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==Somali-like relative of Zanahi==
==Bantu-esque romlang==
====Numerals====
====Numerals====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
Line 10: Line 10:
|-->
|-->
! 1
! 1
| cayn
| ʊːnʊ
|-
|-
! 2
! 2
| dhow
| toː
|-
|-
! 3
! 3
| taray
| ʈɛː
|-
|-
! 4
! 4
| kodor
| kʷɑtːɔ
|-
|-
! 5
! 5
| fangi
| kʷɪˑŋɡɛ
|-
|-
! 6
! 6
| hash
| sɛː
|-
|-
! 7
! 7
| hafti
| sɛtːɛ
|-
|-
! 8
! 8
| casti
| ɔtːɔː
|-
|-
! 9
! 9
| now
| nɔwɛ
|-
|-
! 10
! 10
| dhas
| teɣe
|-
|-
! 11
! 11
| cayn oo dhas
|  
|-
|-
! 20
! 20
|  
| βiː
|-
|-
! 30
! 30
Line 67: Line 67:
|-
|-
! 100
! 100
| sinti
|  
|-
|-
! 200
! 200
| dhow sinti
|  
|-
|-
! 1000
! 1000
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|-
|-
|}
|}
 
==Bantu-esque Indo-European lang==
==Somali-like Romlang==
====Numerals====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Verb conjugation of ''amaal'' "to love" - non-continuous tenses
|+ ???? numerals
! !! colspan="3"| Present !! colspan="3"| Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative !! rowspan="2"| Jussive
! Symbol !! Cardinal number
|-
|-
! !! Indicative !! Subordinate !! Adjectival !! Affirmative !! Negative !! Adjectival
<!--
! 0
| colspan="2"| ṣifr || ṣifr-
|-->
! 1
|
|-
|-
!1S
! 2
| amaa || ame || rowspan="6"| amá || amay || rowspan="6"| amays || rowspan="6"| amaý || — || áme
|  
|-
|-
!2S
! 3
| amaas || ames || amays || áma || ámes
|  
|-
|-
!3S
! 4
| amaa || ame || amay || — || áme
|  
|-
|-
!1P
! 5
| amaan || amaan || amayn || — || ameén
|  
|-
|-
!2P
! 6
| amaad || amaad || amayd || amaád || ameéd
|  
|-
! 7
|  
|-
! 8
|  
|-
! 9
|  
|-
! 10
|
|-
! 11
|  
|-
|-
!3P
! 20
| amaan || amaan || amayn || — || ameén
|  
|-
|-
|}
! 30
 
|
<!--
|-
==English-like relative of Twench==
! 40
===Swadesh list===
|
'''Abbreviations:'''
|-
*irr. = irregular (conjugation cannot be predicted from principal parts)
! 50
*pl. = plural
|
*pol. = polite
|-
*arch. = archaic
! 60
<table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;">
|
<tr>
|-
<th>'''No.'''</th>
! 70
<th>[[wikipedia:English language|English]]</th>
|
<th>Unnamed</th>
|-
</tr>
! 80
<tr><th>1</th><th>[[wiktionary:I|I]]</th><td>you</td></tr>
|
<tr><th>2</th><th>[[wiktionary:you|you (singular)]]</th><td>woose; tu (arch.)</td></tr>
|-
<tr><th>3</th><th>[[wiktionary:he|he]]</th><td>el</td></tr>
! 90
<tr><th>4</th><th>[[wiktionary:we|we]]</th><td>noose</td></tr>
|
<tr><th>5</th><th>[[wiktionary:you|you (plural)]]</th><td>woose</td></tr>
|-
<tr><th>6</th><th>[[wiktionary:they|they]]</th><td>else</tr>
! 100
<tr><th>7</th><th>[[wiktionary:this|this]]</th><td>cest</td></tr>
|
<tr><th>8</th><th>[[wiktionary:that|that]]</th><td>cel</td></tr>
|-
<tr><th>9</th><th>[[wiktionary:here|here]]</th><td>cie</td></tr>
! 200
<tr><th>10</th><th>[[wiktionary:there|there]]</th><td>lay</td></tr>
|
<tr><th>11</th><th>[[wiktionary:who|who]]</th><td>kie</td></tr>
|-
<tr><th>12</th><th>[[wiktionary:what|what]]</th><td>keeth</td></tr>
! 1000
<tr><th>13</th><th>[[wiktionary:where|where]]</th><td>ond</td></tr>
|
<tr><th>14</th><th>[[wiktionary:when|when]]</th><td>quand</td></tr>
|-
<tr><th>15</th><th>[[wiktionary:how|how]]</th><td>comment</td></tr>
! 2000
<tr><th>16</th><th>[[wiktionary:not|not]]</th><td>pass</td></tr>
|
<tr><th>17
|-
|}
 
==Somali-like relative of Zanahi==
====Numerals====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ ???? numerals
! Symbol !! Cardinal number
|-
<!--
! 0
| colspan="2"| ṣifr || ṣifr-
|-->
! 1
| ceyn
|-
! 2
| dhaba
|-
! 3
| taray
|-
! 4
| shodor
|-
! 5
| fash
|-
! 6
| shag
|-
! 7
| hafad
|-
! 8
| casta
|-
! 9
| now
|-
! 10
| dhas
|-
! 11
| ceyn oo dhas
|-
! 20
| dhabaasan
|-
! 30
| tiriisan
|-
! 40
| shodoorsan
|-
! 50
| fashaasan
|-
! 60
| shagaasan
|-
! 70
| haftaasan
|-
! 80
| castaash
an
|-
! 90
| nabaasan
|-
! 100
| sid
|-
! 200
| dhow sid
|-
! 1000
| dahal
|-
! 2000
| dhaba dahal
|-
|}
 
==Somali-like Romlang==
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Verb conjugation of ''amaal'' "to love" - non-continuous tenses
! !! colspan="3"| Present !! colspan="3"| Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative !! rowspan="2"| Jussive
|-
! !! Indicative !! Subordinate !! Adjectival !! Affirmative !! Negative !! Adjectival
|-
!1S
| amaa || ame || rowspan="6"| amá || amay || rowspan="6"| amays || rowspan="6"| amaý || — || áme
|-
!2S
| amaas || ames || amays || áma || ámes
|-
!3S
| amaa || ame || amay || — || áme
|-
!1P
| amaan || amaan || amayn || — || ameén
|-
!2P
| amaad || amaad || amayd || amaád || ameéd
|-
!3P
| amaan || amaan || amayn || — || ameén
|-
|}
 
<!--
==English-like relative of Twench==
===Swadesh list===
'''Abbreviations:'''
*irr. = irregular (conjugation cannot be predicted from principal parts)
*pl. = plural
*pol. = polite
*arch. = archaic
<table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;">
<tr>
<th>'''No.'''</th>
<th>[[wikipedia:English language|English]]</th>
<th>Unnamed</th>
</tr>
<tr><th>1</th><th>[[wiktionary:I|I]]</th><td>you</td></tr>
<tr><th>2</th
|-
|-
| 29 || [[wiktionary:wide|wide]] || 
| tāl- || all || Romance ''<b>t</b>ot-'' and Germanic '''''all-'''''. Influenced by Arabic ''kull-''.
|-
|-
| 30 || [[wiktionary:thick|thick]] || tievo
| -u- || ''masculine singular'' || Latin ''-<b>u</b>s''. Influenced by Arabic nominative singular ending ''-u(n)''. The singular nature of this word is influenced by Arabic usage.
|-
|-
| 31 || [[wiktionary:heavy|heavy]] || 
| -∅ || ''construct form'' || Arabic.
|-
|-
| 32 || [[wiktionary:small|small]] || beco
| khōm- || person || Arabic '''''qawm''''' "people". The lack of a definite article after the determiner "all" is influenced by Germanic.
|-
|-
| 33 || [[wiktionary:short|short]] || berro
| -ī- || ''masculine plural'' || Latin '''''-ī''''', Arabic ''-<b>ī</b>n''. Considered to come from an earlier form ''*-uy-'', where ''-u-'' is the masculine vowel and ''*-y-'' is the original plural marker. This hypothetical ''*-y-'' is a backformation from the plural endings and is additionally influenced by Esperanto ''-j''.
|-
|-
| 34 || [[wiktionary:narrow|narrow]] || ango 
| -n || ''genitive'' || Repurposing of Arabic tanween, particularly in the triptote genitive ending ''-i<b>n</b>''. Also influenced by oblique endings in ''-n'' in various languages, such as the Amharic and Esperanto accusatives, German dative plural, etc. The placement of this word in the genitive is influenced by Arabic.
|-
|-
| 35 || [[wiktionary:thin|thin]] || 
| fār- || free || German '''''frei''''' and Arabic ''ħurr-'' (and its Portuguese descendant ''forro'').
|-
|-
| 36 || [[wiktionary:woman|woman]] || biena
| -u- || ''masculine singular'' || See above.
|-
|-
| 37 || [[wiktionary:man|man (adult male)]] || vero
| -m || ''accusative'' || Latin '''''-m''''' (in ''-um, -am, -em''). This usage of the accusative is influenced by Arabic.
|-
|-
| 38 || [[wiktionary:man|man (human being)]] || duenho
| ya || and || Gothic ''jah''. Influenced by Persian ''yā'' "or".
|-
|-
| 39 || [[wiktionary:child|child]] || maco
| qōn- || equal || Corruption of Proto-Germanic '''''*ebn-''''' (the ancestor of English ''even'') through a hypothetical development ''*ebn- > *eun- > *ōn-'', with a sporadic ''ʕ-'' inserted.
|-
|-
| 40 || [[wiktionary:wife|wife]] || 
| -u- || ''masculine singular'' || See above.
|-
|-
| 41 || [[wiktionary:husband|husband]] || 
| -m || ''accusative'' || See above.
|-
|-
| 42 || [[wiktionary:mother|mother]] || madre 
| bi || in || Arabic ''bi-'' and ''fī'' (both of which can mean "in"). The primary meaning is spatial. The usage of spatial "in" to mean "in terms of" is influenced by English.
|-
|-
| 43 || [[wiktionary:father|father]] || adre 
| al || the (''definite article'') || Arabic ''al-''. Also influenced by Spanish ''el''. Its usage in this generic sense is influenced by Arabic.
|-
|-
| 44 || [[wiktionary:animal|animal]] || milo 
| adr- || dignity || Influenced by English ''<b>d</b>ignity'' and Arabic ''sha<b>r</b>af''.
|-
|-
| 45 || [[wiktionary:fish|fish]] || esco
| -a- || ''feminine singular'' || Latin ''-a''. Influenced by Arabic ''-a(h)'', pausal form of the feminine ending ''-at-''.
|-
|-
| 46 || [[wiktionary:bird|bird]] ||  
| -n || ''genitive'' || Influenced by various oblique forms ending in ''-n'' such as German ''-en'' (dative plural + masculine accusative singular of adjectives + oblique forms of weak nouns/adjectives) and Esperanto ''-n'' (accusative). This usage of the genitive is influenced by Arabic.
|}
 
