="2"| Name
! rowspan="2"| Diacritic
! rowspan="2"|Sound represented
! rowspan="2"|Latin equivalent
! rowspan="2"|Remarks
|-
! Arabized !! Traditional (adjective)
|-
| فتحة<br>fatxah
| كرڟبن<br>kordhaban
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌َ</span>
| /a/
| a
|
|-
| <br>
| <br>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ٖ</span>
| /e/
| e
|
|-
| كسرة<br>kasrah
| هوسڟبن<br>hoosdhaban
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ِ</span>
| /i/
| i
|
|-
|
|
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ٗ</span>
| /o/
| o
|
|-
| ضمة<br>ḍammah
| ڭدن<br>godan
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ُ</span>
| /u/
| u
|
|-
|-
| <br>
| <br>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌٘</span>
| /ə(ʰ)/
| y (Af Maay)
| Used in Af Maay.
|-
| مدة<br>maddah
| مدن<br>madan
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ٓ</span>
| (aː)
| (aa)
| Only used on ''alif'' to represent the long vowel [aː].
|-
| سكون<br>sukuun
| ريبن<br>reebban
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ْ</span>
| colspan="2"| (absence of vowel)
| Used to show that a consonant is not followed by a vowel. It is also used on the second element of diphthongs, and optionally on the long vowel letter of long vowels.
|-
| شدة<br>shaddah
| شدن<br>shadan
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ّ</span>
| colspan="2"| (geminated consonant)
| Used to show that a consonant is geminated.
|-
| <!--الف خنجرية<br>‘alif khanjariyyah-->
| <br>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ٰ</span>
| /aː/
| aa
| Used for /aː/ in a few words as an alternative to ـَا.
|-
| فتحتين\فتحة تنوين<br>fatxatayn/fatxah tanwiin
| لب كرڟبن<br>laba kordhaban
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ً</span>
| /an/
| an
| rowspan="3"| In Arabic phrases only.
|-
| كسرتين\كسرة تنوين<br>kasratayn/kasrah tanwiin
| لب هوسڟبن<br>laba hoosdhaban
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ٍ</span>
| /in/
| in
|-
| ضمتين\ضمة تنوين<br>ḍammatayn/ḍammah tanwiin
| لب ڭدن<br>laba godan
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ٌ</span>
| /un/
| un
|-
|}
 
Long vowels are written as the short vowel followed by the corresponding long vowel letter.
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Long vowels in the Somali Arabic Alphabet
|-
! aa || ee || ii || oo || uu
|-dir="rtl"
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـَا</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٖي</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـِي</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٗو</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـُو</span>
|}
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Diphthongs in the Somali Arabic Alphabet
|-
! aw || ay || ey || ow || oy || aaw || aay || eey || oow || ooy
|-dir="rtl"
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـَوْ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـَيْ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٖيْ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٗوْ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٗيْ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـَاوْ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـَايْ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٖيّْ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٗوّْ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٗويْ</span>
<!--
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـَا</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٖي</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـِي</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٗو</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـُو</span>
-->
|}
 
