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|-
|}
|}
 
==Bantu-esque Indo-European lang==
==Somali-like relative of Zanahi==
====Numerals====
====Numerals====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
Line 91: Line 90:
|-->
|-->
! 1
! 1
| cayn
|  
|-
|-
! 2
! 2
| dhow
|  
|-
|-
! 3
! 3
| taray
|  
|-
|-
! 4
! 4
| kodor
|  
|-
|-
! 5
! 5
| fangi
|  
|-
|-
! 6
! 6
| hash
|  
|-
|-
! 7
! 7
| hafti
|  
|-
|-
! 8
! 8
| casti
|  
|-
|-
! 9
! 9
| now
|  
|-
|-
! 10
! 10
| dhas
|  
|-
|-
! 11
! 11
| cayn oo dhas
|  
|-
|-
! 20
! 20
Line 148: Line 147:
|-
|-
! 100
! 100
| sinti
|  
|-
|-
! 200
! 200
| dhow sinti
|  
|-
|-
! 1000
! 1000
Line 161: Line 160:
|}
|}


==Somali-like Romlang==
==Somali-like relative of Zanahi==
====Numerals====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Verb conjugation of ''amaal'' "to love" - non-continuous tenses
|+ ???? numerals
! !! colspan="3"| Present !! colspan="3"| Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative !! rowspan="2"| Jussive
! Symbol !! Cardinal number
|-
|-
! !! Indicative !! Subordinate !! Adjectival !! Affirmative !! Negative !! Adjectival
<!--
! 0
| colspan="2"| ṣifr || ṣifr-
|-->
! 1
| ceyn
|-
|-
!1S
! 2
| amaa || ame || rowspan="6"| amá || amay || rowspan="6"| amays || rowspan="6"| amaý || — || áme
| dhaba
|-
|-
!2S
! 3
| amaas || ames || amays || áma || ámes
| taray
|-
|-
!3S
! 4
| amaa || ame || amay || — || áme
| shodor
|-
|-
!1P
! 5
| amaan || amaan || amayn || — || ameén
| fash
|-
|-
!2P
! 6
| amaad || amaad || amayd || amaád || ameéd
| shag
|-
|-
!3P
! 7
| amaan || amaan || amayn || — || ameén
| hafad
|-
|-
|}
! 8
 
| casta
<!--
|-
==English-like relative of Twench==
! 9
===Swadesh list===
| now
'''Abbreviations:'''
|-
*irr. = irregular (conjugation cannot be predicted from principal parts)
! 10
*pl. = plural
| dhas
*pol. = polite
|-
*arch. = archaic
! 11
<table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;">
| ceyn oo dhas
<tr>
|-
<th>'''No.'''</th>
! 20
<th>[[wikipedia:English language|English]]</th>
| dhabaasan
<th>Unnamed</th>
|-
</tr>
! 30
<tr><th>1</th><th>[[wiktionary:I|I]]</th><td>you</td></tr>
| tiriisan
<tr><th>2</th><th>[[wiktionary:you|you (singular)]]</th><td>woose; tu (arch.)</td></tr>
|-
<tr><th>3</th><th>[[wiktionary:he|he]]</th><td>el</td></tr>
! 40
<tr><th>4</th><th>[[wiktionary:we|we]]</th><td>noose</td></tr>
| shodoorsan
<tr><th>5</th><th>[[wiktionary:you|you (plural)]]</th><td>woose</td></tr>
|-
<tr><th>6</th><th>[[wiktionary:they|they]]</th><td>else</tr>
! 50
<tr><th>7</th><th>[[wiktionary:this|this]]</th><td>cest</td></tr>
| fashaasan
<tr><th>8</th><th>[[wiktionary:that|that]]</th><td>cel</td></tr>
|-
<tr><th>9</th><th>[[wiktionary:here|here]]</th><td>cie</td></tr>
! 60
<tr><th>10</th><th>[[wiktionary:there|there]]</th><td>lay</td></tr>
| shagaasan
<tr><th>11</th><th>[[wiktionary:who|who]]</th><td>kie</td></tr>
|-
<tr><th>12</th><th>[[wiktionary:what|what]]</th><td>keeth</td></tr
! 70
| haftaasan
|-
! 80
| castaash
an
|-
! 90
| nabaasan
|-
! 100
| sid
|-
! 200
| dhow sid
|-
! 1000
| dahal
|-
! 2000
| dhaba dahal
|-
|}
 