==Iberian Celtic lang==
{| class="wikitable"
! '''No.''' !! [[wikipedia:English language|English]] !!  
|-
|-
| 47 || [[wiktionary:dog|dog]] || con
| 1 || [[wiktionary:I|I]] || mi
|-
|-
| 48 || [[wiktionary:louse|louse]] ||
| 2 || [[wiktionary:you|you (singular)]] || tu
|-
|-
| 49 || [[wiktionary:snake|snake]] ||
| 3 || [[wiktionary:he|he]] ||  
|-
|-
| 50 || [[wiktionary:worm|worm]] || preme
| 4 || [[wiktionary:we|we]] || nis
|-
|-
| 51 || [[wiktionary:tree|tree]] || prieno
| 5 || [[wiktionary:you|you (plural)]] || sis
|-
|-
| 52 || [[wiktionary:forest|forest]] ||   
| 6 || [[wiktionary:they|they]] ||   
|-
|-
| 53 || [[wiktionary:stick|stick]] ||
| 7 || [[wiktionary:this|this]] ||  
|-
|-
| 54 || [[wiktionary:fruit|fruit]] ||   
| 8 || [[wiktionary:that|that]] ||   
|-
|-
| 55 || [[wiktionary:seed|seed]] || silo
| 9 || [[wiktionary:here|here]] ||
|-
|-
| 56 || [[wiktionary:leaf|leaf]] ||   
| 10 || [[wiktionary:there|there]] ||   
|-
|-
| 57 || [[wiktionary:root|root]] ||
| 11 || [[wiktionary:who|who]] || quien
|-
|-
| 58 || [[wiktionary:bark|bark]] || rosco
| 12 || [[wiktionary:what|what]] || que
|-
|-
| 59 || [[wiktionary:flower|flower]] ||   
| 13 || [[wiktionary:where|where]] ||   
|-
|-
| 60 || [[wiktionary:grass|grass]] || guelta
| 14 || [[wiktionary:when|when]] || quan
|-
|-
| 61 || [[wiktionary:rope|rope]] ||   
| 15 || [[wiktionary:how|how]] ||   
|-
|-
| 62 || [[wiktionary:skin|skin]] ||
| 16 || [[wiktionary:not|not]] || ne
|-
|-
| 63 || [[wiktionary:meat|meat]] || chigo
| 17 || [[wiktionary:all|all]] || welho
|-
|-
| 64 || [[wiktionary:blood|blood]] || cruevo
| 18 || [[wiktionary:many|many]] || elo
|-
|-
| 65 || [[wiktionary:bone|bone]] ||
| 19 || [[wiktionary:some|some]] || negos
|-
|-
| 66 || [[wiktionary:fat#Noun|fat (noun)]] ||
| 20 || [[wiktionary:few|few]] ||  
|-
|-
| 67 || [[wiktionary:egg|egg]] ||
| 21 || [[wiktionary:other|other]] || alho
|-
|-
| 68 || [[wiktionary:horn|horn]] ||
| 22 || [[wiktionary:one|one]] || ono
|-
|-
| 69 || [[wiktionary:tail|tail]] ||
| 23 || [[wiktionary:two|two]] || duo
|-
|-
| 70 || [[wiktionary:feather|feather]] ||
| 24 || [[wiktionary:three|three]] || tris
|-
|-
| 71 || [[wiktionary:hair|hair]] || vuelto
| 25 || [[wiktionary:four|four]] || quiodres
|-
|-
| 72 || [[wiktionary:head|head]] || queño
| 26 || [[wiktionary:five|five]] || quinque
|-
|-
| 73 || [[wiktionary:ear|ear]] || closta
| 27 || [[wiktionary:big|big]] || maro
|-
|-
| 74 || [[wiktionary:eye|eye]] ||
| 28 || [[wiktionary:long|long]] || siro
|-
|-
| 75 || [[wiktionary:nose|nose]] ||   
| 29 || [[wiktionary:wide|wide]] ||   
|-
|-
| 76 || [[wiktionary:mouth|mouth]] ||
| 30 || [[wiktionary:thick|thick]] || tievo
|-
|-
| 77 || [[wiktionary:tooth|tooth]] || dante
| 31 || [[wiktionary:heavy|heavy]] ||
|-
|-
| 78 || [[wiktionary:tongue|tongue]] || tanguad 
| 32 || [[wiktionary:small|small]] || beco
|-
|-
| 79 || [[wiktionary:fingernail|fingernail]] ||
| 33 || [[wiktionary:short|short]] || berro
|-
|-
| 80 || [[wiktionary:foot|foot]] ||   
| 34 || [[wiktionary:narrow|narrow]] || ango  
|-
|-
| 81 || [[wiktionary:leg|leg]] ||   
| 35 || [[wiktionary:thin|thin]] ||   
|-
|-
| 82 || [[wiktionary:knee|knee]] ||
| 36 || [[wiktionary:woman|woman]] || biena
|-
|-
| 83 || [[wiktionary:hand|hand]] ||
| 37 || [[wiktionary:man|man (adult male)]] || vero
|-
|-
| 84 || [[wiktionary:wing|wing]] ||
| 38 || [[wiktionary:man|man (human being)]] || duenho
|-
|-
| 85 || [[wiktionary:belly|belly]] ||
| 39 || [[wiktionary:child|child]] || maco
|-
|-
| 86 || [[wiktionary:guts|guts]] ||   
| 40 || [[wiktionary:wife|wife]] ||   
|-
|-
| 87 || [[wiktionary:neck|neck]] ||   
| 41 || [[wiktionary:husband|husband]] ||   
|-
|-
| 88 || [[wiktionary:back|back]] ||   
| 42 || [[wiktionary:mother|mother]] || madre  
|-
|-
| 89 || [[wiktionary:breast|breast]] ||   
| 43 || [[wiktionary:father|father]] || adre  
|-
|-
| 90 || [[wiktionary:heart|heart]] ||   
| 44 || [[wiktionary:animal|animal]] || milo  
|-
|-
| 91 || [[wiktionary:liver|liver]] ||
| 45 || [[wiktionary:fish|fish]] || esco
|-
|-
| 92 || [[wiktionary:drink|to drink]] ||   
| 46 || [[wiktionary:bird|bird]] ||   
|-
|-
| 93 || [[wiktionary:eat|to eat]] ||
| 47 || [[wiktionary:dog|dog]] || con
|-
|-
| 94 || [[wiktionary:bite|to bite]] ||   
| 48 || [[wiktionary:louse|louse]] ||   
|-
|-
| 95 || [[wiktionary:suck|to suck]] ||   
| 49 || [[wiktionary:snake|snake]] ||   
|-
|-
| 96 || [[wiktionary:spit|to spit]] ||
| 50 || [[wiktionary:worm|worm]] || preme
|-
|-
| 97 || [[wiktionary:vomit|to vomit]] ||
| 51 || [[wiktionary:tree|tree]] || prieno
|-
|-
| 98 || [[wiktionary:blow|to blow]] ||   
| 52 || [[wiktionary:forest|forest]] ||   
|-
|-
| 99 || [[wiktionary:breathe|to breathe]] ||   
| 53 || [[wiktionary:stick|stick]] ||   
|-
|-
| 100 || [[wiktionary:laugh|to laugh]] ||   
| 54 || [[wiktionary:fruit|fruit]] ||   
|-
|-
| 101 || [[wiktionary:see|to see]] ||
| 55 || [[wiktionary:seed|seed]] || silo
|-
|-
| 102 || [[wiktionary:hear|to hear]] ||   
| 56 || [[wiktionary:leaf|leaf]] ||   
|-
|-
| 103 || [[wiktionary:know|to know]] ||   
| 57 || [[wiktionary:root|root]] ||   
|-
|-
| 104 || [[wiktionary:think|to think]] ||
| 58 || [[wiktionary:bark|bark]] || rosco
|-
|-
| 105 || [[wiktionary:smell|to smell]] ||   
| 59 || [[wiktionary:flower|flower]] ||   
|-
|-
| 106 || [[wiktionary:fear|to fear]] ||
| 60 || [[wiktionary:grass|grass]] || guelta
|-
|-
| 107 || [[wiktionary:sleep|to sleep]] ||   
| 61 || [[wiktionary:rope|rope]] ||   
|-
|-
| 108 || [[wiktionary:live|to live]] ||   
| 62 || [[wiktionary:skin|skin]] ||   
|-
|-
| 109 || [[wiktionary:die|to die]] ||
| 63 || [[wiktionary:meat|meat]] || chigo
|-
|-
| 110 || [[wiktionary:kill|to kill]] ||
| 64 || [[wiktionary:blood|blood]] || cruevo
|-
|-
| 111 || [[wiktionary:fight|to fight]] ||   
| 65 || [[wiktionary:bone|bone]] ||   
|-
|-
| 112 || [[wiktionary:hunt|to hunt]] ||   
| 66 || [[wiktionary:fat#Noun|fat (noun)]] ||   
|-
|-
| 113 || [[wiktionary:hit|to hit]] ||   
| 67 || [[wiktionary:egg|egg]] ||   
|-
|-
| 114 || [[wiktionary:cut|to cut]] ||   
| 68 || [[wiktionary:horn|horn]] ||   
|-
|-
| 115 || [[wiktionary:split|to split]] ||   
| 69 || [[wiktionary:tail|tail]] ||   
|-
|-
| 116 || [[wiktionary:stab|to stab]]
| 70 || [[wiktionary:feather|feather]] || 
|-
|-
| 117 || [[wiktionary:scratch|to scratch]] ||
| 71 || [[wiktionary:hair|hair]] || vuelto
|-
|-
| 118 || [[wiktionary:dig|to dig]] ||
| 72 || [[wiktionary:head|head]] || queño
|-
|-
| 119 || [[wiktionary:swim|to swim]] ||
| 73 || [[wiktionary:ear|ear]] || closta
|-
|-
| 120 || [[wiktionary:fly|to fly]] ||   
| 74 || [[wiktionary:eye|eye]] ||   
|-
|-
| 121 || [[wiktionary:walk|to walk]] ||   
| 75 || [[wiktionary:nose|nose]] ||   
|-
|-
| 122 || [[wiktionary:come|to come]] ||   
| 76 || [[wiktionary:mouth|mouth]] ||   
|-
|-
| 123 || [[wiktionary:lie|to lie]] ||
| 77 || [[wiktionary:tooth|tooth]] || dante
|-
|-
| 124 || [[wiktionary:sit|to sit]] ||   
| 78 || [[wiktionary:tongue|tongue]] || tanguad  
|-
|-
| 125 || [[wiktionary:stand|to stand]] ||   
| 79 || [[wiktionary:fingernail|fingernail]] ||   
|-
|-
| 126 || [[wiktionary:turn|to turn]] ||   
| 80 || [[wiktionary:foot|foot]] ||   
|-
|-
| 127 || [[wiktionary:fall|to fall]] ||   
| 81 || [[wiktionary:leg|leg]] ||   
|-
|-
| 128 || [[wiktionary:give|to give]] ||   
| 82 || [[wiktionary:knee|knee]] ||   
|-
|-
| 129 || [[wiktionary:hold|to hold]] ||   
| 83 || [[wiktionary:hand|hand]] ||   
|-
|-
| 130 || [[wiktionary:squeeze|to squeeze]] ||   
| 84 || [[wiktionary:wing|wing]] ||   
|-
|-
| 131 || [[wiktionary:rub|to rub]] ||   
| 85 || [[wiktionary:belly|belly]] ||   
|-
|-
| 132 || [[wiktionary:wash|to wash]] ||   
| 86 || [[wiktionary:guts|guts]] ||   
|-
|-
| 133 || [[wiktionary:wipe|to wipe]] ||   
| 87 || [[wiktionary:neck|neck]] ||   
|-
|-
| 134 || [[wiktionary:pull|to pull]] ||   
| 88 || [[wiktionary:back|back]] ||   
|-
|-
| 135 || [[wiktionary:push|to push]] ||   
| 89 || [[wiktionary:breast|breast]] ||   
|-
|-
| 136 || [[wiktionary:throw|to throw]] ||   
| 90 || [[wiktionary:heart|heart]] ||   
|-
|-
| 137 || [[wiktionary:tie|to tie]] ||   
| 91 || [[wiktionary:liver|liver]] ||   
|-
|-
| 138 || [[wiktionary:sew|to sew]] ||   
| 92 || [[wiktionary:drink|to drink]] ||   
|-
|-
| 139 || [[wiktionary:count|to count]] ||   
| 93 || [[wiktionary:eat|to eat]] ||   
|-
|-
| 140 || [[wiktionary:say|to say]] ||   
| 94 || [[wiktionary:bite|to bite]] ||   
|-
|-
| 141 || [[wiktionary:sing|to sing]] ||   
| 95 || [[wiktionary:suck|to suck]] ||   
|-
|-
| 142 || [[wiktionary:play|to play]] ||   
| 96 || [[wiktionary:spit|to spit]] ||   
|-
|-
| 143 || [[wiktionary:float|to float]] ||   
| 97 || [[wiktionary:vomit|to vomit]] ||   
|-
|-
| 144 || [[wiktionary:flow|to flow]] ||   
| 98 || [[wiktionary:blow|to blow]] ||   
|-
|-
| 145 || [[wiktionary:freeze|to freeze]] ||   
| 99 || [[wiktionary:breathe|to breathe]] ||   
|-
|-
| 146 || [[wiktionary:swell|to swell]]
| 100 || [[wiktionary:laugh|to laugh]] || 
|-
|-
| 147 || [[wiktionary:sun|sun]] ||   
| 101 || [[wiktionary:see|to see]] ||   
|-
|-
| 148 || [[wiktionary:moon|moon]] ||   
| 102 || [[wiktionary:hear|to hear]] ||   
|-
|-
| 149 || [[wiktionary:star|star]] ||   
| 103 || [[wiktionary:know|to know]] ||   
|-
|-
| 150 || [[wiktionary:water|water]] ||   
| 104 || [[wiktionary:think|to think]] ||   
|-
|-
| 151 || [[wiktionary:rain|rain]]
| 105 || [[wiktionary:smell|to smell]] || 
|-
|-
| 152 || [[wiktionary:river|river]] ||   
| 106 || [[wiktionary:fear|to fear]] ||   
|-
|-
| 153 || [[wiktionary:lake|lake]] ||   
| 107 || [[wiktionary:sleep|to sleep]] ||   
|-
|-
| 154 || [[wiktionary:sea|sea]] ||   
| 108 || [[wiktionary:live|to live]] ||   
|-
|-
| 155 || [[wiktionary:salt|salt]] ||   
| 109 || [[wiktionary:die|to die]] ||   
|-
|-
| 156 || [[wiktionary:stone|stone]] ||   
| 110 || [[wiktionary:kill|to kill]] ||   
|-
|-
| 157 || [[wiktionary:sand|sand]] ||   
| 111 || [[wiktionary:fight|to fight]] ||   
|-
|-
| 158 || [[wiktionary:dust|dust]] ||   
| 112 || [[wiktionary:hunt|to hunt]] ||   
|-
|-
| 159 || [[wiktionary:earth|earth]] ||   
| 113 || [[wiktionary:hit|to hit]] ||   
|-
|-
| 160 || [[wiktionary:cloud|cloud]] ||   
| 114 || [[wiktionary:cut|to cut]] ||   
|-
|-
| 161 || [[wiktionary:fog|fog]] ||   
| 115 || [[wiktionary:split|to split]] ||   
|-
|-
| 162 || [[wiktionary:sky|sky]] || 
| 116 || [[wiktionary:stab|to stab]]
|-
|-
| 163 || [[wiktionary:wind|wind]] ||   
| 117 || [[wiktionary:scratch|to scratch]] ||   
|-
|-
| 164 || [[wiktionary:snow|snow]] ||   
| 118 || [[wiktionary:dig|to dig]] ||   
|-
|-
| 165 || [[wiktionary:ice|ice]] ||   
| 119 || [[wiktionary:swim|to swim]] ||   
|-
|-
| 166 || [[wiktionary:smoke|smoke]] ||   
| 120 || [[wiktionary:fly|to fly]] ||   
|-
|-
| 167 || [[wiktionary:fire|fire]] ||   
| 121 || [[wiktionary:walk|to walk]] ||   
|-
|-
| 168 || [[wiktionary:ash|ash]]
| 122 || [[wiktionary:come|to come]] || 
|-
|-
| 169 || [[wiktionary:burn|burn]] ||   
| 123 || [[wiktionary:lie|to lie]] ||   
|-
|-
| 170 || [[wiktionary:road|road]] ||   
| 124 || [[wiktionary:sit|to sit]] ||   
|-
|-
| 171 || [[wiktionary:mountain|mountain]] ||   
| 125 || [[wiktionary:stand|to stand]] ||   
|-
|-
| 172 || [[wiktionary:red|red]] ||   
| 126 || [[wiktionary:turn|to turn]] ||   
|-
|-
| 173 || [[wiktionary:green|green]]
| 127 || [[wiktionary:fall|to fall]] || 
|-
|-
| 174 || [[wiktionary:yellow|yellow]] ||   
| 128 || [[wiktionary:give|to give]] ||   
|-
|-
| 175 || [[wiktionary:white|white]] ||   
| 129 || [[wiktionary:hold|to hold]] ||   
|-
|-
| 176 || [[wiktionary:black|black]] ||   
| 130 || [[wiktionary:squeeze|to squeeze]] ||   
|-
|-
| 177 || [[wiktionary:night|night]] ||   
| 131 || [[wiktionary:rub|to rub]] ||   
|-
|-
| 178 || [[wiktionary:day|day]] ||   
| 132 || [[wiktionary:wash|to wash]] ||   
|-
|-
| 179 || [[wiktionary:year|year]]
| 133 || [[wiktionary:wipe|to wipe]] || 
|-
|-
| 180 || [[wiktionary:warm|warm]] ||   
| 134 || [[wiktionary:pull|to pull]] ||   
|-
|-
| 181 || [[wiktionary:cold|cold]] ||   
| 135 || [[wiktionary:push|to push]] ||   
|-
|-
| 182 || [[wiktionary:full|full]] ||   
| 136 || [[wiktionary:throw|to throw]] ||   
|-
|-
| 183 || [[wiktionary:new|new]] ||   
| 137 || [[wiktionary:tie|to tie]] ||   
|-
|-
| 184 || [[wiktionary:old|old]] ||   
| 138 || [[wiktionary:sew|to sew]] ||   
|-
|-
| 185 || [[wiktionary:good|good]] ||   
| 139 || [[wiktionary:count|to count]] ||   
|-
|-
| 186 || [[wiktionary:bad|bad]] ||   
| 140 || [[wiktionary:say|to say]] ||   
|-
|-
| 187 || [[wiktionary:rotten|rotten]] ||   
| 141 || [[wiktionary:sing|to sing]] ||   
|-
|-
| 188 || [[wiktionary:dirty|dirty]] ||   
| 142 || [[wiktionary:play|to play]] ||   
|-
|-
| 189 || [[wiktionary:straight|straight]] ||   
| 143 || [[wiktionary:float|to float]] ||   
|-
|-
| 190 || [[wiktionary:round|round]] ||   
| 144 || [[wiktionary:flow|to flow]] ||   
|-
|-
| 191 || [[wiktionary:sharp|sharp]] ||   
| 145 || [[wiktionary:freeze|to freeze]] ||   
|-
|-
| 192 || [[wiktionary:dull|dull]] || 
| 146 || [[wiktionary:swell|to swell]]
|-
|-
| 193 || [[wiktionary:smooth|smooth]] ||   
| 147 || [[wiktionary:sun|sun]] ||   
|-
|-
| 194 || [[wiktionary:wet|wet]] ||   
| 148 || [[wiktionary:moon|moon]] ||   
|-
|-
| 195 || [[wiktionary:dry|dry]] ||   
| 149 || [[wiktionary:star|star]] ||   
|-
|-
| 196 || [[wiktionary:correct|correct]] ||   
| 150 || [[wiktionary:water|water]] ||   
|-
|-
| 197 || [[wiktionary:near|near]] || 
| 151 || [[wiktionary:rain|rain]]
|-
|-
| 198 || [[wiktionary:far|far]] ||   
| 152 || [[wiktionary:river|river]] ||   
|-
|-
| 199 || [[wiktionary:right|right]] ||   
| 153 || [[wiktionary:lake|lake]] ||   
|-
|-
| 200 || [[wiktionary:left|left]] ||   
| 154 || [[wiktionary:sea|sea]] ||   
|-
|-
| 201 || [[wiktionary:at|at]] ||   
| 155 || [[wiktionary:salt|salt]] ||   
|-
|-
| 202 || [[wiktionary:in|in]] ||   
| 156 || [[wiktionary:stone|stone]] ||   
|-
|-
| 203 || [[wiktionary:with|with]] ||   
| 157 || [[wiktionary:sand|sand]] ||   
|-
|-
| 204 || [[wiktionary:and|and]] ||   
| 158 || [[wiktionary:dust|dust]] ||   
|-
|-
| 205 || [[wiktionary:if|if]] ||   
| 159 || [[wiktionary:earth|earth]] ||   
|-
|-
| 206 || [[wiktionary:because|because]] ||   
| 160 || [[wiktionary:cloud|cloud]] ||   
|-
|-
| 207 || [[wiktionary:name|name]] ||   
| 161 || [[wiktionary:fog|fog]] ||   
|}
 
==Descendent of Old Latin==
{| class="wikitable"
! '''No.''' !! [[wikipedia:English language|English]] !!
|-
|-
| 1 || [[wiktionary:I|I]] || mu
| 162 || [[wiktionary:sky|sky]] ||
|-
|-
| 2 || [[wiktionary:you|you (singular)]] || tu
| 163 || [[wiktionary:wind|wind]] ||
|-
|-
| 3 || [[wiktionary:he|he]] || gio
| 164 || [[wiktionary:snow|snow]] ||
|-
|-
| 4 || [[wiktionary:we|we]] || nox
| 165 || [[wiktionary:ice|ice]] ||
|-
|-
| 5 || [[wiktionary:you|you (plural)]] || gox
| 166 || [[wiktionary:smoke|smoke]] ||
|-
|-
| 6 || [[wiktionary:they|they]] || giox (''m.''); giax (''f.'')
| 167 || [[wiktionary:fire|fire]] ||
|-
|-
| 7 || [[wiktionary:this|this]] || xicce
| 168 || [[wiktionary:ash|ash]]
|-
|-
| 8 || [[wiktionary:that|that]] || isto
| 169 || [[wiktionary:burn|burn]] ||
|-
|-
| 9 || [[wiktionary:here|here]] || xic
| 170 || [[wiktionary:road|road]] ||
|-
|-
| 10 || [[wiktionary:there|there]] || eve
| 171 || [[wiktionary:mountain|mountain]] ||
|-
|-
| 11 || [[wiktionary:who|who]] || quex
| 172 || [[wiktionary:red|red]] ||
|-
|-
| 12 || [[wiktionary:what|what]] || que
| 173 || [[wiktionary:green|green]]
|-
|-
| 13 || [[wiktionary:where|where]] || cove
| 174 || [[wiktionary:yellow|yellow]] ||
|-
|-
| 14 || [[wiktionary:when|when]] || quando
| 175 || [[wiktionary:white|white]] ||
|-
|-
| 15 || [[wiktionary:how|how]] || quan
| 176 || [[wiktionary:black|black]] ||
|-
|-
| 16 || [[wiktionary:not|not]] || ne
| 177 || [[wiktionary:night|night]] ||
|-
|-
| 17 || [[wiktionary:all|all]] || guabrix
| 178 || [[wiktionary:day|day]] ||
|-
|-
| 18 || [[wiktionary:many|many]] || moltox (''m.''); moltax (''f.'')
| 179 || [[wiktionary:year|year]]
|-
|-
| 19 || [[wiktionary:some|some]] ||   
| 180 || [[wiktionary:warm|warm]] ||   
|-
|-
| 20 || [[wiktionary:few|few]] || pocox; pokax
| 181 || [[wiktionary:cold|cold]] ||
|-
|-
| 21 || [[wiktionary:other|other]] || alio
| 182 || [[wiktionary:full|full]] ||
|-
|-
| 22 || [[wiktionary:one|one]] || gueno (''m.''); guena (''f.'')
| 183 || [[wiktionary:new|new]] ||
|-
|-
| 23 || [[wiktionary:two|two]] || dúox (''m.''); dúax (''f.'')
| 184 || [[wiktionary:old|old]] ||
|-
|-
| 24 || [[wiktionary:three|three]] || trix
| 185 || [[wiktionary:good|good]] ||
|-
|-
| 25 || [[wiktionary:four|four]] || quattor
| 186 || [[wiktionary:bad|bad]] ||
|-
|-
| 26 || [[wiktionary:five|five]] || chinque
| 187 || [[wiktionary:rotten|rotten]] ||
|-
|-
| 27 || [[wiktionary:big|big]] || mangro
| 188 || [[wiktionary:dirty|dirty]] ||
|-
|-
| 28 || [[wiktionary:long|long]] || luango
| 189 || [[wiktionary:straight|straight]] ||
|-
|-
| 29 || [[wiktionary:wide|wide]] || lato
| 190 || [[wiktionary:round|round]] ||
|-
|-
| 30 || [[wiktionary:thick|thick]] ||   
| 191 || [[wiktionary:sharp|sharp]] ||   
|-
|-
| 31 || [[wiktionary:heavy|heavy]] ||  
| 192 || [[wiktionary:dull|dull]] ||
|-
|-
| 32 || [[wiktionary:small|small]] ||   
| 193 || [[wiktionary:smooth|smooth]] ||   
|-
|-
| 33 || [[wiktionary:short|short]] ||   
| 194 || [[wiktionary:wet|wet]] ||   
|-
|-
| 34 || [[wiktionary:narrow|narrow]] ||   
| 195 || [[wiktionary:dry|dry]] ||   
|-
|-
| 35 || [[wiktionary:thin|thin]] ||   
| 196 || [[wiktionary:correct|correct]] ||   
|-
|-
| 36 || [[wiktionary:woman|woman]] || femna
| 197 || [[wiktionary:near|near]] ||
|-
|-
| 37 || [[wiktionary:man|man (adult male)]] || guero
| 198 || [[wiktionary:far|far]] ||
|-
|-
| 38 || [[wiktionary:man|man (human being)]] || huamne
| 199 || [[wiktionary:right|right]] ||
|-
|-
| 39 || [[wiktionary:child|child]] ||   
| 200 || [[wiktionary:left|left]] ||   
|-
|-
| 40 || [[wiktionary:wife|wife]] || femna
| 201 || [[wiktionary:at|at]] ||
|-
|-
| 41 || [[wiktionary:husband|husband]] || guero
| 202 || [[wiktionary:in|in]] ||
|-
|-
| 42 || [[wiktionary:mother|mother]] || matre  
| 203 || [[wiktionary:with|with]] ||   
|-
|-
| 43 || [[wiktionary:father|father]] || patre  
| 204 || [[wiktionary:and|and]] ||   
|-
|-
| 44 || [[wiktionary:animal|animal]] ||   
| 205 || [[wiktionary:if|if]] ||   
|-
|-
| 45 || [[wiktionary:fish|fish]] || pesci
| 206 || [[wiktionary:because|because]] ||
|-
|-
| 46 || [[wiktionary:bird|bird]] || agui
| 207 || [[wiktionary:name|name]] ||
|}
 