Vowels, when occurring at the beginning of words, are placed on top of ''alif'' (ا). This ''alif'' actually has a ''hamzah'' on it; however, this ''hamzah'' is often left unwritten. However, /(ʔ)aː/ is written with ''maddah'' on ''alif'' (آ). <!--Long vowels are written as they would be in the middle of the word, except that ''waaw'' (و), and <i>yaa'</i> (ي) would be preceded by ''alif'' instead of another consonant.The exception to this convention is long vowel [aa], where similar to Arabic, ''[[w:Arabic_diacritics#Maddah|alif maddah]]'' (آ) is used.-->
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Vowels at the beginning of words in the Somali Arabic Alphabet
|-
! colspan = "5" | Short vowels
! colspan = "5" | Long vowels
|-
! a || e || i || o || u || aa || ee || ii || oo || uu
|-dir="rtl"
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اَ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اٖ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اِ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اٗ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اُ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">آ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اٖي</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اِي</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اٗو</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اُو</span>
|}
<!--
Like in Arabic, ''sukūn'' (◌ْ) and ''shaddah'' (◌ّ) are used to indicate an unvowelled consonant and a geminate consonant respectively. They can also be used on the consonant letter of long vowels; however, they are more often dropped.-->
===Adapted for other languages===
====Oromo====
Similar to Somali, but with the following changes:
*ڀ for /pʼ/.
*ڇ or ڃ for /tʃʼ/.
*ط for /tʼ/ in native Oromo words.
*ڠ‎ for /ɡ/ instead of ڭ‎ (though ڭ‎ can alternatively be used).
*ق for /kʼ/ in native Oromo words.
*There is no ݦ.
<!--
====Afar====
Similar to Somali.
-->
====Amharic and Tigrigna====
Similar to Oromo, with the following changes:
*پ is exclusively used for /p/.
** /β/ is represented identically to /v/: ڤ.
*ژ for /ʒ/.
*ڞ for /(t)sʼ/.
*There is no ڟ. <!--Alternatively, it can be used for /tʃʼ/ instead of ڇ or ڃ.-->
*څ for /xʼ/ (exclusive to Tigrigna).
*Vowels:
**/e/ and /o/ are written as Somali /eː/ and /oː/ respectively.
**/ə/ is written as Somali /a/.
**/a/ is written as Somali /aː/ (though it may be written as /a/ after guttural consonants).
**/i/ and /u/ are written as Somali /i(ː)/ and /u(ː)/ respectively. They are most often written as the long variants except in Arabic loanwords.
**/ɨ/ is written as Af Maay /ə/.
**Labialized consonants are written either as a combination of consinant plus /w/, or with a ''ḍammah'' as follows (with /kʷ/ as an example):
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Representation of labialized consonants
|-
! kʷə || kʷi || kʷa || kʷe || kʷ(ɨ)
|-dir="rtl"
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">كَُ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">كُِي</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">كَُا</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">كُٖي</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">كُ</span>
|}
 
====Additional letters for other languages spoken in Ethiopia====
When needed, the following additional letters are used:
*ݝ for /ŋ/.
*ڮ‎ for /kʼ/ when distinguished from /q/.
*Gurage palatalized velars:<!-- are represented with ۦ (small <i>yaa'</i>) under the letter.-->
**ك࣮ for /kʲ/.
**عٔ for /ɡʲ/.
**ٯٔ for /kʲʼ/.
**حٔ for /xʲ/.
*Retroflex:
**ٿ for /ʈʂ/.
**ڟ for /ʈʂʼ/ (instead of /ɖ/).
**ݜ for /ʂ/.
**ڙ for /ʐ/.
*Implosives:
**ڀ for /ɓ/ (instead of /pʼ/).
**ڎ for /ɗ/.
 
==Deslavic==
Basically, a Slavic language that lost all (or most) distinctive Slavic features.
 
Note: It's not that these features did not develop, but rather they did develop and then were lost.
====Phonology====
Palatalization:
*Palatalized consonants are lost, either merging with their plain counterparts or become a different consonant altogether.
*When a root would have alterations between palatalized and non-palatalized consonants, one of these variants is selected and extended to all forms.
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"}
|+ Fate of palatalized consonants
|-
! Proto-Slavic !! Unpalatalized !! Palatalized
|-
| m
|-
| p
|-
| b
|-
| v
|-
| n
|-
| t
|-
| d
|-
| c
|-
|-
|hāʾ<br>هاء
| dz
| ha'<br>هأ
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ه</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـه</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـهـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">هـ</span>
|/h/
|h
| ''Hāʾ'' is also used silently at the end of nouns ending in /e/ or /o/. Such a silent ''hāʾ'' may be replaced with ''tāʾ marbūṭah'' (ـَة، ة) in some words (generally feminine words and/or words that end in it in Arabic).
|-
|-
|yāʾ<br>ياء
| s
| ya'<br>يأ
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ي</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـي</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـيـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">يـ</span>
|/j/<Br>/eː ~ ɛ:/, /i: ~ ɪ:/
| y<br>ee, ii
| The letter ''yāʾ'' serves three functions. Firstly, it is used as a consonant, with a sound /j/. Secondly, it is used to write the long vowels /eː/ and /iː/. Finally, it is used as a carrier for ''hamzah''.
|-
|-
|hamzah<br>همزة
| z
| hamse/firgin<br>همزه\فرڬن
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ء</span>
|
|
|
|/ʔ/
| ’
| It may be written on its own (ء) or with a carrier (أ، ؤ، ئ) depending on the environment.
|}
 