==Somali-like Romlang==
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Verb conjugation of ''amaal'' "to love" - non-continuous tenses
! !! colspan="3"| Present !! colspan="3"| Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative !! rowspan="2"| Jussive
|-
! !! Indicative !! Subordinate !! Adjectival !! Affirmative !! Negative !! Adjectival
|-
!1S
| amaa || ame || rowspan="6"| amá || amay || rowspan="6"| amays || rowspan="6"| amaý || — || áme
|-
!2S
| amaas || ames || amays || áma || ámes
|-
!3S
| amaa || ame || amay || — || áme
|-
!1P
| amaan || amaan || amayn || — || ameén
|-
!2P
| amaad || amaad || amayd || amaád || ameéd
|-
!3P
| amaan || amaan || amayn || — || ameén
|-
|}
 
<!--
==English-like relative of Twench==
===Swadesh list===
'''Abbreviations:'''
*irr. = irregular (conjugation cannot be predicted from principal parts)
*pl. = plural
*pol. = polite
*arch. = archaic
<table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;">
<tr>
<th>'''No.'''</th>
<th>[[wikipedia:English language|English]]</th>
<th>Unnamed</th>
</tr>
<tr><th>1</th><th>[[wiktionary:I|I]]</th><td>you</td></tr>
<tr><th>2</th><th>[[wiktionary:you|you (singular)]]</th><td>woose; tu (arch.)</td></tr>
<tr><th>3</th><th>[[wiktionary:he|he]]</th><td>el</td></tr>
<tr><th>4</th><th>[[wiktionary:we|we]]</th><td>noose</td></tr>
<tr><th>5</th><th>[[wiktionary:you|you (plural)]]</th><td>woose</td></tr>
<tr><th>6</th><th>[[wiktionary:they|they]]</th
|-
|-
| tāl- || all || Romance ''<b>t</b>ot-'' and Germanic '''''all-'''''. Influenced by Arabic ''kull-''.
| 2 || [[wiktionary:you|you (singular)]] || tu
|-
|-
| -u- || ''masculine singular'' || Latin ''-<b>u</b>s''. Influenced by Arabic nominative singular ending ''-u(n)''. The singular nature of this word is influenced by Arabic usage.
| 3 || [[wiktionary:he|he]] ||  
|-
|-
| -∅ || ''construct form'' || Arabic.
| 4 || [[wiktionary:we|we]] || nis
|-
|-
| khōm- || person || Arabic '''''qawm''''' "people". The lack of a definite article after the determiner "all" is influenced by Germanic.
| 5 || [[wiktionary:you|you (plural)]] || sis
|-
|-
| -ī- || ''masculine plural'' || Latin '''''-ī''''', Arabic ''-<b>ī</b>n''. Considered to come from an earlier form ''*-uy-'', where ''-u-'' is the masculine vowel and ''*-y-'' is the original plural marker. This hypothetical ''*-y-'' is a backformation from the plural endings and is additionally influenced by Esperanto ''-j''.
| 6 || [[wiktionary:they|they]] || 
|-
|-
| -n || ''genitive'' || Repurposing of Arabic tanween, particularly in the triptote genitive ending ''-i<b>n</b>''. Also influenced by oblique endings in ''-n'' in various languages, such as the Amharic and Esperanto accusatives, German dative plural, etc. The placement of this word in the genitive is influenced by Arabic.
| 7 || [[wiktionary:this|this]] ||  
|-
|-
| fār- || free || German '''''frei''''' and Arabic ''ħurr-'' (and its Portuguese descendant ''forro'').
| 8 || [[wiktionary:that|that]] || 
|-
|-
| -u- || ''masculine singular'' || See above.
| 9 || [[wiktionary:here|here]] || 
|-
|-
| -m || ''accusative'' || Latin '''''-m''''' (in ''-um, -am, -em''). This usage of the accusative is influenced by Arabic.
| 10 || [[wiktionary:there|there]] || 
|-
|-
| ya || and || Gothic ''jah''. Influenced by Persian ''yā'' "or".
| 11 || [[wiktionary:who|who]] || quien
|-
|-
| qōn- || equal || Corruption of Proto-Germanic '''''*ebn-''''' (the ancestor of English ''even'') through a hypothetical development ''*ebn- > *eun- > *ōn-'', with a sporadic ''ʕ-'' inserted.
| 12 || [[wiktionary:what|what]] || que
|-
|-
| -u- || ''masculine singular'' || See above.
| 13 || [[wiktionary:where|where]] || 
|-
|-
| -m || ''accusative'' || See above.
| 14 || [[wiktionary:when|when]] || quan
|-
|-
| bi || in || Arabic ''bi-'' and ''fī'' (both of which can mean "in"). The primary meaning is spatial. The usage of spatial "in" to mean "in terms of" is influenced by English.
| 15 || [[wiktionary:how|how]] || 
|-
|-
| al || the (''definite article'') || Arabic ''al-''. Also influenced by Spanish ''el''. Its usage in this generic sense is influenced by Arabic.
| 16 || [[wiktionary:not|not]] || ne
|-
|-
| adr- || dignity || Influenced by English ''<b>d</b>ignity'' and Arabic ''sha<b>r</b>af''.
| 17 || [[wiktionary:all|all]] || welho
|-
|-
| -a- || ''feminine singular'' || Latin ''-a''. Influenced by Arabic ''-a(h)'', pausal form of the feminine ending ''-at-''.
| 18 || [[wiktionary:many|many]] || elo
|-
|-
| -n || ''genitive'' || Influenced by various oblique forms ending in ''-n'' such as German ''-en'' (dative plural + masculine accusative singular of adjectives + oblique forms of weak nouns/adjectives) and Esperanto ''-n'' (accusative). This usage of the genitive is influenced by Arabic.
| 19 || [[wiktionary:some|some]] || negos
|}
 