==Descendent of Old Latin==
{| class="wikitable"
! '''No.''' !! [[wikipedia:English language|English]] !!
|-
|-
| 47 || [[wiktionary:dog|dog]] || cane
| 1 || [[wiktionary:I|I]] || mu
|-
|-
| 48 || [[wiktionary:louse|louse]] ||
| 2 || [[wiktionary:you|you (singular)]] || tu
|-
|-
| 49 || [[wiktionary:snake|snake]] || serpiante
| 3 || [[wiktionary:he|he]] || gio
|-
|-
| 50 || [[wiktionary:worm|worm]] || ghiarmi
| 4 || [[wiktionary:we|we]] || nox
|-
|-
| 51 || [[wiktionary:tree|tree]] || arbre
| 5 || [[wiktionary:you|you (plural)]] || gox
|-
|-
| 52 || [[wiktionary:forest|forest]] || selgua 
| 6 || [[wiktionary:they|they]] || giox (''m.''); giax (''f.'')
|-
|-
| 53 || [[wiktionary:stick|stick]] ||
| 7 || [[wiktionary:this|this]] || xicce
|-
|-
| 54 || [[wiktionary:fruit|fruit]] || pomo
| 8 || [[wiktionary:that|that]] || isto
|-
|-
| 55 || [[wiktionary:seed|seed]] ||
| 9 || [[wiktionary:here|here]] || xic
|-
|-
| 56 || [[wiktionary:leaf|leaf]] || folio
| 10 || [[wiktionary:there|there]] || eve
|-
|-
| 57 || [[wiktionary:root|root]] ||
| 11 || [[wiktionary:who|who]] || quex
|-
|-
| 58 || [[wiktionary:bark|bark]] ||
| 12 || [[wiktionary:what|what]] || que
|-
|-
| 59 || [[wiktionary:flower|flower]] ||
| 13 || [[wiktionary:where|where]] || cove
|-
|-
| 60 || [[wiktionary:grass|grass]] ||
| 14 || [[wiktionary:when|when]] || quando
|-
|-
| 61 || [[wiktionary:rope|rope]] ||
| 15 || [[wiktionary:how|how]] || quan
|-
|-
| 62 || [[wiktionary:skin|skin]] ||
| 16 || [[wiktionary:not|not]] || ne
|-
|-
| 63 || [[wiktionary:meat|meat]] || carne
| 17 || [[wiktionary:all|all]] || guabrix
|-
|-
| 64 || [[wiktionary:blood|blood]] ||
| 18 || [[wiktionary:many|many]] || moltox (''m.''); moltax (''f.'')
|-
|-
| 65 || [[wiktionary:bone|bone]] ||   
| 19 || [[wiktionary:some|some]] ||   
|-
|-
| 66 || [[wiktionary:fat#Noun|fat (noun)]] ||
| 20 || [[wiktionary:few|few]] || pocox; pokax
|-
|-
| 67 || [[wiktionary:egg|egg]] || ogo
| 21 || [[wiktionary:other|other]] || alio
|-
|-
| 68 || [[wiktionary:horn|horn]] ||
| 22 || [[wiktionary:one|one]] || gueno (''m.''); guena (''f.'')
|-
|-
| 69 || [[wiktionary:tail|tail]] ||
| 23 || [[wiktionary:two|two]] || dúox (''m.''); dúax (''f.'')
|-
|-
| 70 || [[wiktionary:feather|feather]] ||
| 24 || [[wiktionary:three|three]] || trix
|-
|-
| 71 || [[wiktionary:hair|hair]] ||
| 25 || [[wiktionary:four|four]] || quattor
|-
|-
| 72 || [[wiktionary:head|head]] ||  
| 26 || [[wiktionary:five|five]] || chinque
|-
|-
| 73 || [[wiktionary:ear|ear]] ||
| 27 || [[wiktionary:big|big]] || mangro
|-
|-
| 74 || [[wiktionary:eye|eye]] || guaclo
| 28 || [[wiktionary:long|long]] || luango
|-
|-
| 75 || [[wiktionary:nose|nose]] || naso
| 29 || [[wiktionary:wide|wide]] || lato
|-
|-
| 76 || [[wiktionary:mouth|mouth]] ||   
| 30 || [[wiktionary:thick|thick]] ||   
|-
|-
| 77 || [[wiktionary:tooth|tooth]] || diante
| 31 || [[wiktionary:heavy|heavy]] ||  
|-
|-
| 78 || [[wiktionary:tongue|tongue]] || dengua  
| 32 || [[wiktionary:small|small]] ||   
|-
|-
| 79 || [[wiktionary:fingernail|fingernail]] ||   
| 33 || [[wiktionary:short|short]] ||   
|-
|-
| 80 || [[wiktionary:foot|foot]] ||   
| 34 || [[wiktionary:narrow|narrow]] ||   
|-
|-
| 81 || [[wiktionary:leg|leg]] ||   
| 35 || [[wiktionary:thin|thin]] ||   
|-
|-
| 82 || [[wiktionary:knee|knee]] ||
| 36 || [[wiktionary:woman|woman]] || femna
|-
|-
| 83 || [[wiktionary:hand|hand]] ||
| 37 || [[wiktionary:man|man (adult male)]] || guero
|-
|-
| 84 || [[wiktionary:wing|wing]] ||
| 38 || [[wiktionary:man|man (human being)]] || huamne
|-
|-
| 85 || [[wiktionary:belly|belly]] ||   
| 39 || [[wiktionary:child|child]] ||   
|-
|-
| 86 || [[wiktionary:guts|guts]] ||
| 40 || [[wiktionary:wife|wife]] || femna
|-
|-
| 87 || [[wiktionary:neck|neck]] ||
| 41 || [[wiktionary:husband|husband]] || guero
|-
|-
| 88 || [[wiktionary:back|back]] ||   
| 42 || [[wiktionary:mother|mother]] || matre  
|-
|-
| 89 || [[wiktionary:breast|breast]] ||   
| 43 || [[wiktionary:father|father]] || patre  
|-
|-
| 90 || [[wiktionary:heart|heart]] ||   
| 44 || [[wiktionary:animal|animal]] ||   
|-
|-
| 91 || [[wiktionary:liver|liver]] ||
| 45 || [[wiktionary:fish|fish]] || pesci
|-
|-
| 92 || [[wiktionary:drink|to drink]] || bivre, bivo, beve
| 46 || [[wiktionary:bird|bird]] || agui
|-
|-
| 93 || [[wiktionary:eat|to eat]] || giadre, giado, gede
| 47 || [[wiktionary:dog|dog]] || cane
|-
|-
| 94 || [[wiktionary:bite|to bite]] ||   
| 48 || [[wiktionary:louse|louse]] ||   
|-
|-
| 95 || [[wiktionary:suck|to suck]] ||
| 49 || [[wiktionary:snake|snake]] || serpiante
|-
|-
| 96 || [[wiktionary:spit|to spit]] ||
| 50 || [[wiktionary:worm|worm]] || ghiarmi
|-
|-
| 97 || [[wiktionary:vomit|to vomit]] || guamre, guamo, gome
| 51 || [[wiktionary:tree|tree]] || arbre
|-
|-
| 98 || [[wiktionary:blow|to blow]] ||   
| 52 || [[wiktionary:forest|forest]] || selgua  
|-
|-
| 99 || [[wiktionary:breathe|to breathe]] ||   
| 53 || [[wiktionary:stick|stick]] ||   
|-
|-
| 100 || [[wiktionary:laugh|to laugh]] ||
| 54 || [[wiktionary:fruit|fruit]] || pomo
|-
|-
| 101 || [[wiktionary:see|to see]] || guedere, guedio, guise
| 55 || [[wiktionary:seed|seed]] ||
|-
|-
| 102 || [[wiktionary:hear|to hear]] || odire, odio, odigue
| 56 || [[wiktionary:leaf|leaf]] || folio
|-
|-
| 103 || [[wiktionary:know|to know]] || groscre, grosco, grogue
| 57 || [[wiktionary:root|root]] ||
|-
|-
| 104 || [[wiktionary:think|to think]] ||   
| 58 || [[wiktionary:bark|bark]] ||   
|-
|-
| 105 || [[wiktionary:smell|to smell]] || sentire, sianto, sentigue
| 59 || [[wiktionary:flower|flower]] ||
|-
|-
| 106 || [[wiktionary:fear|to fear]] ||   
| 60 || [[wiktionary:grass|grass]] ||   
|-
|-
| 107 || [[wiktionary:sleep|to sleep]] ||   
| 61 || [[wiktionary:rope|rope]] ||   
|-
|-
| 108 || [[wiktionary:live|to live]] || guigre, guigo, guige  
| 62 || [[wiktionary:skin|skin]] ||   
|-
|-
| 109 || [[wiktionary:die|to die]] ||
| 63 || [[wiktionary:meat|meat]] || carne
|-
|-
| 110 || [[wiktionary:kill|to kill]] ||   
| 64 || [[wiktionary:blood|blood]] ||   
|-
|-
| 111 || [[wiktionary:fight|to fight]] ||   
| 65 || [[wiktionary:bone|bone]] ||   
|-
|-
| 112 || [[wiktionary:hunt|to hunt]] ||   
| 66 || [[wiktionary:fat#Noun|fat (noun)]] ||   
|-
|-
| 113 || [[wiktionary:hit|to hit]] ||
| 67 || [[wiktionary:egg|egg]] || ogo
|-
|-
| 114 || [[wiktionary:cut|to cut]] ||   
| 68 || [[wiktionary:horn|horn]] ||   
|-
|-
| 115 || [[wiktionary:split|to split]] ||   
| 69 || [[wiktionary:tail|tail]] ||   
|-
|-
| 116 || [[wiktionary:stab|to stab]]
| 70 || [[wiktionary:feather|feather]] || 
|-
|-
| 117 || [[wiktionary:scratch|to scratch]] ||   
| 71 || [[wiktionary:hair|hair]] ||   
|-
|-
| 118 || [[wiktionary:dig|to dig]] ||
| 72 || [[wiktionary:head|head]] ||  
|-
|-
| 119 || [[wiktionary:swim|to swim]] ||   
| 73 || [[wiktionary:ear|ear]] ||   
|-
|-
| 120 || [[wiktionary:fly|to fly]] ||
| 74 || [[wiktionary:eye|eye]] || guaclo
|-
|-
| 121 || [[wiktionary:walk|to walk]] ||
| 75 || [[wiktionary:nose|nose]] || naso
|-
|-
| 122 || [[wiktionary:come|to come]] ||   
| 76 || [[wiktionary:mouth|mouth]] ||   
|-
|-
| 123 || [[wiktionary:lie|to lie]] ||
| 77 || [[wiktionary:tooth|tooth]] || diante
|-
|-
| 124 || [[wiktionary:sit|to sit]] ||   
| 78 || [[wiktionary:tongue|tongue]] || dengua  
|-
|-
| 125 || [[wiktionary:stand|to stand]] ||   
| 79 || [[wiktionary:fingernail|fingernail]] ||   
|-
|-
| 126 || [[wiktionary:turn|to turn]] ||   
| 80 || [[wiktionary:foot|foot]] ||   
|-
|-
| 127 || [[wiktionary:fall|to fall]] ||   
| 81 || [[wiktionary:leg|leg]] ||   
|-
|-
| 128 || [[wiktionary:give|to give]] ||   
| 82 || [[wiktionary:knee|knee]] ||   
|-
|-
| 129 || [[wiktionary:hold|to hold]] ||   
| 83 || [[wiktionary:hand|hand]] ||   
|-
|-
| 130 || [[wiktionary:squeeze|to squeeze]] ||   
| 84 || [[wiktionary:wing|wing]] ||   
|-
|-
| 131 || [[wiktionary:rub|to rub]] ||   
| 85 || [[wiktionary:belly|belly]] ||   
|-
|-
| 132 || [[wiktionary:wash|to wash]] ||   
| 86 || [[wiktionary:guts|guts]] ||   
|-
|-
| 133 || [[wiktionary:wipe|to wipe]] ||   
| 87 || [[wiktionary:neck|neck]] ||   
|-
|-
| 134 || [[wiktionary:pull|to pull]] ||   
| 88 || [[wiktionary:back|back]] ||   
|-
|-
| 135 || [[wiktionary:push|to push]] ||   
| 89 || [[wiktionary:breast|breast]] ||   
|-
|-
| 136 || [[wiktionary:throw|to throw]] ||   
| 90 || [[wiktionary:heart|heart]] ||   
|-
|-
| 137 || [[wiktionary:tie|to tie]] ||   
| 91 || [[wiktionary:liver|liver]] ||   
|-
|-
| 138 || [[wiktionary:sew|to sew]] ||
| 92 || [[wiktionary:drink|to drink]] || bivre, bivo, beve
|-
|-
| 139 || [[wiktionary:count|to count]] ||
| 93 || [[wiktionary:eat|to eat]] || giadre, giado, gede
|-
|-
| 140 || [[wiktionary:say|to say]] ||   
| 94 || [[wiktionary:bite|to bite]] ||   
|-
|-
| 141 || [[wiktionary:sing|to sing]] ||   
| 95 || [[wiktionary:suck|to suck]] ||   
|-
|-
| 142 || [[wiktionary:play|to play]] ||   
| 96 || [[wiktionary:spit|to spit]] ||   
|-
|-
| 143 || [[wiktionary:float|to float]] ||
| 97 || [[wiktionary:vomit|to vomit]] || guamre, guamo, gome
|-
|-
| 144 || [[wiktionary:flow|to flow]] ||   
| 98 || [[wiktionary:blow|to blow]] ||   
|-
|-
| 145 || [[wiktionary:freeze|to freeze]] ||   
| 99 || [[wiktionary:breathe|to breathe]] ||   
|-
|-
| 146 || [[wiktionary:swell|to swell]]
| 100 || [[wiktionary:laugh|to laugh]] || 
|-
|-
| 147 || [[wiktionary:sun|sun]] || sol
| 101 || [[wiktionary:see|to see]] || guedere, guedio, guise
|-
|-
| 148 || [[wiktionary:moon|moon]] || lona
| 102 || [[wiktionary:hear|to hear]] || odire, odio, odigue
|-
|-
| 149 || [[wiktionary:star|star]] ||
| 103 || [[wiktionary:know|to know]] || groscre, grosco, grogue
|-
|-
| 150 || [[wiktionary:water|water]] || aqua
| 104 || [[wiktionary:think|to think]] ||
|-
|-
| 151 || [[wiktionary:rain|rain]]
| 105 || [[wiktionary:smell|to smell]] || sentire, sianto, sentigue
|-
|-
| 152 || [[wiktionary:river|river]] ||   
| 106 || [[wiktionary:fear|to fear]] ||   
|-
|-
| 153 || [[wiktionary:lake|lake]] ||   
| 107 || [[wiktionary:sleep|to sleep]] ||   
|-
|-
| 154 || [[wiktionary:sea|sea]] || mare
| 108 || [[wiktionary:live|to live]] || guigre, guigo, guige 
|-
|-
| 155 || [[wiktionary:salt|salt]] ||   
| 109 || [[wiktionary:die|to die]] ||   
|-
|-
| 156 || [[wiktionary:stone|stone]] ||   
| 110 || [[wiktionary:kill|to kill]] ||   
|-
|-
| 157 || [[wiktionary:sand|sand]] ||   
| 111 || [[wiktionary:fight|to fight]] ||   
|-
|-
| 158 || [[wiktionary:dust|dust]] ||   
| 112 || [[wiktionary:hunt|to hunt]] ||   
|-
|-
| 159 || [[wiktionary:earth|earth]] || tiarra
| 113 || [[wiktionary:hit|to hit]] ||
|-
|-
| 160 || [[wiktionary:cloud|cloud]] ||   
| 114 || [[wiktionary:cut|to cut]] ||   
|-
|-
| 161 || [[wiktionary:fog|fog]] ||   
| 115 || [[wiktionary:split|to split]] ||   
|-
|-
| 162 || [[wiktionary:sky|sky]] || celo
| 116 || [[wiktionary:stab|to stab]]
|-
|-
| 163 || [[wiktionary:wind|wind]] || ghianto
| 117 || [[wiktionary:scratch|to scratch]] ||
|-
|-
| 164 || [[wiktionary:snow|snow]] ||   
| 118 || [[wiktionary:dig|to dig]] ||   
|-
|-
| 165 || [[wiktionary:ice|ice]] ||   
| 119 || [[wiktionary:swim|to swim]] ||   
|-
|-
| 166 || [[wiktionary:smoke|smoke]] ||   
| 120 || [[wiktionary:fly|to fly]] ||   
|-
|-
| 167 || [[wiktionary:fire|fire]] ||   
| 121 || [[wiktionary:walk|to walk]] ||   
|-
|-
| 168 || [[wiktionary:ash|ash]] ||  
| 122 || [[wiktionary:come|to come]] ||
|-
|-
| 169 || [[wiktionary:burn|burn]] ||   
| 123 || [[wiktionary:lie|to lie]] ||   
|-
|-
| 170 || [[wiktionary:road|road]] ||   
| 124 || [[wiktionary:sit|to sit]] ||   
|-
|-
| 171 || [[wiktionary:mountain|mountain]] || muante
| 125 || [[wiktionary:stand|to stand]] ||
|-
|-
| 172 || [[wiktionary:red|red]] ||  
| 126 || [[wiktionary:turn|to turn]] ||
|-
|-
| 173 || [[wiktionary:green|green]] ||  
| 127 || [[wiktionary:fall|to fall]] ||
|-
|-
| 174 || [[wiktionary:yellow|yellow]] ||   
| 128 || [[wiktionary:give|to give]] ||   
|-
|-
| 175 || [[wiktionary:white|white]] || albo
| 129 || [[wiktionary:hold|to hold]] ||
|-
|-
| 176 || [[wiktionary:black|black]] || negro
| 130 || [[wiktionary:squeeze|to squeeze]] ||
|-
|-
| 177 || [[wiktionary:night|night]] || noapte
| 131 || [[wiktionary:rub|to rub]] ||
|-
|-
| 178 || [[wiktionary:day|day]] || día
| 132 || [[wiktionary:wash|to wash]] ||
|-
|-
| 179 || [[wiktionary:year|year]] || anno
| 133 || [[wiktionary:wipe|to wipe]] ||
|-
|-
| 180 || [[wiktionary:warm|warm]] ||   
| 134 || [[wiktionary:pull|to pull]] ||   
|-
|-
| 181 || [[wiktionary:cold|cold]] ||   
| 135 || [[wiktionary:push|to push]] ||   
|-
|-
| 182 || [[wiktionary:full|full]] || pleno
| 136 || [[wiktionary:throw|to throw]] ||
|-
|-
| 183 || [[wiktionary:new|new]] || nogo
| 137 || [[wiktionary:tie|to tie]] ||
|-
|-
| 184 || [[wiktionary:old|old]] || seno
| 138 || [[wiktionary:sew|to sew]] ||
|-
|-
| 185 || [[wiktionary:good|good]] || dueno
| 139 || [[wiktionary:count|to count]] ||
|-
|-
| 186 || [[wiktionary:bad|bad]] || malo
| 140 || [[wiktionary:say|to say]] ||
|-
|-
| 187 || [[wiktionary:rotten|rotten]] ||   
| 141 || [[wiktionary:sing|to sing]] ||   
|-
|-
| 188 || [[wiktionary:dirty|dirty]] ||   
| 142 || [[wiktionary:play|to play]] ||   
|-
|-
| 189 || [[wiktionary:straight|straight]] ||   
| 143 || [[wiktionary:float|to float]] ||   
|-
|-
| 190 || [[wiktionary:round|round]] ||   
| 144 || [[wiktionary:flow|to flow]] ||   
|-
|-
| 191 || [[wiktionary:sharp|sharp]] ||   
| 145 || [[wiktionary:freeze|to freeze]] ||   
|-
|-
| 192 || [[wiktionary:dull|dull]] || 
| 146 || [[wiktionary:swell|to swell]]
|-
|-
| 193 || [[wiktionary:smooth|smooth]] ||
| 147 || [[wiktionary:sun|sun]] || sol
|-
|-
| 194 || [[wiktionary:wet|wet]] ||
| 148 || [[wiktionary:moon|moon]] || lona
|-
|-
| 195 || [[wiktionary:dry|dry]] || secco
| 149 || [[wiktionary:star|star]] ||
|-
| 150 || [[wiktionary:water|water]] || aqua
|-
| 151 || [[wiktionary:rain|rain]]
|-
| 152 || [[wiktionary:river|river]] || 
|-
| 153 || [[wiktionary:lake|lake]] || 
|-
|-
| 196 || [[wiktionary:correct|correct]] ||
| 154 || [[wiktionary:sea|sea]] || mare
|-
|-
| 197 || [[wiktionary:near|near]] ||   
| 155 || [[wiktionary:salt|salt]] ||   
|-
|-
| 198 || [[wiktionary:far|far]] ||   
| 156 || [[wiktionary:stone|stone]] ||   
|-
|-
| 199 || [[wiktionary:right|right]] ||   
| 157 || [[wiktionary:sand|sand]] ||   
|-
|-
| 200 || [[wiktionary:left|left]] ||   
| 158 || [[wiktionary:dust|dust]] ||   
|-
|-
| 201 || [[wiktionary:at|at]] || a
| 159 || [[wiktionary:earth|earth]] || tiarra
|-
|-
| 202 || [[wiktionary:in|in]] || en
| 160 || [[wiktionary:cloud|cloud]] ||
|-
|-
| 203 || [[wiktionary:with|with]] || con
| 161 || [[wiktionary:fog|fog]] ||
|-
|-
| 204 || [[wiktionary:and|and]] || e
| 162 || [[wiktionary:sky|sky]] || celo
|-
|-
| 205 || [[wiktionary:if|if]] ||
| 163 || [[wiktionary:wind|wind]] || ghianto
|-
|-
| 206 || [[wiktionary:because|because]] ||   
| 164 || [[wiktionary:snow|snow]] ||   
|-
|-
| 207 || [[wiktionary:name|name]] || nome
| 165 || [[wiktionary:ice|ice]] || 
|}
|-
 