===Diacritics===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Diacritics in Somali Arabic Alphabet
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| Name
| r
! rowspan="2"| Diacritic
! rowspan="2"|Sound represented
! rowspan="2"|Latin equivalent
! rowspan="2"|Remarks
|-
! Arabized !! Traditional (adjective)
|-
| fatḥah
| kordhaban
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌َ</span>
| /a/
| a
|  
|-
|-
|  
| l
|
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌َِ</span>
| /e/
| e
|
|-
|-
| kasrah
| ň
| hoosdhaban
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ِ</span>
| /i/
| i
|
|-
|-
|
| ť
|
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ٗ</span>
| /o/
| o
|
|-
|-
| ḍammah
| ď
| godan
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ُ</span>
| /u/
| u
|
|-
|-
| maddah
| č
|
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ٓ</span>
| (aː)
| (aa)
| Only used on ''alif'' to represent the long vowel [aː].
|-
|-
| sukūn
| ždž
| reebban
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ْ</span>
| colspan="2"| (absence of vowel)
| Used to show that a consonant is not followed by a vowel. It is also used on the second element of diphthongs, and optionally on the long vowel letter of long vowels.
|-
|-
| shaddah
| š
| labalaaban
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ّ</span>
| colspan="2"| (geminated consonant)
| Used to show that a consonant is geminated.
|-
|-
|  
| ś
|
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ٰ</span>
| /aː/
| aa
| Used for /aː/ in a few words as an alternative to ـَا.
|-
|-
| fatḥatayn/fatḥah tanwīn
| ž
| laba kordhaban
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌َ</span>
| /an/
| an
| rowspan="3"| In Arabic phrases only.
|-
|-
| kasratayn/kasrah tanwīn
| ř
| laba hoosdhaban
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ِ</span>
| /in/
| in
|-
|-
| ḍammatayn/ḍammah tanwīn
| ľ
| laba godan
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ُ</span>
| /un/
| un
|-
|-
|}
| j
 
Long vowels are written as the short vowel followed by the corresponding long vowel letter.
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Long vowels in the Somali Arabic Alphabet
|-
|-
! aa || ee || ii || oo || uu
| k
|-dir="rtl"
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـَا</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـَِي</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـِي</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٗو</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـُو</span>
|}
 
Vowels, when occurring at the beginning of words, are placed on top of ''alif'' (ا). This ''alif'' actually has a ''hamzah'' on it; however, this ''hamzah'' is often left unwritten. However, /(ʔ)aː/ is written with ''maddah'' on ''alif'' (آ). <!--Long vowels are written as they would be in the middle of the word, except that ''wāw'' (و), and ''yāʾ'' (ي) would be preceded by ''alif'' instead of another consonant.The exception to this convention is long vowel [aa], where similar to Arabic, ''[[w:Arabic_diacritics#Maddah|alif maddah]]'' (آ) is used.-->
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Vowels at the beginning of words in the Somali Arabic Alphabet
|-
|-
! colspan = "5" | Short vowels
| g
! colspan = "5" | Long vowels
|-
|-
! a || e || i || o || u || aa || ee || ii || oo || uu
| x
|-dir="rtl"
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اَ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اَِ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اِ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اٗ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اُ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">آ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اَِي</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اِي</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اٝو</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اُو</span>
|}
|}
<!--
Like in Arabic, ''sukūn'' (◌ْ) and ''shaddah'' (◌ّ) are used to indicate an unvowelled consonant and a geminate consonant respectively. They can also be used on the consonant letter of long vowels; however, they are more often dropped.-->
<!--
===Af Maay===
Some additional letters are used for Af Maay.
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+Somali Arabic Alphabet
! colspan="2" |Name
! colspan="4" |Forms
! rowspan="2" |Sound represented
! rowspan="2" |[[w:Somali Latin alphabet|Latin]] equivalent
! rowspan="2" |Notes
|-
! Arabicized<br/>(with transliteration)
! Traditional Somali<br/>(with Somali Latin script)
!Isolated
!Final
!Medial
!Initial
|-
| bāʾ<br>باء
| ba'<br>بأ
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ب</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـب</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـبـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">بـ</span>
|/b/
|b
|
|-
|-
|jīm<br>جيم
|jīn<br>جيم
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ج</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـج</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـجـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">جـ</span>
|/d͡ʒ/
|j
|
|-
|}-->


==Endnotes==
==Endnotes==
Shariifka
7,080

edits

Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/319911...368613"