==Iberian Celtic lang==
{| class="wikitable"
! '''No.''' !! [[wikipedia:English language|English]] !! 
|-
|-
| 1 || [[wiktionary:I|I]] || mi
| 20 || [[wiktionary:few|few]] ||  
|-
|-
| 2 || [[wiktionary:you|you (singular)]] || tu
| 21 || [[wiktionary:other|other]] || alho
|-
|-
| 3 || [[wiktionary:he|he]] ||  
| 22 || [[wiktionary:one|one]] || ono
|-
|-
| 4 || [[wiktionary:we|we]] || nis
| 23 || [[wiktionary:two|two]] || duo
|-
| 5 || [[wiktionary:you|you (plural)]] || sis
|-
| 6 || [[wiktionary:they|they]] || 
|-
| 7 || [[wiktionary:this|this]] ||
|-
| 8 || [[wiktionary:that|that]] || 
|-
| 9 || [[wiktionary:here|here]] || 
|-
| 10 || [[wiktionary:there|there]] || 
|-
| 11 || [[wiktionary:who|who]] || quien
|-
| 12 || [[wiktionary:what|what]] || que
|-
| 13 || [[wiktionary:where|where]] || 
|-
| 14 || [[wiktionary:when|when]] || quan
|-
| 15 || [[wiktionary:how|how]] || 
|-
| 16 || [[wiktionary:not|not]] || ne
|-
| 17 || [[wiktionary:all|all]] || welho
|-
| 18 || [[wiktionary:many|many]] || elo
|-
| 19 || [[wiktionary:some|some]] || negos
|-
| 20 || [[wiktionary:few|few]] ||
|-
| 21 || [[wiktionary:other|other]] || alho
|-
| 22 || [[wiktionary:one|one]] || ono
|-
| 23 || [[wiktionary:two|two]] || duo
|-
|-
| 24 || [[wiktionary:three|three]] || tris
| 24 || [[wiktionary:three|three]] || tris
Line 3,517: Line 3,598:
|/ŋ/
|/ŋ/
|ng
|ng
| Used in Af Maay. Equivalent to final or pre-consonantal ''-n'' in Af Maay. Can instead be written with ''nuun''.
| Used in Af Maay. Equivalent to final or pre-consonantal ''-n'' in Af Maxaa. Can instead be written with ''nuun''.
|-
|-
|nuun<br>نون
|nuun<br>نون
Line 3,582: Line 3,663:
===Diacritics===
===Diacritics===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Diacritics in Somali Arabic Alphabet
|+Diacritics in Somali Arabic Alphabet
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| Name
! colspan="2"| Name
! rowspan="2"| Diacritic
! rowspan="2"| Diacritic
! rowspan="2"|Sound represented
! rowspan="2"|Sound represented
! rowspan="2"|Latin equivalent
! rowspan="2"|Latin equivalent
! rowspan="2"|Remarks
! rowspan="2"|Remarks
|-
|-
! Arabized !! Traditional (adjective)
! Arabized !! Traditional (adjective)
|-
|-
| فتحة<br>fatxah
| فتحة<br>fatxah
| كرڟبن<br>kordhaban
| كرڟبن<br>kordhaban
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌َ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌َ</span>
| /a/
| /a/
| a
| a
|  
|  
|-
|-
| <br>
| <br>
| <br>
| <br>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ٖ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ٖ</span>
| /e/
| /e/
| e
| e
|  
|  
|-
|-
| كسرة<br>kasrah
| كسرة<br>kasrah
| هوسڟبن<br>hoosdhaban
| هوسڟبن<br>hoosdhaban
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ِ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ِ</span>
| /i/
| /i/
| i
| i
|
|
|-
|
|
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ٗ</span>
| /o/
| o
|
|-
| ضمة<br>ḍammah
| ڭدن<br>godan
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ُ</span>
| /u/
| u
|
|-
|-
| <br>
| <br>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌٘</span>
| /ə(ʰ)/
| y (Af Maay)
| Used in Af Maay.
|-
| مدة<br>maddah
| مدن<br>madan
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ٓ</span>
| (aː)
| (aa)
| Only used on ''alif'' to represent the long vowel [aː].
|-
| سكون<br>sukuun
| ريبن<br>reebban
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ْ</span>
| colspan="2"| (absence of vowel)
| Used to show that a consonant is not followed by a vowel. It is also used on the second element of diphthongs, and optionally on the long vowel letter of long vowels.
|-
| شدة<br>shaddah
| شدن<br>shadan
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ّ</span>
| colspan="2"| (geminated consonant)
| Used to show that a consonant is geminated.
|-
| <!--الف خنجرية<br>‘alif khanjariyyah-->
| <br>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ٰ</span>
| /aː/
| aa
| Used for /aː/ in a few words as an alternative to ـَا.
|-
| فتحتين\فتحة تنوين<br>fatxatayn/fatxah tanwiin
| لب كرڟبن<br>laba kordhaban
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ً</span>
| /an/
| an
| rowspan="3"| In Arabic phrases only.
|-
| كسرتين\كسرة تنوين<br>kasratayn/kasrah tanwiin
| لب هوسڟبن<br>laba hoosdhaban
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ٍ</span>
| /in/
| in
|-
| ضمتين\ضمة تنوين<br>ḍammatayn/ḍammah tanwiin
| لب ڭدن<br>laba godan
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ٌ</span>
| /un/
| un
|-
|}
 