| 166 || [[wiktionary:smoke|smoke]] || 
==Blank Swadesh list==
|-
<table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;">
| 167 || [[wiktionary:fire|fire]] || 
<tr>
|-
<th>'''No.'''</th>
| 168 || [[wiktionary:ash|ash]] ||
<th>[[wikipedia:English language|English]]</th>
|-
<th> </th>
| 169 || [[wiktionary:burn|burn]] || 
</tr>
|-
<tr><th>1</th><th>[[wiktionary:I|I]]</th><td> </td></tr>
| 170 || [[wiktionary:road|road]] || 
<tr><th>2</th><th>[[wiktionary:you|you (singular)]]</th><td> </td></tr>
|-
<tr><th>3</th><th>[[wiktionary:he|he]]</th><td> </td></tr>
| 171 || [[wiktionary:mountain|mountain]] || muante
<tr><th>4</th><th>[[wiktionary:we|we]]</th><td> </td></tr>
|-
<tr><th>5</th><th>[[wiktionary:you|you (plural)]]</th><td> </td></tr>
| 172 || [[wiktionary:red|red]] ||
<tr><th>6</th><th>[[wiktionary:they|they]]</th><td> </td></tr>
|-
<tr><th>7</th><th>[[wiktionary:this|this]]</th><td> </td></tr>
| 173 || [[wiktionary:green|green]] ||
<tr><th>8</th><th>[[wiktionary:that|that]]</th><td> </td></tr>
|-
<tr><th>9</th><th>[[wiktionary:here|here]]</th><td> </td></tr>
| 174 || [[wiktionary:yellow|yellow]] || 
<tr><th>10</th><th>[[wiktionary:there|there]]</th><td> </td></tr>
|-
<tr><th>11</th><th>
| 175 || [[wiktionary:white|white]] || albo
|-
| 176 || [[wiktionary:black|black]] || negro
|-
| 177 || [[wiktionary:night|night]] || noapte
|-
| 178 || [[wiktionary:day|day]] || día
|-
| 179 || [[wiktionary:year|year]] || anno
|-
| 180 || [[wiktionary:warm|warm]] || 
|-
| 181 || [[wiktionary:cold|cold]] || 
|-
| 182 || [[wiktionary:full|full]] || pleno
|-
| 183 || [[wiktionary:new|new]] || nogo
|-
| 184 || [[wiktionary:old|old]] || seno
|-
| 185 || [[wiktionary:good|good]] || dueno
|-
| 186 || [[wiktionary:bad|bad]] || malo
|-
| 187 || [[wiktionary:rotten|rotten]] || 
|-
| 188 || [[wiktionary:dirty|dirty]] || 
|-
| 189 || [[wiktionary:straight|straight]] || 
|-
| 190 || [[wiktionary:round|round]] || 
|-
| 191 ||
|-
|-
| 37 || [[wiktionary:man|man (adult male)]] ||   
| 1 || [[wiktionary:I|I]] ||   
|-
|-
| 38 || [[wiktionary:man|man (human being)]] ||   
| 2 || [[wiktionary:you|you (singular)]] ||   
|-
|-
| 39 || [[wiktionary:child|child]] ||   
| 3 || [[wiktionary:he|he]] ||   
|-
|-
| 40 || [[wiktionary:wife|wife]] ||   
| 4 || [[wiktionary:we|we]] ||   
|-
|-
| 41 || [[wiktionary:husband|husband]] ||   
| 5 || [[wiktionary:you|you (plural)]] ||   
|-
|-
| 42 || [[wiktionary:mother|mother]] ||   
| 6 || [[wiktionary:they|they]] ||   
|-
|-
| 43 || [[wiktionary:father|father]] ||   
| 7 || [[wiktionary:this|this]] ||   
|-
|-
| 44 || [[wiktionary:animal|animal]] ||   
| 8 || [[wiktionary:that|that]] ||   
|-
|-
| 45 || [[wiktionary:fish|fish]] ||   
| 9 || [[wiktionary:here|here]] ||   
|-
|-
| 46 || [[wiktionary:bird|bird]] ||   
| 10 || [[wiktionary:there|there]] ||   
|-
|-
| 47 || [[wiktionary:dog|dog]] ||   
| 11 || [[wiktionary:who|who]] ||   
|-
|-
| 48 || [[wiktionary:louse|louse]] ||   
| 12 || [[wiktionary:what|what]] ||   
|-
|-
| 49 || [[wiktionary:snake|snake]] ||   
| 13 || [[wiktionary:where|where]] ||   
|-
|-
| 50 || [[wiktionary:worm|worm]] ||   
| 14 || [[wiktionary:when|when]] ||   
|-
|-
| 51 || [[wiktionary:tree|tree]] ||   
| 15 || [[wiktionary:how|how]] ||   
|-
|-
| 52 || [[wiktionary:forest|forest]] ||   
| 16 || [[wiktionary:not|not]] ||   
|-
|-
| 53 || [[wiktionary:stick|stick]] ||   
| 17 || [[wiktionary:all|all]] ||   
|-
|-
| 54 || [[wiktionary:fruit|fruit]] ||   
| 18 || [[wiktionary:many|many]] ||   
|-
|-
| 55 || [[wiktionary:seed|seed]] ||   
| 19 || [[wiktionary:some|some]] ||   
|-
|-
| 56 || [[wiktionary:leaf|leaf]] ||   
| 20 || [[wiktionary:few|few]] ||   
|-
|-
| 57 || [[wiktionary:root|root]] ||   
| 21 || [[wiktionary:other|other]] ||   
|-
|-
| 58 || [[wiktionary:bark|bark]] ||   
| 22 || [[wiktionary:one|one]] ||   
|-
|-
| 59 || [[wiktionary:flower|flower]] ||   
| 23 || [[wiktionary:two|two]] ||   
|-
|-
| 60 || [[wiktionary:grass|grass]] ||   
| 24 || [[wiktionary:three|three]] ||   
|-
|-
| 61 || [[wiktionary:rope|rope]] ||   
| 25 || [[wiktionary:four|four]] ||   
|-
|-
| 62 || [[wiktionary:skin|skin]] ||   
| 26 || [[wiktionary:five|five]] ||   
|-
|-
| 63 || [[wiktionary:meat|meat]] ||   
| 27 || [[wiktionary:big|big]] ||   
|-
|-
| 64 || [[wiktionary:blood|blood]] ||   
| 28 || [[wiktionary:long|long]] ||   
|-
|-
| 65 || [[wiktionary:bone|bone]] ||   
| 29 || [[wiktionary:wide|wide]] ||   
|-
|-
| 66 || [[wiktionary:fat#Noun|fat (noun)]] ||   
| 30 || [[wiktionary:thick|thick]] ||   
|-
|-
| 67 || [[wiktionary:egg|egg]] ||   
| 31 || [[wiktionary:heavy|heavy]] ||   
|-
|-
| 68 || [[wiktionary:horn|horn]] ||   
| 32 || [[wiktionary:small|small]] ||   
|-
|-
| 69 || [[wiktionary:tail|tail]] ||   
| 33 || [[wiktionary:short|short]] ||   
|-
|-
| 70 || [[wiktionary:feather|feather]] ||   
| 34 || [[wiktionary:narrow|narrow]] ||   
|-
|-
| 71 || [[wiktionary:hair|hair]] ||   
| 35 || [[wiktionary:thin|thin]] ||   
|-
|-
| 72 || [[wiktionary:head|head]] ||   
| 36 || [[wiktionary:woman|woman]] ||   
|-
|-
| 73 || [[wiktionary:ear|ear]] ||   
| 37 || [[wiktionary:man|man (adult male)]] ||   
|-
|-
| 74 || [[wiktionary:eye|eye]] ||   
| 38 || [[wiktionary:man|man (human being)]] ||   
|-
|-
| 75 || [[wiktionary:nose|nose]] ||   
| 39 || [[wiktionary:child|child]] ||   
|-
|-
| 76 || [[wiktionary:mouth|mouth]] ||   
| 40 || [[wiktionary:wife|wife]] ||   
|-
|-
| 77 || [[wiktionary:tooth|tooth]] ||   
| 41 || [[wiktionary:husband|husband]] ||   
|-
|-
| 78 || [[wiktionary:tongue|tongue]] ||   
| 42 || [[wiktionary:mother|mother]] ||   
|-
|-
| 79 || [[wiktionary:fingernail|fingernail]] ||   
| 43 || [[wiktionary:father|father]] ||   
|-
|-
| 80 || [[wiktionary:foot|foot]] ||   
| 44 || [[wiktionary:animal|animal]] ||   
|-
|-
| 81 || [[wiktionary:leg|leg]] ||   
| 45 || [[wiktionary:fish|fish]] ||   
|-
|-
| 82 || [[wiktionary:knee|knee]] ||   
| 46 || [[wiktionary:bird|bird]] ||   
|-
|-
| 83 || [[wiktionary:hand|hand]] ||   
| 47 || [[wiktionary:dog|dog]] ||   
|-
|-
| 84 || [[wiktionary:wing|wing]] ||   
| 48 || [[wiktionary:louse|louse]] ||   
|-
|-
| 85 || [[wiktionary:belly|belly]] ||   
| 49 || [[wiktionary:snake|snake]] ||   
|-
|-
| 86 || [[wiktionary:guts|guts]] ||   
| 50 || [[wiktionary:worm|worm]] ||   
|-
|-
| 87 || [[wiktionary:neck|neck]] ||   
| 51 || [[wiktionary:tree|tree]] ||   
|-
|-
| 88 || [[wiktionary:back|back]] ||   
| 52 || [[wiktionary:forest|forest]] ||   
|-
|-
| 89 || [[wiktionary:breast|breast]] ||   
| 53 || [[wiktionary:stick|stick]] ||   
|-
|-
| 90 || [[wiktionary:heart|heart]] ||   
| 54 || [[wiktionary:fruit|fruit]] ||   
|-
|-
| 91 || [[wiktionary:liver|liver]] ||   
| 55 || [[wiktionary:seed|seed]] ||   
|-
|-
| 92 || [[wiktionary:drink|to drink]] ||   
| 56 || [[wiktionary:leaf|leaf]] ||   
|-
|-
| 93 || [[wiktionary:eat|to eat]] ||   
| 57 || [[wiktionary:root|root]] ||   
|-
|-
| 94 || [[wiktionary:bite|to bite]] ||   
| 58 || [[wiktionary:bark|bark]] ||   
|-
|-
| 95 || [[wiktionary:suck|to suck]] ||   
| 59 || [[wiktionary:flower|flower]] ||   
|-
|-
| 96 || [[wiktionary:spit|to spit]] ||   
| 60 || [[wiktionary:grass|grass]] ||   
|-
|-
| 97 || [[wiktionary:vomit|to vomit]] ||   
| 61 || [[wiktionary:rope|rope]] ||   
|-
|-
| 98 || [[wiktionary:blow|to blow]] ||   
| 62 || [[wiktionary:skin|skin]] ||   
|-
|-
| 99 || [[wiktionary:breathe|to breathe]] ||   
| 63 || [[wiktionary:meat|meat]] ||   
|-
|-
| 100 || [[wiktionary:laugh|to laugh]] ||   
| 64 || [[wiktionary:blood|blood]] ||   
|-
|-
| 101 || [[wiktionary:see|to see]] ||   
| 65 || [[wiktionary:bone|bone]] ||   
|-
|-
| 102 || [[wiktionary:hear|to hear]] ||   
| 66 || [[wiktionary:fat#Noun|fat (noun)]] ||   
|-
|-
| 103 || [[wiktionary:know|to know]] ||   
| 67 || [[wiktionary:egg|egg]] ||   
|-
|-
| 104 || [[wiktionary:think|to think]] ||   
| 68 || [[wiktionary:horn|horn]] ||   
|-
|-
| 105 || [[wiktionary:smell|to smell]] ||   
| 69 || [[wiktionary:tail|tail]] ||   
|-
|-
| 106 || [[wiktionary:fear|to fear]] ||   
| 70 || [[wiktionary:feather|feather]] ||   
|-
|-
| 107 || [[wiktionary:sleep|to sleep]] ||   
| 71 || [[wiktionary:hair|hair]] ||   
|-
|-
| 108 || [[wiktionary:live|to live]] ||   
| 72 || [[wiktionary:head|head]] ||   
|-
|-
| 109 || [[wiktionary:die|to die]] ||   
| 73 || [[wiktionary:ear|ear]] ||   
|-
|-
| 110 || [[wiktionary:kill|to kill]] ||   
| 74 || [[wiktionary:eye|eye]] ||   
|-
|-
| 111 || [[wiktionary:fight|to fight]] ||   
| 75 || [[wiktionary:nose|nose]] ||   
|-
|-
| 112 || [[wiktionary:hunt|to hunt]] ||   
| 76 || [[wiktionary:mouth|mouth]] ||   
|-
|-
| 113 || [[wiktionary:hit|to hit]] ||   
| 77 || [[wiktionary:tooth|tooth]] ||   
|-
|-
| 114 || [[wiktionary:cut|to cut]] ||   
| 78 || [[wiktionary:tongue|tongue]] ||   
|-
|-
| 115 || [[wiktionary:split|to split]] ||   
| 79 || [[wiktionary:fingernail|fingernail]] ||   
|-
|-
| 116 || [[wiktionary:stab|to stab]]
| 80 || [[wiktionary:foot|foot]] || 
|-
|-
| 117 || [[wiktionary:scratch|to scratch]] ||   
| 81 || [[wiktionary:leg|leg]] ||   
|-
|-
| 118 || [[wiktionary:dig|to dig]] ||   
| 82 || [[wiktionary:knee|knee]] ||   
|-
|-
| 119 || [[wiktionary:swim|to swim]] ||   
| 83 || [[wiktionary:hand|hand]] ||   
|-
|-
| 120 || [[wiktionary:fly|to fly]] ||   
| 84 || [[wiktionary:wing|wing]] ||   
|-
|-
| 121 || [[wiktionary:walk|to walk]] ||   
| 85 || [[wiktionary:belly|belly]] ||   
|-
|-
| 122 || [[wiktionary:come|to come]] ||   
| 86 || [[wiktionary:guts|guts]] ||   
|-
|-
| 123 || [[wiktionary:lie|to lie]] ||   
| 87 || [[wiktionary:neck|neck]] ||   
|-
|-
| 124 || [[wiktionary:sit|to sit]] ||   
| 88 || [[wiktionary:back|back]] ||   
|-
|-
| 125 || [[wiktionary:stand|to stand]] ||   
| 89 || [[wiktionary:breast|breast]] ||   
|-
|-
| 126 || [[wiktionary:turn|to turn]] ||   
| 90 || [[wiktionary:heart|heart]] ||   
|-
|-
| 127 || [[wiktionary:fall|to fall]] ||   
| 91 || [[wiktionary:liver|liver]] ||   
|-
|-
| 128 || [[wiktionary:give|to give]] ||   
| 92 || [[wiktionary:drink|to drink]] ||   
|-
|-
| 129 || [[wiktionary:hold|to hold]] ||   
| 93 || [[wiktionary:eat|to eat]] ||   
|-
|-
| 130 || [[wiktionary:squeeze|to squeeze]] ||   
| 94 || [[wiktionary:bite|to bite]] ||   
|-
|-
| 131 || [[wiktionary:rub|to rub]] ||   
| 95 || [[wiktionary:suck|to suck]] ||   
|-
|-
| 132 || [[wiktionary:wash|to wash]] ||   
| 96 || [[wiktionary:spit|to spit]] ||   
|-
|-
| 133 || [[wiktionary:wipe|to wipe]] ||   
| 97 || [[wiktionary:vomit|to vomit]] ||   
|-
|-
| 134 || [[wiktionary:pull|to pull]] ||   
| 98 || [[wiktionary:blow|to blow]] ||   
|-
|-
| 135 || [[wiktionary:push|to push]] ||   
| 99 || [[wiktionary:breathe|to breathe]] ||   
|-
|-
| 136 || [[wiktionary:throw|to throw]] ||   
| 100 || [[wiktionary:laugh|to laugh]] ||   
|-
|-
| 137 || [[wiktionary:tie|to tie]] ||   
| 101 || [[wiktionary:see|to see]] ||   
|-
|-
| 138 || [[wiktionary:sew|to sew]] ||   
| 102 || [[wiktionary:hear|to hear]] ||   
|-
|-
| 139 || [[wiktionary:count|to count]] ||   
| 103 || [[wiktionary:know|to know]] ||   
|-
|-
| 140 || [[wiktionary:say|to say]] ||   
| 104 || [[wiktionary:think|to think]] ||   
|-
|-
| 141 || [[wiktionary:sing|to sing]] ||   
| 105 || [[wiktionary:smell|to smell]] ||   
|-
|-
| 142 || [[wiktionary:play|to play]] ||   
| 106 || [[wiktionary:fear|to fear]] ||   
|-
|-
| 143 || [[wiktionary:float|to float]] ||   
| 107 || [[wiktionary:sleep|to sleep]] ||   
|-
|-
| 144 || [[wiktionary:flow|to flow]] ||   
| 108 || [[wiktionary:live|to live]] ||   
|-
|-
| 145 || [[wiktionary:freeze|to freeze]] ||   
| 109 || [[wiktionary:die|to die]] ||   
|-
|-
| 146 || [[wiktionary:swell|to swell]]
| 110 || [[wiktionary:kill|to kill]] || 
|-
|-
| 147 || [[wiktionary:sun|sun]] ||   
| 111 || [[wiktionary:fight|to fight]] ||   
|-
|-
| 148 || [[wiktionary:moon|moon]] ||   
| 112 || [[wiktionary:hunt|to hunt]] ||   
|-
|-
| 149 || [[wiktionary:star|star]] ||   
| 113 || [[wiktionary:hit|to hit]] ||   
|-
|-
| 150 || [[wiktionary:water|water]] ||   
| 114 || [[wiktionary:cut|to cut]] ||   
|-
|-
| 151 || [[wiktionary:rain|rain]]
| 115 || [[wiktionary:split|to split]] || 
|-
|-
| 152 || [[wiktionary:river|river]] || 
| 116 || [[wiktionary:stab|to stab]]
|-
|-
| 153 || [[wiktionary:lake|lake]] ||   
| 117 || [[wiktionary:scratch|to scratch]] ||   
|-
|-
| 154 || [[wiktionary:sea|sea]] ||   
| 118 || [[wiktionary:dig|to dig]] ||   
|-
|-
| 155 || [[wiktionary:salt|salt]] ||   
| 119 || [[wiktionary:swim|to swim]] ||   
|-
|-
| 156 || [[wiktionary:stone|stone]] ||   
| 120 || [[wiktionary:fly|to fly]] ||   
|-
|-
| 157 || [[wiktionary:sand|sand]] ||   
| 121 || [[wiktionary:walk|to walk]] ||   
|-
|-
| 158 || [[wiktionary:dust|dust]] ||   
| 122 || [[wiktionary:come|to come]] ||   
|-
|-
| 159 || [[wiktionary:earth|earth]] ||   
| 123 || [[wiktionary:lie|to lie]] ||   
|-
|-
| 160 || [[wiktionary:cloud|cloud]] ||   
| 124 || [[wiktionary:sit|to sit]] ||   
|-
|-
| 161 || [[wiktionary:fog|fog]] ||   
| 125 || [[wiktionary:stand|to stand]] ||   
|-
|-
| 162 || [[wiktionary:sky|sky]] ||   
| 126 || [[wiktionary:turn|to turn]] ||   
|-
|-
| 163 || [[wiktionary:wind|wind]] ||   
| 127 || [[wiktionary:fall|to fall]] ||   
|-
|-
| 164 || [[wiktionary:snow|snow]] ||   
| 128 || [[wiktionary:give|to give]] ||   
|-
|-
| 165 || [[wiktionary:ice|ice]] ||   
| 129 || [[wiktionary:hold|to hold]] ||   
|-
|-
| 166 || [[wiktionary:smoke|smoke]] ||   
| 130 || [[wiktionary:squeeze|to squeeze]] ||   
|-
|-
| 167 || [[wiktionary:fire|fire]] ||   
| 131 || [[wiktionary:rub|to rub]] ||   
|-
|-
| 168 || [[wiktionary:ash|ash]]
| 132 || [[wiktionary:wash|to wash]] || 
|-
|-
| 169 || [[wiktionary:burn|burn]] ||   
| 133 || [[wiktionary:wipe|to wipe]] ||   
|-
|-
| 170 || [[wiktionary:road|road]] ||   
| 134 || [[wiktionary:pull|to pull]] ||   
|-
|-
| 171 || [[wiktionary:mountain|mountain]] ||   
| 135 || [[wiktionary:push|to push]] ||   
|-
|-
| 172 || [[wiktionary:red|red]] ||   
| 136 || [[wiktionary:throw|to throw]] ||   
|-
|-
| 173 || [[wiktionary:green|green]]
| 137 || [[wiktionary:tie|to tie]] || 
|-
|-
| 174 || [[wiktionary:yellow|yellow]] ||   
| 138 || [[wiktionary:sew|to sew]] ||   
|-
|-
| 175 || [[wiktionary:white|white]] ||   
| 139 || [[wiktionary:count|to count]] ||   
|-
|-
| 176 || [[wiktionary:black|black]] ||   
| 140 || [[wiktionary:say|to say]] ||   
|-
|-
| 177 || [[wiktionary:night|night]] ||   
| 141 || [[wiktionary:sing|to sing]] ||   
|-
|-
| 178 || [[wiktionary:day|day]] ||   
| 142 || [[wiktionary:play|to play]] ||   
|-
|-
| 179 || [[wiktionary:year|year]]
| 143 || [[wiktionary:float|to float]] || 
|-
|-
| 180 || [[wiktionary:warm|warm]] ||   
| 144 || [[wiktionary:flow|to flow]] ||   
|-
|-
| 181 || [[wiktionary:cold|cold]] ||   
| 145 || [[wiktionary:freeze|to freeze]] ||   
|-
|-
| 182 || [[wiktionary:full|full]] || 
| 146 || [[wiktionary:swell|to swell]]
|-
|-
| 183 || [[wiktionary:new|new]] ||   
| 147 || [[wiktionary:sun|sun]] ||   
|-
|-
| 184 || [[wiktionary:old|old]] ||   
| 148 || [[wiktionary:moon|moon]] ||   
|-
|-
| 185 || [[wiktionary:good|good]] ||   
| 149 || [[wiktionary:star|star]] ||   
|-
|-
| 186 || [[wiktionary:bad|bad]] ||   
| 150 || [[wiktionary:water|water]] ||   
|-
|-
| 187 || [[wiktionary:rotten|rotten]] || 
| 151 || [[wiktionary:rain|rain]]
|-
|-
| 188 || [[wiktionary:dirty|dirty]] ||   
| 152 || [[wiktionary:river|river]] ||   
|-
|-
| 189 || [[wiktionary:straight|straight]] ||   
| 153 || [[wiktionary:lake|lake]] ||   
|-
|-
| 190 || [[wiktionary:round|round]] ||   
| 154 || [[wiktionary:sea|sea]] ||   
|-
|-
| 191 || [[wiktionary:sharp|sharp]] ||   
| 155 || [[wiktionary:salt|salt]] ||   
|-
|-
| 192 || [[wiktionary:dull|dull]] ||   
| 156 || [[wiktionary:stone|stone]] ||   
|-
|-
| 193 || [[wiktionary:smooth|smooth]] ||   
| 157 || [[wiktionary:sand|sand]] ||   
|-
|-
| 194 || [[wiktionary:wet|wet]] ||   
| 158 || [[wiktionary:dust|dust]] ||   
|-
|-
| 195 || [[wiktionary:dry|dry]] ||   
| 159 || [[wiktionary:earth|earth]] ||   
|-
|-
| 196 || [[wiktionary:correct|correct]] ||   
| 160 || [[wiktionary:cloud|cloud]] ||   
|-
|-
| 197 || [[wiktionary:near|near]] ||   
| 161 || [[wiktionary:fog|fog]] ||   
|-
|-
| 198 || [[wiktionary:far|far]] ||   
| 162 || [[wiktionary:sky|sky]] ||   
|-
|-
| 199 || [[wiktionary:right|right]] ||   
| 163 || [[wiktionary:wind|wind]] ||   
|-
|-
| 200 || [[wiktionary:left|left]] ||   
| 164 || [[wiktionary:snow|snow]] ||   
|-
|-
| 201 || [[wiktionary:at|at]] ||   
| 165 || [[wiktionary:ice|ice]] ||   
|-
|-
| 202 || [[wiktionary:in|in]] ||   
| 166 || [[wiktionary:smoke|smoke]] ||   
|-
|-
| 203 || [[wiktionary:with|with]] ||   
| 167 || [[wiktionary:fire|fire]] ||   
|-
|-
| 204 || [[wiktionary:and|and]] || 
| 168 || [[wiktionary:ash|ash]]
|-
|-
| 205 || [[wiktionary:if|if]] ||   
| 169 || [[wiktionary:burn|burn]] ||   
|-
|-
| 206 || [[wiktionary:because|because]] ||   
| 170 || [[wiktionary:road|road]] ||   
|-
|-
| 207 || [[wiktionary:name|name]] ||   
| 171 || [[wiktionary:mountain|mountain]] ||   
|}
 
==Vocab template==
===Time - '' ''===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Seasons - '' ''
! English !!
|-
|-
| spring ||  
| 172 || [[wiktionary:red|red]] || 
|-
|-
| summer ||  
| 173 || [[wiktionary:green|green]]
|-
|-
| fall ||  
| 174 || [[wiktionary:yellow|yellow]] || 
|-
|-
| winter ||  
| 175 || [[wiktionary:white|white]] || 
|-
|-
|}
| 176 || [[wiktionary:black|black]] ||
 
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Gregorian months - '' ''
! English !!
|-
|-
| January ||  
| 177 || [[wiktionary:night|night]] || 
|-
|-
| February ||  
| 178 || [[wiktionary:day|day]] || 
|-
|-
| March ||  
| 179 || [[wiktionary:year|year]]
|-
|-
| April ||  
| 180 || [[wiktionary:warm|warm]] || 
|-
|-
| May ||  
| 181 || [[wiktionary:cold|cold]] || 
|-
|-
| June ||  
| 182 || [[wiktionary:full|full]] || 
|-
|-
| July ||  
| 183 || [[wiktionary:new|new]] || 
|-
|-
| August ||  
| 184 || [[wiktionary:old|old]] || 
|-
|-
| September ||  
| 185 || [[wiktionary:good|good]] || 
|-
|-
| October ||  
| 186 || [[wiktionary:bad|bad]] || 
|-
|-
| November ||  
| 187 || [[wiktionary:rotten|rotten]] || 
|-
|-
| December ||  
| 188 || [[wiktionary:dirty|dirty]] || 
|-
|-
|}
| 189 || [[wiktionary:straight|straight]] ||
 
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Days of the week - '' ''
! English !!
|-
|-
| Sunday ||  
| 190 || [[wiktionary:round|round]] || 
|-
|-
| Monday ||  
| 191 || [[wiktionary:sharp|sharp]] || 
|-
|-
| Tuesday ||  
| 192 || [[wiktionary:dull|dull]] || 
|-
|-
| Wednesday ||  
| 193 || [[wiktionary:smooth|smooth]] || 
|-
|-
| Thursday ||  
| 194 || [[wiktionary:wet|wet]] || 
|-
|-
| Friday ||  
| 195 || [[wiktionary:dry|dry]] || 
|-
|-
| Saturday ||  
| 196 || [[wiktionary:correct|correct]] || 
|-
|-
|}
| 197 || [[wiktionary:near|near]] ||
 
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Parts of the day - '' ''
! English !!
|-
| day ||  
|-
|-
| dawn ||  
| 198 || [[wiktionary:far|far]] || 
|-
|-
| morning ||  
| 199 || [[wiktionary:right|right]] || 
|-
| 200 || [[wiktionary:left|left]] || 
|-
| 201 || [[wiktionary:at|at]] || 
|-
|-
| noon ||  
| 202 || [[wiktionary:in|in]] || 
|-
|-
| afternoon ||  
| 203 || [[wiktionary:with|with]] || 
|-
|-
| evening ||  
| 204 || [[wiktionary:and|and]] || 
|-
|-
| dusk ||  
| 205 || [[wiktionary:if|if]] || 
|-
|-
| night ||  
| 206 || [[wiktionary:because|because]] || 
|-
|-
| midnight ||  
| 207 || [[wiktionary:name|name]] || 
|}
|}


==Vocab template==
===Time - '' ''===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Units of time - '' ''
|+ Seasons - '' ''
! English !!  
! English !!  
|-
| second ||
|-
|-
| minute ||  
| spring ||  
|-
|-
| hour ||  
| summer ||  
|-
|-
| day ||  
| fall ||  
|-
|-
| week ||
| winter ||  
|-
| month ||
|-
| season ||
|-
| year ||  
|-
|-
|}
|}