Long vowels are written as the short vowel followed by the corresponding long vowel letter.
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Long vowels in the Somali Arabic Alphabet
|-
! aa || ee || ii || oo || uu
|-dir="rtl"
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـَا</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٖي</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـِي</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٗو</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـُو</span>
|}
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Diphthongs in the Somali Arabic Alphabet
|-
! aw || ay || ey || ow || oy || aaw || aay || eey || oow || ooy
|-dir="rtl"
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـَوْ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـَيْ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٖيْ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٗوْ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٗيْ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـَاوْ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـَايْ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٖيّْ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٗوّْ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٗويْ</span>
<!--
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـَا</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٖي</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـِي</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٗو</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـُو</span>
-->
|}
 
Vowels, when occurring at the beginning of words, are placed on top of ''alif'' (ا). This ''alif'' actually has a ''hamzah'' on it; however, this ''hamzah'' is often left unwritten. However, /(ʔ)aː/ is written with ''maddah'' on ''alif'' (آ). <!--Long vowels are written as they would be in the middle of the word, except that ''waaw'' (و), and <i>yaa'</i> (ي) would be preceded by ''alif'' instead of another consonant.The exception to this convention is long vowel [aa], where similar to Arabic, ''[[w:Arabic_diacritics#Maddah|alif maddah]]'' (آ) is used.-->
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Vowels at the beginning of words in the Somali Arabic Alphabet
|-
! colspan = "5" | Short vowels
! colspan = "5" | Long vowels
|-
! a || e || i || o || u || aa || ee || ii || oo || uu
|-dir="rtl"
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اَ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اٖ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اِ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اٗ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اُ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">آ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اٖي</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اِي</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اٗو</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اُو</span>
|}
<!--
Like in Arabic, ''sukūn'' (◌ْ) and ''shaddah'' (◌ّ) are used to indicate an unvowelled consonant and a geminate consonant respectively. They can also be used on the consonant letter of long vowels; however, they are more often dropped.-->
===Adapted for other languages===
====Oromo====
Similar to Somali, but with the following changes:
*ڀ for /pʼ/.
*ڇ or ڃ for /tʃʼ/.
*ط for /tʼ/ in native Oromo words.
*ڠ‎ for /ɡ/ instead of ڭ‎ (though ڭ‎ can alternatively be used).
*ق for /kʼ/ in native Oromo words.
*There is no ݦ.
<!--
====Afar====
Similar to Somali.
-->
====Amharic and Tigrigna====
Similar to Oromo, with the following changes:
*پ is exclusively used for /p/.
** /β/ is represented identically to /v/: ڤ.
*ژ for /ʒ/.
*ڞ for /(t)sʼ/.
*There is no ڟ. <!--Alternatively, it can be used for /tʃʼ/ instead of ڇ or ڃ.-->
*څ for /xʼ/ (exclusive to Tigrigna).
*Vowels:
**/e/ and /o/ are written as Somali /eː/ and /oː/ respectively.
**/ə/ is written as Somali /a/.
**/a/ is written as Somali /aː/ (though it may be written as /a/ after guttural consonants).
**/i/ and /u/ are written as Somali /i(ː)/ and /u(ː)/ respectively. They are most often written as the long variants except in Arabic loanwords.
**/ɨ/ is written as Af Maay /ə/.
**Labialized consonants are written either as a combination of consinant plus /w/, or with a ''ḍammah'' as follows (with /kʷ/ as an example):
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Representation of labialized consonants
|-
! kʷə || kʷi || kʷa || kʷe || kʷ(ɨ)
|-dir="rtl"
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">كَُ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">كُِي</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">كَُا</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">كُٖي</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">كُ</span>
|}
 
====Additional letters for other languages spoken in Ethiopia====
When needed, the following additional letters are used:
*ݝ for /ŋ/.
*ڮ‎ for /kʼ/ when distinguished from /q/.
*Gurage palatalized velars:<!-- are represented with ۦ (small <i>yaa'</i>) under the letter.-->
**ك࣮ for /kʲ/.
**عٔ for /ɡʲ/.
**ٯٔ for /kʲʼ/.
**حٔ for /xʲ/.
*Retroflex:
**ٿ for /ʈʂ/.
**ڟ for /ʈʂʼ/ (instead of /ɖ/).
**ݜ for /ʂ/.
**ڙ for /ʐ/.
*Implosives:
**ڀ for /ɓ/ (instead of /pʼ/).
**ڎ for /ɗ/.
 
==Deslavic==
Basically, a Slavic language that lost all (or most) distinctive Slavic features.
 
Note: It's not that these features did not develop, but rather they did develop and then were lost.
====Phonology====
Palatalization:
*Palatalized consonants are lost, either merging with their plain counterparts or become a different consonant altogether.
*When a root would have alterations between palatalized and non-palatalized consonants, one of these variants is selected and extended to all forms.
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"}
|+ Fate of palatalized consonants
|-
! Proto-Slavic !! Unpalatalized !! Palatalized
|-
| m
|-
| p
|-
| b
|-
| v
|-
| n
|-
| t
|-
| d
|-
| c
|-
| dz
|-
| s
|-
|-
|
| z
|
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ٗ</span>
| /o/
| o
|
|-
|-
| ضمة<br>ḍammah
| r
| ڭدن<br>godan
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ُ</span>
| /u/
| u
|
|-
|-
| l
|-
|-
| <br>
| ň
| <br>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌٘</span>
| /ə(ʰ)/
| y (Af Maay)
| Used in Af Maay.
|-
|-
| مدة<br>maddah
| ť
| مدن<br>madan
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ٓ</span>
| (aː)
| (aa)
| Only used on ''alif'' to represent the long vowel [aː].
|-
|-
| سكون<br>sukuun
| ď
| ريبن<br>reebban
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ْ</span>
| colspan="2"| (absence of vowel)
| Used to show that a consonant is not followed by a vowel. It is also used on the second element of diphthongs, and optionally on the long vowel letter of long vowels.
|-
|-
| شدة<br>shaddah
| č
| شدن<br>shadan
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ّ</span>
| colspan="2"| (geminated consonant)
| Used to show that a consonant is geminated.
|-
|-
| <!--الف خنجرية<br>‘alif khanjariyyah-->
| ždž
| <br>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ٰ</span>
| /aː/
| aa
| Used for /aː/ in a few words as an alternative to ـَا.
|-
|-
| فتحتين\فتحة تنوين<br>fatxatayn/fatxah tanwiin
| š
| لب كرڟبن<br>laba kordhaban
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ً</span>
| /an/
| an
| rowspan="3"| In Arabic phrases only.
|-
|-
| كسرتين\كسرة تنوين<br>kasratayn/kasrah tanwiin
| ś
| لب هوسڟبن<br>laba hoosdhaban
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ٍ</span>
| /in/
| in
|-
|-
| ضمتين\ضمة تنوين<br>ḍammatayn/ḍammah tanwiin
| ž
| لب ڭدن<br>laba godan
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ٌ</span>
| /un/
| un
|-
|-
|}
| ř
 