{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Time adverbs - '' ''
|+ Gregorian months - '' ''
! English !!  
! English !!  
|-
|-
| now ||  
| January ||  
|-
|-
| then ||  
| February ||  
|-
|-
| recently, a short time ago ||  
| March ||  
|-
|-
| earlier ||  
| April ||  
|-
|-
| soon, shortly ||  
| May ||  
|-
|-
| later ||  
| June ||  
|-
|-
| always ||  
| July ||  
|-
|-
| often ||  
| August ||  
|-
|-
| sometimes ||  
| September ||  
|-
|-
| rarely ||  
| October ||  
|-
|-
| never ||  
| November ||  
|-
|-
| ever ||  
| December ||  
|-
|-
| still, yet ||  
|}
 
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Days of the week - '' ''
! English !!
|-
|-
| already ||  
| Sunday ||  
|-
|-
| today ||  
| Monday ||  
|-
|-
| tonight ||  
| Tuesday ||  
|-
|-
| yesterday ||  
| Wednesday ||  
|-
|-
| last night ||  
| Thursday ||  
|-
|-
| tomorrow ||  
| Friday ||
|-
| Saturday ||
|-
|}
 
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Parts of the day - '' ''
! English !!
|-
| day ||
|-
| dawn ||  
|-
|-
| before yesterday ||  
| morning ||  
|-
|-
| two nights ago ||  
| noon ||  
|-
|-
| after tomorrow ||  
| afternoon ||  
|-
|-
| this week ||  
| evening ||  
|-
|-
| last week ||  
| dusk ||  
|-
|-
| next week ||  
| night ||  
|-
|-
| midnight ||
|}
|}


===Colours - '' ''===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Colours - '' ''
|+ Units of time - '' ''
! English !!  
! English !!  
|-
| second ||
|-
|-
| white ||
| minute ||  
|-
|-
| grey ||
| hour ||  
|-
|-
| black ||
| day ||  
|-
|-
| red ||
| week ||  
|-
|-
| orange ||
| month ||  
|-
|-
| brown ||
| season ||  
|-
|-
| yellow ||
| year ||  
|-
|-
| green ||
|}
 
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Time adverbs - '' ''
! English !!
|-
|-
| blue ||
| now ||  
|-
|-
| pink ||
| then ||  
|-
|-
| purple ||
| recently, a short time ago ||  
|-
|-
| golden ||
| earlier ||  
|-
|-
|}
| soon, shortly ||  
 
<!--
==Mayal/Makaahiil==
 
In 1932, ''Mahammad 'Abdi Makaahiil'' (Somali: ''Maxamed Cabdi Makaahiil''), a Somali scholar who studied at Al-Azhar University, published a short book titled "Inšāʾ al makātibāt al ʿarabiyyah fīl-luġah as-Sūmāliyyah" (Arabic: إنشاء المكاتبات العربية في اللغة الصوماليّة; ''Creating of Arabic correspondences in the Somali language'') in which he printed Somali orthographic conventions as well as several sample letters and many sample proverbs. He built upon earlier work by ''Ibraahim Cabdullaahi Mayal''. In this book, he also argues against those who at the time favored adopting Arabic language as the sole official language of Somalia, and he argued strongly for adopting Arabic Script for Somali language.<ref name="AhmadSheikh">Sheikh, Ahmed. “Somali with Arabic Script – a Linguistic Historical Study (Somaliska Med Arabisk Skrift – En Språkhistorisk Studie).” Gothenburg University Publications Electronic Archive, Winter 2019.
[https://web.archive.org/web/20230601144624/https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/handle/2077/63249/gupea_2077_63249_1.pdf]</ref>
 
Makaahiil's proposed orthography uses the same letters as in Arabic, with only two additional letters, ڎ for /ɖ/ and  گ for /g/. On the other hand, there are 8 consonants in Arabic alphabet that do not exist in Somali language (except for writing Arabic loanwords), which include the letters thāʼ (ث), dhal (ذ), zāy (ز), ṣād (ص), ḍād (ض), ṭāʾ (ط), ẓāʾ (ظ), and ghayn (غ).
 
This writing convention relies on [[w:Arabic diacritics|vowel diacritics]].
 
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+Somali Arabic Alphabet
! rowspan="2" |Name
! colspan="4" |Forms
! rowspan="2" |Sound represented
! rowspan="2" |[[w:Somali Latin alphabet|Latin]] equivalent
! rowspan="2" |Notes
|-
|-
!Isolated
| later ||
!Final
!Medial
!Initial
|-
|-
|ʾalif<br>الف
| always ||  
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ا</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـا</span>
|
|
| - / /a/
| -
| ''ʾalif'' has two functions, first as vowel carrier for vowels at the beginning of words. Second for showing long vowel ''"aa"''.
|-
|-
| bāʾ<br>باء
| often ||  
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ب</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـب</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـبـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">بـ</span>
|/b/
|b
|
|-
|-
| tāʾ<br>تاء
| sometimes ||  
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ت</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـت</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـتـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">تـ</span>
|/t/
|t
|
|-
|-
|thāʼ <br>ثاء
| rarely ||  
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ث</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـث</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـثـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ثـ</span>
|/s/
|s
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.
|-
|-
|jīm<br>جيم
| never ||  
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ج</span>
|-
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـج</span>
| ever ||  
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـجـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">جـ</span>
|/d͡ʒ/
|j
|
|-
|-
|ḥāʾ<br>حاء
| still, yet ||  
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ح</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـح</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـحـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">حـ</span>
|/ħ/
|x
|
|-
|-
|khāʾ<br>خاء
| already ||  
|<span style="font-size:160%;">خ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـخ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـخـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">خـ</span>
|/χ/
|kh
|
|-
|-
|dāl<br>دال
| today ||  
|<span style="font-size:160%;">د</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـد</span>
|
|
|/d/
|d
|
|-
|-
|dhāl<br>ذال
| tonight ||  
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ذ</span>
|-
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـذ</span>
| yesterday ||  
|
|
|/d/
|d
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.
|-
|-
|dhā<br>ڎا
| last night ||  
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ڎ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـڎ</span>
|
|
|/ɖ/
|dh
|Additional letter not present in Arabic<br>Also historically represented by ط
|-
|-
|rāʾ<br>راء
| tomorrow ||  
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ر</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـر</span>
|
|
|/r/
|r
|
|-
|-
|zāʾ<br>زاي
| before yesterday ||  
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ز</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـز</span>
|
|
|/z/
|z
|
|-
|-
|sīn<br>سين
| two nights ago ||  
|<span style="font-size:160%;">س</span>
|-
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـس</span>
| after tomorrow ||  
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـسـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">سـ</span>
|/s/
|s
|
|-
|-
|shīn<br>شين
| this week ||  
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ش</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـش</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـشـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">شـ</span>
|/ʃ/
|sh
|
|-
|-
|ṣād<br>صاد
| last week ||  
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ص</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـص</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـصـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">صـ</span>
|/s/
|s
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.
|-
|-
|ḍād <br>ضاد
| next week ||  
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ض</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـض</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـضـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ضـ</span>
|/d/
|d
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.
|-
|-
|ṭāʾ<br>طاء
|}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ط</span>
 
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـط</span>
===Colours - '' ''===
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـطـ</span>
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|<span style="font-size:160%;">طـ</span>
|+ Colours - '' ''
|/t/, /ɖ/
! English !!
|t, dh
|-
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.<br>Also historically used for representing "dh" instead of ڎ
| white ||
|-
|-
|ẓāʾ <br>ظاء
| grey ||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ظ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـظ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـظـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ظـ</span>
|/d/~/z/
|d, z
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords. Some such loan words are written in Latin with "z", others with "d".
|-
|-
|ʿayn<br>عين
| black ||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ع</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـع</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـعـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">عـ</span>
|/ʕ/
| c
|
|-
|-
|ghayn<br>غين
| red ||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">غ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـغ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـغـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">غـ</span>
|/ɣ/~/g/
|g
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.
|-
|-
|fāʾ<br>فاء
| orange ||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ف</span>
|-
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـف</span>
| brown ||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـفـ</span>
|-
|<span style="font-size:160%;">فـ</span>
| yellow ||
|/f/
|f
|
|-
|-
|qāf<br>قاف
| green ||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ق</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـق</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـقـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">قـ</span>
|/q/
|q
|
|-
|-
|kāf<br>كاف
| blue ||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ك</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـك</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـكـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">كـ</span>
|/k/
|k
|  
|-
|-
|gāʾ<br>گاء
| pink ||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">گ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـگ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـگـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">گـ</span>
|/ɡ/
|g
|Additional letter not present in Arabic.
|-
|-
|lām<br>لام
| purple ||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ل</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـل</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـلـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">لـ</span>
|/l/
|l
|
|-
|-
|mīm<br>ميم
| golden ||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">م</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـم</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـمـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">مـ</span>
|/m/
|m
|
|-
|-
|nūn<br>نون
|}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ن</span>
 
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـن</span>
<!--
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـنـ</span>
==Mayal/Makaahiil==
|<span style="font-size:160%;">نـ</span>
 
|/n/
In 1932, ''Mahammad 'Abdi Makaahiil'' (Somali: ''Maxamed Cabdi Makaahiil''), a Somali scholar who studied at Al-Azhar University, published a short book titled "Inšāʾ al makātibāt al ʿarabiyyah fīl-luġah as-Sūmāliyyah" (Arabic: إنشاء المكاتبات العربية في اللغة الصوماليّة; ''Creating of Arabic correspondences in the Somali language'') in which he printed Somali orthographic conventions as well as several sample letters and many sample proverbs. He built upon earlier work by ''Ibraahim Cabdullaahi Mayal''. In this book, he also argues against those who at the time favored adopting Arabic language as the sole official language of Somalia, and he argued strongly for adopting Arabic Script for Somali language.<ref name="AhmadSheikh">Sheikh, Ahmed. “Somali with Arabic Script – a Linguistic Historical Study (Somaliska Med Arabisk Skrift – En Språkhistorisk Studie).” Gothenburg University Publications Electronic Archive, Winter 2019.
|n
[https://web.archive.org/web/20230601144624/https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/handle/2077/63249/gupea_2077_63249_1.pdf]</ref>
|
 
|-
Makaahiil's proposed orthography uses the same letters as in Arabic, with only two additional letters, ڎ for /ɖ/ and  گ for /g/. On the other hand, there are 8 consonants in Arabic alphabet that do not exist in Somali language (except for writing Arabic loanwords), which include the letters thāʼ (ث), dhal (ذ), zāy (ز), ṣād (ص), ḍād (ض), ṭāʾ (ط), ẓāʾ (ظ), and ghayn (غ).
|wāw<br>واو
 
|<span style="font-size:160%;">و</span>
This writing convention relies on [[w:Arabic diacritics|vowel diacritics]].
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـو</span>
 
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+Somali Arabic Alphabet
! rowspan="2" |Name
! colspan="4" |Forms
! rowspan="2" |Sound represented
! rowspan="2" |[[w:Somali Latin alphabet|Latin]] equivalent
! rowspan="2" |Notes
|-
!Isolated
!Final
!Medial
!Initial
|-
|ʾalif<br>الف
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ا</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـا</span>
|
|
|
|
|/w/<Br>/ɞ:/, /ɔ:/, /ʉ:/, /u:/
| - / /a/
|w and oo, uu
| -
|The letter ''wāw'' serves two functions. First is as a vowel, with a sound [w]. Second is in writing of long vowels "oo" and "uu".
| ''ʾalif'' has two functions, first as vowel carrier for vowels at the beginning of words. Second for showing long vowel ''"aa"''.
|-
|-
|hāʾ<br>هاء
| bāʾ<br>باء
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ه</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ب</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـه</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـب</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـهـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـبـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">هـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">بـ</span>
|/h/
|/b/
|h
|b
|
|
|-
|-
|yāʾ<br>ياء
| tāʾ<br>تاء
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ي</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ت</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـي</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـت</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـيـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـتـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">يـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">تـ</span>
|/j/<Br>/e:/, /ɛ:/, /i:/, /ɪ:/
|/t/
| y, ee, ii
|t
| The letter ''yāʾ'' serves two functions. First is as a vowel, with a sound [j]. Second is in writing of long vowels "ee" and "ii".
|
|-
|thāʼ <br>ثاء
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ث</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـث</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـثـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ثـ</span>
|/s/
|s
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.
|-
|-
|hamzah<br>همزة
|jīm<br>جيم
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ء</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ج</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـج</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـجـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">جـ</span>
|/d͡ʒ/
|j
|
|
|-
|ḥāʾ<br>حاء
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ح</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـح</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـحـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">حـ</span>
|/ħ/
|x
|
|-
|khāʾ<br>خاء
|<span style="font-size:160%;">خ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـخ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـخـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">خـ</span>
|/χ/
|kh
|
|
|
|/ʔ/
| ’
|
|}
As for vowels, in [[w:Somali phonology|Somali]], there are five vowel articulations. These vowel articulations can either be [[Vowel length|short or long]]. Each vowel also has a harmonic counterpart, expressed either at the front or at the back of the mouth. Somali words follow a vowel harmony rule. However, Somali orthography, neither [[w:Somali Latin alphabet|Somali Latin alphabet]], nor Arabic alphabet, nor [[w:Osmanya alphabet|Osmanya alphabet]] distinguish between the two vowel harmony sets.
A shortcoming of the Arabic script for Somali language, is that while Somali has 5 vowels, Arabic has 3. This was where, Galaal got the most creative, coming up with brand new letters to represent vowels. In the 1961 Somali Language Committee Report, several other Arabic proposals were also listed, where other solutions were proposed for showing the 5 short vowels and 5 long vowels. None of these other proposals gained traction.<ref name="Qutbi1961">Qutbi, A. Sh. A. “The Report of the Somali Language Committee, 1961.” Internet Archive, May 15, 1961. [https://archive.org/details/LinguisticReport1961 https://archive.org/details/LinguisticReport1961].</ref>
In Mahammad 'Abdi Makaahiil's orthographic convention, he added two new diacritics. For short vowel sounds [a], [u], and [i], [[Arabic diacritics]] are used. For long vowel sounds [a:], [u:], and [i:], similar to Arabic, the letters ''alif'' (ا), ''wāw'' (و), and ''yāʾ'' (ي) respectively.
For the short vowel sound [e], Makaahil interpreted the sound to be in between [a] and [i], thus he proposed to combine "◌َ " (''Fatha'', [a]) and "◌ِ" and (''Dhamma'', [i]), and write "◌َِ". As for long vowel sound [e:], it'd be written as "◌َِ" followed by ''yāʾ'' (ي).<ref name="AhmadSheikh"/>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Vowel diacritics in Somali Arabic Alphabet
|-
|-
! -a || -e || -i || -o || -u
|dāl<br>دال
|-dir="rtl"
|<span style="font-size:160%;">د</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌َ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـد</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌َِ</span>
|
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ِ</span>
|
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ٗ</span>
|/d/
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ُ</span>
|d
|}
|
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Long vowels in Somali Arabic Alphabet
|-
|-
! -aa || -ee || -ii || -oo || -uu
|dhāl<br>ذال
|-dir="rtl"
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ذ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـا</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـذ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌َِيـ / ◌َِي</span>
|
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">يـ / ي</span>
|
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ٗو</span>
|/d/
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">و / ـو</span>
|d
|}
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.
 
Vowels, when occurring at the beginning of words, are placed on top of ''alif'' (ا). Long vowels are written as they would in the middle of the word, except that ''wāw'' (و), and ''yāʾ'' (ي) would be preceded by ''alif'' instead of another consonant.The exception to this convention is long vowel [aa], where similar to Arabic, ''[[w:Arabic_diacritics#Maddah|alif madda]]'' (آ) is used.<ref name="AhmadSheikh"/>
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Vowel in the beginning of words in Somali Arabic Alphabet
|-
|-
! colspan = "5" | Short vowels
|dhā<br>ڎا
! colspan = "5" | Long vowels
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ڎ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـڎ</span>
|
|
|/ɖ/
|dh
|Additional letter not present in Arabic<br>Also historically represented by ط
|-
|-
! A || E || I || O || U || Aa || Ee || Ii || Oo || Uu
|rāʾ<br>راء
|-dir="rtl"
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ر</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اَ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـر</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اَِ</span>
|
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اِ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اٗ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اُ</span>
 
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">آ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اَِيـ / اَِي</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اي</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اٝو</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">او</span>
|}
-->
 
==My Somali Arabic alphabet==
===Letters===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+Somali Arabic Alphabet
! colspan="2" |Name
! colspan="4" |Forms
! rowspan="2" |Sound represented
! rowspan="2" |[[w:Somali Latin alphabet|Latin]] equivalent
! rowspan="2" |Notes
|-
! Arabicized
! Traditional Somali
!Isolated
!Final
!Medial
!Initial
|-
| alif<br>الف
| alif<br>الف
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ا</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـا</span>
|
|
|/r/
|r
|
|
| /aː/
| aa
| ''ʾalif'' has two functions: firstly, as a carrier for ''hamzah'' (which may not be written, especially at the beginning of words). Secondly, for showing the long vowel "aa".
|-
|-
| baa'<br>باء
|zāʾ<br>زاي
| ba'<br>بأ
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ز</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ب</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـز</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـب</span>
|
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـبـ</span>
|
|<span style="font-size:160%;">بـ</span>
|/z/
|/b/
|z
|b
|
|
|-
|-
| paa'<br>پاء
|sīn<br>سين
| pa'<br>پأ
|<span style="font-size:160%;">س</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">پ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـس</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـپ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـسـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـپـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">سـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">پـ</span>
|/s/
|[β], [p] (foreign)
|s
|p (Af Maay)
| This is an extra letter that is not normally used. It can be used for intervocalic /b/ pronounced as /β/, especially in Af Maay. It can also be used for /p/ in foreign words.
|-
| taa'<br>تاء
| ta'<br>تأ
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ت</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـت</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـتـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">تـ</span>
|/t/
|t
|
|
|-
|-
|thaaʼ <br>ثاء
|shīn<br>شين
|θa' <br>ثأ
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ش</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ث</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـش</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـث</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـشـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـثـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">شـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ثـ</span>
|/ʃ/
|/θ/ (Arabic)
|sh
|
|-
|ṣād<br>صاد
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ص</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـص</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـصـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">صـ</span>
|/s/
|s
|s
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.
|-
|-
|jīm<br>جيم
|ḍād <br>ضاد
|jīm<br>جيم
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ض</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ج</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـض</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـج</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـضـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـجـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ضـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">جـ</span>
|/d/
|/d͡ʒ/
|d
|j
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.
|
|-
|-
|jhīm<br>جيم
|ṭāʾ<br>طاء
|jhīm<br>جيم
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ط</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ج</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـط</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـج</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـطـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـجـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">طـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">جـ</span>
|/t/, /ɖ/
|/ʄ/
|t, dh
|jh (Af Maay)
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.<br>Also historically used for representing "dh" instead of ڎ
| Used in Af Maay.
|-
|-
|ḥāʾ<br>حاء
|ẓāʾ <br>ظاء
|xa'<br>حأ
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ظ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ح</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـظ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـح</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـظـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـحـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ظـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">حـ</span>
|/d/~/z/
|/ħ/
|d, z
|x
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords. Some such loan words are written in Latin with "z", others with "d".
|
|-
|-
|khāʾ<br>خاء
|ʿayn<br>عين
| kha'<br>خأ
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ع</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">خ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـع</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـخ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـعـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـخـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">عـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">خـ</span>
|/ʕ/
|/χ/
| c
|kh
|
|
|-
|-
|dāl<br>دال
|ghayn<br>غين
| deel<br>ديل
|<span style="font-size:160%;">غ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">د</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـغ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـد</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـغـ</span>
|
|<span style="font-size:160%;">غـ</span>
|
|/ɣ/~/g/
|/d/
|g
|d
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.
|
|-
|-
|dhāl<br>ذال
|fāʾ<br>فاء
| ðeel<br>ذيل
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ف</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ذ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـف</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـذ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـفـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">فـ</span>
|/f/
|f
|
|
|
|/ð/ (Arabic)
|d
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.
|-
|-
<!--
|qāf<br>قاف
|dhāl<br>ڎال
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ق</span>
| dheel
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـق</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ڎ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـقـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـڎ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">قـ</span>
|/q/
|q
|
|
|
|/ɖ/
|dh
|Additional letter not present in Arabic. Properly used for post-vocalic non-geminated /ɖ/ (which is replaced with /r/ in many dialects).
|-
|-
-->
|kāf<br>كاف
|rāʾ<br>راء
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ك</span>
| ra'<br>رأ
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـك</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ر</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـكـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـر</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">كـ</span>
|
|/k/
|
|k
|/r/
|
|r
|-
|
|gāʾ<br>گاء
|<span style="font-size:160%;">گ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـگ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـگـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">گـ</span>
|/ɡ/
|g
|Additional letter not present in Arabic.
|-
|-
|zāy<br>زاي
|lām<br>لام
| za'<br>زأ
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ل</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ز</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـل</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـز</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـلـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">لـ</span>
|/l/
|l
|
|
|-
|mīm<br>ميم
|<span style="font-size:160%;">م</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـم</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـمـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">مـ</span>
|/m/
|m
|
|
|/z/ (Arabic)
|s
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.
|-
|-
|sīn<br>سين
|nūn<br>نون
| siin<br>سين
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ن</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">س</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـن</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـس</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـنـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـسـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">نـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">سـ</span>
|/n/
|/s/
|n
|s
|
|
|-
|-
|shīn<br>شين
|wāw<br>واو
| shiin<br>شين
|<span style="font-size:160%;">و</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ش</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـو</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـش</span>
|
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـشـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">شـ</span>
|/ʃ/
|sh
|
|
|/w/<Br>/ɞ:/, /ɔ:/, /ʉ:/, /u:/
|w and oo, uu
|The letter ''wāw'' serves two functions. First is as a vowel, with a sound [w]. Second is in writing of long vowels "oo" and "uu".
|-
|-
|ṣād<br>صاد
|hāʾ<br>هاء
| ṣaad<br>صاد
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ه</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ص</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـه</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـص</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـهـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـصـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">هـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">صـ</span>
|/h/
|/sˁ/ (Arabic)
|h
|s
|
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.
|-
|-
|ḍād <br>ضاد
|yāʾ<br>ياء
| ḍaad<br>ضاد
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ي</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ض</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـي</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـض</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـيـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـضـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">يـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ضـ</span>
|/j/<Br>/e:/, /ɛ:/, /i:/, /ɪ:/
|/d͡ɮˁ/ (Arabic)
| y, ee, ii
|l, d
| The letter ''yāʾ'' serves two functions. First is as a vowel, with a sound [j]. Second is in writing of long vowels "ee" and "ii".
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.
|-
|-
|ṭāʾ<br>طاء
|hamzah<br>همزة
| ṭa'<br>طأ
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ء</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ط</span>
|
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـط</span>
|
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـطـ</span>
|
|<span style="font-size:160%;">طـ</span>
|/ʔ/
|/tˁ/ (Arabic), /d/
| ’
|d
|
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.
|}
 
As for vowels, in [[w:Somali phonology|Somali]], there are five vowel articulations. These vowel articulations can either be [[Vowel length|short or long]]. Each vowel also has a harmonic counterpart, expressed either at the front or at the back of the mouth. Somali words follow a vowel harmony rule. However, Somali orthography, neither [[w:Somali Latin alphabet|Somali Latin alphabet]], nor Arabic alphabet, nor [[w:Osmanya alphabet|Osmanya alphabet]] distinguish between the two vowel harmony sets.
 
A shortcoming of the Arabic script for Somali language, is that while Somali has 5 vowels, Arabic has 3. This was where, Galaal got the most creative, coming up with brand new letters to represent vowels. In the 1961 Somali Language Committee Report, several other Arabic proposals were also listed, where other solutions were proposed for showing the 5 short vowels and 5 long vowels. None of these other proposals gained traction.<ref name="Qutbi1961">Qutbi, A. Sh. A. “The Report of the Somali Language Committee, 1961.” Internet Archive, May 15, 1961. [https://archive.org/details/LinguisticReport1961 https://archive.org/details/LinguisticReport1961].</ref>
 
In Mahammad 'Abdi Makaahiil's orthographic convention, he added two new diacritics. For short vowel sounds [a], [u], and [i], [[Arabic diacritics]] are used. For long vowel sounds [a:], [u:], and [i:], similar to Arabic, the letters ''alif'' (ا), ''wāw'' (و), and ''yāʾ'' (ي) respectively.
 
For the short vowel sound [e], Makaahil interpreted the sound to be in between [a] and [i], thus he proposed to combine "◌َ " (''Fatha'', [a]) and "◌ِ" and (''Dhamma'', [i]), and write "◌َِ". As for long vowel sound [e:], it'd be written as "◌َِ" followed by ''yāʾ'' (ي).<ref name="AhmadSheikh"/>
 
 
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Vowel diacritics in Somali Arabic Alphabet
|-
|-
|ẓāʾ <br>ظاء
! -a || -e || -i || -o || -u
| ð̣a'<br>ظأ
|-dir="rtl"
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ظ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌َ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـظ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌َِ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـظـ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ِ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ظـ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ٗ</span>
|/ðˁ/
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ُ</span>
|d
|}
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.
 
|-
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|dhāʾ<br>ڟاء
|+ Long vowels in Somali Arabic Alphabet
| dha'<br>ڟأ
|-
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ڟ</span>
! -aa || -ee || -ii || -oo || -uu
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـڟ</span>
|-dir="rtl"
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـڟـ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـا</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ڟـ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌َِيـ / ◌َِي</span>
|/ɖ/
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">يـ / ي</span>
|dh
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ٗو</span>
|Additional letter not present in Arabic.<!-- Properly used for initial, post-consonantal, and geminated /ɖ/ (which is not replaced with /r/ in any dialect).-->
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">و / ـو</span>
|}
 
Vowels, when occurring at the beginning of words, are placed on top of ''alif'' (ا). Long vowels are written as they would in the middle of the word, except that ''wāw'' (و), and ''yāʾ'' (ي) would be preceded by ''alif'' instead of another consonant.The exception to this convention is long vowel [aa], where similar to Arabic, ''[[w:Arabic_diacritics#Maddah|alif madda]]'' (آ) is used.<ref name="AhmadSheikh"/>
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Vowel in the beginning of words in Somali Arabic Alphabet
|-
|-
|ʿayn<br>عين
! colspan = "5" | Short vowels
| cayn<br>عين
! colspan = "5" | Long vowels
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ع</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـع</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـعـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">عـ</span>
|/ʕ/
| c
|
|-
|-
|ghayn<br>غين
! A || E || I || O || U || Aa || Ee || Ii || Oo || Uu
| ɣayn<br>غين
|-dir="rtl"
|<span style="font-size:160%;">غ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اَ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـغ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اَِ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـغـ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اِ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">غـ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اٗ</span>
|/ɣ/ (Arabic)
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اُ</span>
|q
 
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">آ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اَِيـ / اَِي</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اي</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اٝو</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">او</span>
|}
-->
 
==My Somali Arabic alphabet==
===Letters===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+Somali Arabic Alphabet
! colspan="2" |Name
! colspan="4" |Forms
! rowspan="2" |Sound represented
! rowspan="2" |[[w:Somali Latin alphabet|Latin]] equivalent
! rowspan="2" |Notes
|-
|-
|fāʾ<br>فاء
! Arabicized
| fa'<br>فأ
! Traditional Somali
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ف</span>
!Isolated
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـف</span>
!Final
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـفـ</span>
!Medial
|<span style="font-size:160%;">فـ</span>
!Initial
|/f/
|-
|f
| alif<br>الف
| alif<br>الف
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ا</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـا</span>
|
|
|
| /aː/
| aa
| ''alif'' has two functions: firstly, as a carrier for ''hamzah'' (which may not be written, especially at the beginning of words). Secondly, for showing the long vowel "aa".
|-
|-
|qāf<br>قاف
| baa'<br>باء
| qaaf<br>قاف
| ba'<br>بأ
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ق</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ب</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـق</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـب</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـقـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـبـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">قـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">بـ</span>
|/q/
|/b/
|q
|b
|
|
|-
|-
|kāf<br>كاف
| paa'<br>پاء
| kaaf<br>كاف
| pa'<br>پأ
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ك</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">پ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـك</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـپ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـكـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـپـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">كـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">پـ</span>
|/k/
|[β] (weak allophone of /b/); /p/ (loanwords, Af Maay)
|k
|b; p (Af Maay)
|  
| This is an extra letter that is not normally used. It can be used for intervocalic /b/ pronounced as /β/, especially in Af Maay. It can also be used for /p/ in foreign words (where it is usually replaced with ''b'') and initially in some Af Maay words.
|-
| taa'<br>تاء
| ta'<br>تأ
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ت</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـت</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـتـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">تـ</span>
|/t/
|t
|
|-
|-
|gāf<br>ڬاف
|<u>th</u>aaʼ <br>ثاء
| gaaf<br>ڬاف
|<u>th</u>a' <br>ثأ
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ڬ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ث</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـڬ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـث</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـڬـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـثـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ڬـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ثـ</span>
|/ɡ/
|/θ/ (loanwords)
|g
|s
|Additional letter not present in Arabic.
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords. Usually pronounced as ''s'' or ''t'' (or sometimes ''d'').
|-
|-
|lām<br>لام
|jiim<br>جيم
| laan<br>لام
|jiim<br>جيم
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ل</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ج</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـل</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـج</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـلـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـجـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">لـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">جـ</span>
|/l/
|/d͡ʒ ~ t͡ʃ/
|l
|j
|
|
|-
|-
|mīm<br>ميم
|jhiim<br>ڃيم
| miin<br>ميم
|jhiim<br>ڃيم
|<span style="font-size:160%;">م</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ڃ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـم</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـڃ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـمـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـڃـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">مـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ڃـ</span>
|/m/
|/ʄ/
|m, -n
|jh (Af Maay)
| Often represents /n/ when unvowelled word-finally.
| Used in Af Maay. Generally corresponds to ''dh'' or ''j'' in Af Maxaa.
|-
|chiim<br>چيم
|chiim<br>چيم
|<span style="font-size:160%;">چ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـچ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـچـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">چـ</span>
|/t͡ʃ/
| (ch)
| Exclusively for foreign words (almost always replaced with ''jiim'').
|-
|-
|nūn<br>نون
|xaa'<br>حاء
| nuun<br>نوم
|xa'<br>حأ
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ن</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ح</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـن</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـح</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـنـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـحـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">نـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">حـ</span>
|/n/
|/ħ/
|n
|x
|
|
|-
|-
|wāw<br>واو
|khaa'<br>خاء
| woow<br>وو
| kha'<br>خأ
|<span style="font-size:160%;">و</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">خ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـو</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـخ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـخـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">خـ</span>
|/χ/
|kh
|
|
|-
|daal<br>دال
| deel<br>ديل
|<span style="font-size:160%;">د</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـد</span>
|
|
|/w/<Br>/ɞ: ~ ɔ:/, /ʉ: ~ u:/
|
|w<br>oo, uu
|/d/
|The letter ''wāw'' serves three functions. Firstly, is as a consonant, with a sound /w/. Secondly, it is used to write the long vowels /oː/ and /uː/. Finally, it is used as a carrier for ''hamzah''.
|d
|-
|
|hāʾ<br>هاء
|-
| ha'<br>هأ
|thaal<br>ذال
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ه<br>ة</span>
| theel<br>ذيل
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـه<br>ـة</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ذ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـهـ<br></span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـذ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">هـ<br></span>
|
|/h/
|
|h
|/ð/ (foreign); [ð] (weak allophone of /d/)
| ''Hāʾ'' is also used silently at the end of nouns ending in /e/ or /o/. Such a silent ''hāʾ'' may be replaced with ''tāʾ marbūṭah'' (ـَة، ة) in some words (generally feminine words and/or words that end in it in Arabic).
|d; th (Af Maay)
|Mainly used in Arabic loanwords. It can also be used in native Sonali words for [ð], especially in Af Maay.
|-
|-
|yāʾ<br>ياء
|dhaal<br>ڎال
| ya'<br>يأ
| dheel
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ي</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ڎ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـي</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـڎ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـيـ</span>
|
|<span style="font-size:160%;">يـ</span>
|
|/j/<Br>/eː ~ ɛ:/, /i: ~ ɪ:/
|/ɖ/
| y<br>ee, ii
|dh
| The letter ''yāʾ'' serves three functions. Firstly, it is used as a consonant, with a sound /j/. Secondly, it is used to write the long vowels /eː/ and /iː/. Finally, it is used as a carrier for ''hamzah''.
|Additional letter not present in Arabic. Can be used as a less common alternative of ڟ. Alternatively, it can be used for /ɖ/ in "''dh''-dialects" in positions where it is replaced with /r/ in "''r''-dialects".
|-
|-
|hamzah<br>همزة
|raaʾ<br>راء
| hamse/firgin<br>همزه\فرڬن
| ra'<br>رأ
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ء<br>أ<br>ؤ<br>ئ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ر</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;"><br>ـأ<br>ـؤ<br>ـئ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـر</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;"><br><br><br>ـئـ</span>
|
|<span style="font-size:160%;"><br><br><br>ئـ</span>
|
|/ʔ/
|/r/
| ’
|r
| It may be written on its own (ء) or with a carrier (أ، ؤ، ئ) depending on the environment.
|
|}
|-
 
|zaay<br>زاي
===Diacritics===
| za'<br>زأ
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ز</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـز</span>
|
|
|/z/ (foreign)
|s
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords. Usually pronounced as ''s''.
|-
|siin<br>سين
| siin<br>سين
|<span style="font-size:160%;">س</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـس</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـسـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">سـ</span>
|/s/
|s
|
|-
|shiin<br>شين
| shiin<br>شين
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ش</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـش</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـشـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">شـ</span>
|/ʃ/
|sh
|
|-
|ṣaad<br>صاد
| ṣaad<br>صاد
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ص</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـص</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـصـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">صـ</span>
|/sˁ/ (Arabic)
| s
| Mainly used in Arabic loanwords. Usually pronounced as ''s''.
|-
|ḍaad <br>ضاد
| ḍaad<br>ضاد
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ض</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـض</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـضـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ضـ</span>
|/d͡ɮˁ/ (Arabic)
|l, d
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords. Usually pronounced as ''d'' or ''l''.
|-
|ṭaa'<br>طاء
| ṭa'<br>طأ
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ط</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـط</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـطـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">طـ</span>
|/tˁ/ (Arabic); /d/ (back harmony)
|d
|Mainly used in Arabic loanwords. Used (optionally) in some Somali words for /d/ near back harmony vowels.
|-
|ṭhaa' <br>ظاء
| ṭha'<br>ظأ
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ظ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـظ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـظـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ظـ</span>
|/ðˁ/; [ð] (weak allophone of /d/, back harmony)
|d, th (Af Maay)
|Mainly used in Arabic loanwords. Can be used in Somali words for the [ð] allophone of /d/ near back harmony vowels.
|-
|dhaaʾ<br>ڟاء
| dha'<br>ڟأ
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ڟ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـڟ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـڟـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ڟـ</span>
|/ɖ/
|dh
|Additional letter not present in Arabic.<!-- Properly used for initial, post-consonantal, and geminated /ɖ/ (which is not replaced with /r/ in any dialect).-->
|-
|cayn<br>عين
| cayn<br>عين
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ع</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـع</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـعـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">عـ</span>
|/ʕ/
| c
|
|-
|ghayn<br>غين
| ɣayn<br>غين
|<span style="font-size:160%;">غ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـغ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـغـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">غـ</span>
|/ɣ/ (Arabic); [ɣ] (weak allophone of /ɡ/)
|q; gh (Af Maay)
|Mainly used in Arabic loanwords. It can also be used for the [ɣ] allophone of ''g'', especially in Af Maay.
|-
|faaʾ<br>فاء
| fa'<br>فأ
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ف</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـف</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـفـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">فـ</span>
|/f/
|f
|
|-
|vaaʾ<br>ڤاء
| va'<br>ڤأ
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ف</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـف</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـفـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">فـ</span>
|/v/
|v (foreign)
| Exclusively for foreign words (almost always replaced with <i>faa'</i>).
|-
|qaaf<br>قاف
| qaaf<br>قاف
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ق</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـق</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـقـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">قـ</span>
|/q/; /ɠ~ʛ/ (Af Maay)
|q
|
|-
|kaaf<br>كاف
| kaaf<br>كاف
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ك</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـك</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـكـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">كـ</span>
|/k/
|k
|
|-
|gaaf<br>ڭاف
| gaaf<br>ڭاف
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ڭ‎</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـڭ‎</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـڭـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ڭـ</span>
|/ɡ/
|g
|Additional letter not present in Arabic.
<!--
|-
|gaaf<br>ڬاف
| gaaf<br>ڬاف
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ڬ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـڬ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـڬـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ڬـ</span>
|/ɡ/
|g
|Additional letter not present in Arabic.-->
|-
|laam<br>لام
| laam<br>لام
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ل</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـل</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـلـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">لـ</span>
|/l/
|l
|
|-
|miim<br>ميم
| miim<br>ميم
|<span style="font-size:160%;">م</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـم</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـمـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">مـ</span>
|/m/
|m, -n
| Often represents /n/ when unvowelled word-finally.
|-
|ngiim<br>ݦيم
| ngiim<br>ݦيم
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ݦ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـݦ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـݦـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ݦـ</span>
|/ŋ/
|ng
| Used in Af Maay. Equivalent to final or pre-consonantal ''-n'' in Af Maxaa. Can instead be written with ''nuun''.
|-
|nuun<br>نون
| nuun<br>نون
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ن</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـن</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـنـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">نـ</span>
|/n/
|n
|
|-
|nyuun<br>ݧون
| nyuun<br>ݧون
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ݧ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـݧ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـݧـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ݧـ</span>
|/ɲ/
|ny (also written "y‘" in Af Maay)
| Mainly used in Af Maay. It can also be used in Af Maxaa, but it is usually replaced with ''y'' or else written as ''ny''.
|-
|waaw<br>واو
| woow<br>وو
|<span style="font-size:160%;">و</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـو</span>
|
|
|/w/<Br>/ɞ: ~ ɔ:/, /ʉ: ~ u:/
|w<br>oo, uu
|The letter ''waaw'' serves three functions. Firstly, is as a consonant, with a sound /w/. Secondly, it is used to write the long vowels /oː/ and /uː/. Finally, it is used as a carrier for ''hamzah''.
|-
|haa'<br>هاء
| ha'<br>هأ
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ه<br>ة</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـه<br>ـة</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـهـ<br></span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">هـ<br></span>
|/h/
|h
| <i>Haa'</i> is also used silently at the end of nouns ending in /e/, /o/, (in Af Maay) /ə/. Such a silent <i>haa'</i> may be replaced with ''taa' marbuuṭah'' (ـَة، ة) in some words (generally feminine words and/or words that end in it in Arabic).
|-
|yaa'<br>ياء
| ya'<br>يأ
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ي</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـي</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـيـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">يـ</span>
|/j/<Br>/eː ~ ɛ:/, /i: ~ ɪ:/
| y<br>ee, ii
| The letter <i>yaa'</i> serves three functions. Firstly, it is used as a consonant, with a sound /j/. Secondly, it is used to write the long vowels /eː/ and /iː/. Finally, it is used as a carrier for ''hamzah''. It can also be used silently at the ends of words ending in ''-e'' as an alternative to <i>haa'</i>.
|-
|hamzah<br>همزة
| hamse/firgin<br>همزه\فرڭن
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ء<br>أ<br>ؤ<br>ئ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;"><br>ـأ<br>ـؤ<br>ـئ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;"><br><br><br>ـئـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;"><br><br><br>ئـ</span>
|/ʔ/
| ’
| It may be written on its own (ء) or with a carrier (أ، ؤ، ئ) depending on the environment.
|}
 
===Diacritics===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Diacritics in Somali Arabic Alphabet
|+Diacritics in Somali Arabic Alphabet
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| Name
! colspan="2"| Name
! rowspan="2"| Diacritic
! rowspan="2"| Diacritic
! rowspan="2"|Sound represented
! rowspan="2"|Sound represented
! rowspan="2"|Latin equivalent
! rowspan="2"|Latin equivalent
! rowspan="2"|Remarks
! rowspan="2"|Remarks
|-
! Arabized !! Traditional (adjective)
|-
| فتحة<br>fatxah
| كرڟبن<br>kordhaban
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌َ</span>
| /a/
| a
|
|-
| <br>
| <br>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ٖ</span>
| /e/
| e
|
|-
| كسرة<br>kasrah
| هوسڟبن<br>hoosdhaban
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ِ</span>
| /i/
| i
|
|-
|
|
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ٗ</span>
| /o/
| o
|
|-
| ضمة<br>ḍammah
| ڭدن<br>godan
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ُ</span>
| /u/
| u
|
|-
|-
| <br>
| <br>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌٘</span>
| /ə(ʰ)/
| y (Af Maay)
| Used in Af Maay.
|-
| مدة<br>maddah
| مدن<br>madan
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ٓ</span>
| (aː)
| (aa)
| Only used on ''alif'' to represent the long vowel [aː].
|-
| سكون<br>sukuun
| ريبن<br>reebban
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ْ</span>
| colspan="2"| (absence of vowel)
| Used to show that a consonant is not followed by a vowel. It is also used on the second element of diphthongs, and optionally on the long vowel letter of long vowels.
|-
| شدة<br>shaddah
| شدن<br>shadan
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ّ</span>
| colspan="2"| (geminated consonant)
| Used to show that a consonant is geminated.
|-
| <!--الف خنجرية<br>‘alif khanjariyyah-->
| <br>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ٰ</span>
| /aː/
| aa
| Used for /aː/ in a few words as an alternative to ـَا.
|-
| فتحتين\فتحة تنوين<br>fatxatayn/fatxah tanwiin
| لب كرڟبن<br>laba kordhaban
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ً</span>
| /an/
| an
| rowspan="3"| In Arabic phrases only.
|-
| كسرتين\كسرة تنوين<br>kasratayn/kasrah tanwiin
| لب هوسڟبن<br>laba hoosdhaban
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ٍ</span>
| /in/
| in
|-
| ضمتين\ضمة تنوين<br>ḍammatayn/ḍammah tanwiin
| لب ڭدن<br>laba godan
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ٌ</span>
| /un/
| un
|-
|}
 
Long vowels are written as the short vowel followed by the corresponding long vowel letter.
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Long vowels in the Somali Arabic Alphabet
|-
! aa || ee || ii || oo || uu
|-dir="rtl"
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـَا</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٖي</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـِي</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٗو</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـُو</span>
|}
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Diphthongs in the Somali Arabic Alphabet
|-
! aw || ay || ey || ow || oy || aaw || aay || eey || oow || ooy
|-dir="rtl"
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـَوْ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـَيْ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٖيْ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٗوْ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٗيْ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـَاوْ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـَايْ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٖيّْ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٗوّْ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٗويْ</span>
<!--
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـَا</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٖي</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـِي</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٗو</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـُو</span>
-->
|}
 
Vowels, when occurring at the beginning of words, are placed on top of ''alif'' (ا). This ''alif'' actually has a ''hamzah'' on it; however, this ''hamzah'' is often left unwritten. However, /(ʔ)aː/ is written with ''maddah'' on ''alif'' (آ). <!--Long vowels are written as they would be in the middle of the word, except that ''waaw'' (و), and <i>yaa'</i> (ي) would be preceded by ''alif'' instead of another consonant.The exception to this convention is long vowel [aa], where similar to Arabic, ''[[w:Arabic_diacritics#Maddah|alif maddah]]'' (آ) is used.-->
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Vowels at the beginning of words in the Somali Arabic Alphabet
|-
! colspan = "5" | Short vowels
! colspan = "5" | Long vowels
|-
! a || e || i || o || u || aa || ee || ii || oo || uu
|-dir="rtl"
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اَ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اٖ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اِ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اٗ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اُ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">آ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اٖي</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اِي</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اٗو</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اُو</span>
|}
<!--
Like in Arabic, ''sukūn'' (◌ْ) and ''shaddah'' (◌ّ) are used to indicate an unvowelled consonant and a geminate consonant respectively. They can also be used on the consonant letter of long vowels; however, they are more often dropped.-->
===Adapted for other languages===
====Oromo====
Similar to Somali, but with the following changes:
*ڀ for /pʼ/.
*ڇ or ڃ for /tʃʼ/.
*ط for /tʼ/ in native Oromo words.
*ڠ‎ for /ɡ/ instead of ڭ‎ (though ڭ‎ can alternatively be used).
*ق for /kʼ/ in native Oromo words.
*There is no ݦ.
<!--
====Afar====
Similar to Somali.
-->
====Amharic and Tigrigna====
Similar to Oromo, with the following changes:
*پ is exclusively used for /p/.
** /β/ is represented identically to /v/: ڤ.
*ژ for /ʒ/.
*ڞ for /(t)sʼ/.
*There is no ڟ. <!--Alternatively, it can be used for /tʃʼ/ instead of ڇ or ڃ.-->
*څ for /xʼ/ (exclusive to Tigrigna).
*Vowels:
**/e/ and /o/ are written as Somali /eː/ and /oː/ respectively.
**/ə/ is written as Somali /a/.
**/a/ is written as Somali /aː/ (though it may be written as /a/ after guttural consonants).
**/i/ and /u/ are written as Somali /i(ː)/ and /u(ː)/ respectively. They are most often written as the long variants except in Arabic loanwords.
**/ɨ/ is written as Af Maay /ə/.
**Labialized consonants are written either as a combination of consinant plus /w/, or with a ''ḍammah'' as follows (with /kʷ/ as an example):
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Representation of labialized consonants
|-
! kʷə || kʷi || kʷa || kʷe || kʷ(ɨ)
|-dir="rtl"
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">كَُ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">كُِي</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">كَُا</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">كُٖي</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">كُ</span>
|}
 
====Additional letters for other languages spoken in Ethiopia====
When needed, the following additional letters are used:
*ݝ for /ŋ/.
*ڮ‎ for /kʼ/ when distinguished from /q/.
*Gurage palatalized velars:<!-- are represented with ۦ (small <i>yaa'</i>) under the letter.-->
**ك࣮ for /kʲ/.
**عٔ for /ɡʲ/.
**ٯٔ for /kʲʼ/.
**حٔ for /xʲ/.
*Retroflex:
**ٿ for /ʈʂ/.
**ڟ for /ʈʂʼ/ (instead of /ɖ/).
**ݜ for /ʂ/.
**ڙ for /ʐ/.
*Implosives:
**ڀ for /ɓ/ (instead of /pʼ/).
**ڎ for /ɗ/.
 
==Deslavic==
Basically, a Slavic language that lost all (or most) distinctive Slavic features.
 
Note: It's not that these features did not develop, but rather they did develop and then were lost.
====Phonology====
Palatalization:
*Palatalized consonants are lost, either merging with their plain counterparts or become a different consonant altogether.
*When a root would have alterations between palatalized and non-palatalized consonants, one of these variants is selected and extended to all forms.
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"}
|+ Fate of palatalized consonants
|-
! Proto-Slavic !! Unpalatalized !! Palatalized
|-
| m
|-
| p
|-
| b
|-
| v
|-
| n
|-
| t
|-
| d
|-
| c
|-
| dz
|-
|-
! Arabized !! Traditional (adjective)
| s
|-
|-
| فتحة<br>fatḥah
| z
| كرڟبن<br>kordhaban
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌َ</span>
| /a/
| a
|
|-
|-
| <br>
| r
| <br>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ٖ</span>
| /e/
| e
|
|-
|-
| كسرة<br>kasrah
| l
| هوسڟبن<br>hoosdhaban
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ِ</span>
| /i/
| i
|
|-
|-
|
| ň
|
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ٗ</span>
| /o/
| o
|
|-
|-
| ضمة<br>ḍammah
| ť
| ڬدن<br>godan
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ُ</span>
| /u/
| u
|
|-
|-
| مدة<br>maddah
| ď
| مدن<br>madan
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ٓ</span>
| (aː)
| (aa)
| Only used on ''alif'' to represent the long vowel [aː].
|-
|-
| سكون<br>sukūn
| č
| ريبن<br>reebban
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ْ</span>
| colspan="2"| (absence of vowel)
| Used to show that a consonant is not followed by a vowel. It is also used on the second element of diphthongs, and optionally on the long vowel letter of long vowels.
|-
|-
| شدة<br>shaddah
| ždž
| شدن<br>shadan
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ّ</span>
| colspan="2"| (geminated consonant)
| Used to show that a consonant is geminated.
|-
|-
| <!--الف خنجرية<br>‘alif khanjariyyah-->
| š
| <br>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ٰ</span>
| /aː/
| aa
| Used for /aː/ in a few words as an alternative to ـَا.
|-
|-
| فتحتين\فتحة تنوين<br>fatḥatayn/fatḥah tanwīn
| ś
| لب كرڟبن<br>laba kordhaban
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌َ</span>
| /an/
| an
| rowspan="3"| In Arabic phrases only.
|-
|-
| كسرتين\كسرة تنوين<br>kasratayn/kasrah tanwīn
| ž
| لب هوسڟبن<br>laba hoosdhaban
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ِ</span>
| /in/
| in
|-
|-
| ضمتين\ضمة تنوين<br>ḍammatayn/ḍammah tanwīn
| ř
| لب ڬدن<br>laba godan
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ُ</span>
| /un/
| un
|-
|-
|}
| ľ
 
Long vowels are written as the short vowel followed by the corresponding long vowel letter.
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Long vowels in the Somali Arabic Alphabet
|-
|-
! aa || ee || ii || oo || uu
| j
|-dir="rtl"
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـَا</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٖي</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـِي</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٗو</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـُو</span>
|}
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Diphthongs in the Somali Arabic Alphabet
|-
|-
! aw || ay || ey || ow || oy || aaw || aay || eey || oow || ooy
| k
|-dir="rtl"
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـَوْ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـَيْ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٖيْ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٗوْ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٗيْ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـَاوْ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـَايْ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٖيّْ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٗوّْ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٗويْ</span>
<!--
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـَا</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٖي</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـِي</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٗو</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـُو</span>
-->
|}
 
Vowels, when occurring at the beginning of words, are placed on top of ''alif'' (ا). This ''alif'' actually has a ''hamzah'' on it; however, this ''hamzah'' is often left unwritten. However, /(ʔ)aː/ is written with ''maddah'' on ''alif'' (آ). <!--Long vowels are written as they would be in the middle of the word, except that ''wāw'' (و), and ''yāʾ'' (ي) would be preceded by ''alif'' instead of another consonant.The exception to this convention is long vowel [aa], where similar to Arabic, ''[[w:Arabic_diacritics#Maddah|alif maddah]]'' (آ) is used.-->
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Vowels at the beginning of words in the Somali Arabic Alphabet
|-
|-
! colspan = "5" | Short vowels
| g
! colspan = "5" | Long vowels
|-
|-
! a || e || i || o || u || aa || ee || ii || oo || uu
| x
|-dir="rtl"
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اَ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اٖ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اِ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اٗ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اُ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">آ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اٖي</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اِي</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اٗو</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اُو</span>
|}
|}
<!--
Like in Arabic, ''sukūn'' (◌ْ) and ''shaddah'' (◌ّ) are used to indicate an unvowelled consonant and a geminate consonant respectively. They can also be used on the consonant letter of long vowels; however, they are more often dropped.-->
===Dialectal or marginal letters===
<!--
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+Somali Arabic Alphabet
! colspan="2" |Name
! colspan="4" |Forms
! rowspan="2" |Sound represented
! rowspan="2" |[[w:Somali Latin alphabet|Latin]] equivalent
! rowspan="2" |Notes
|-
! Arabicized<br/>(with transliteration)
! Traditional Somali<br/>(with Somali Latin script)
!Isolated
!Final
!Medial
!Initial
|-
| bāʾ<br>باء
| ba'<br>بأ
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ب</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـب</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـبـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">بـ</span>
|/b/
|b
|
|-
|-
|jīm<br>جيم
|jīn<br>جيم
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ج</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـج</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـجـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">جـ</span>
|/d͡ʒ/
|j
|
|-
|}-->


==Endnotes==
==Endnotes==
Shariifka
7,053

edits

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