Long vowels are written as the short vowel followed by the corresponding long vowel letter.
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Long vowels in the Somali Arabic Alphabet
|-
|-
! aa || ee || ii || oo || uu
| ľ
|-dir="rtl"
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـَا</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٖي</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـِي</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٗو</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـُو</span>
|}
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Diphthongs in the Somali Arabic Alphabet
|-
|-
! aw || ay || ey || ow || oy || aaw || aay || eey || oow || ooy
| j
|-dir="rtl"
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـَوْ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـَيْ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٖيْ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٗوْ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٗيْ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـَاوْ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـَايْ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٖيّْ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٗوّْ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٗويْ</span>
<!--
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـَا</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٖي</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـِي</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٗو</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـُو</span>
-->
|}
 
Vowels, when occurring at the beginning of words, are placed on top of ''alif'' (ا). This ''alif'' actually has a ''hamzah'' on it; however, this ''hamzah'' is often left unwritten. However, /(ʔ)aː/ is written with ''maddah'' on ''alif'' (آ). <!--Long vowels are written as they would be in the middle of the word, except that ''waaw'' (و), and <i>yaa'</i> (ي) would be preceded by ''alif'' instead of another consonant.The exception to this convention is long vowel [aa], where similar to Arabic, ''[[w:Arabic_diacritics#Maddah|alif maddah]]'' (آ) is used.-->
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Vowels at the beginning of words in the Somali Arabic Alphabet
|-
|-
! colspan = "5" | Short vowels
| k
! colspan = "5" | Long vowels
|-
|-
! a || e || i || o || u || aa || ee || ii || oo || uu
| g
|-dir="rtl"
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اَ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اٖ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اِ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اٗ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اُ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">آ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اٖي</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اِي</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اٗو</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اُو</span>
|}
<!--
Like in Arabic, ''sukūn'' (◌ْ) and ''shaddah'' (◌ّ) are used to indicate an unvowelled consonant and a geminate consonant respectively. They can also be used on the consonant letter of long vowels; however, they are more often dropped.-->
===Adapted for other languages===
====Oromo====
Similar to Somali, but with the following changes:
*ڀ for /pʼ/.
*ڇ or ڃ for /tʃʼ/.
*ط for /tʼ/ in native Oromo words.
*ڠ‎ for /ɡ/ instead of ڭ‎ (though ڭ‎ can alternatively be used).
*ق for /kʼ/ in native Oromo words.
*There is no ݦ.
<!--
====Afar====
Similar to Somali.
-->
====Amharic and Tigrigna====
Similar to Oromo, with the following changes:
*پ is exclusively used for /p/.
** /β/ is represented identically to /v/: ڤ.
*ژ for /ʒ/.
*ڞ for /(t)sʼ/.
*There is no ڟ. <!--Alternatively, it can be used for /tʃʼ/ instead of ڇ or ڃ.-->
*څ for /xʼ/ (exclusive to Tigrigna).
*Vowels:
**/e/ and /o/ are written as Somali /eː/ and /oː/ respectively.
**/ə/ is written as Somali /a/.
**/a/ is written as Somali /aː/ (though it may be written as /a/ after guttural consonants).
**/i/ and /u/ are written as Somali /i(ː)/ and /u(ː)/ respectively. They are most often written as the long variants except in Arabic loanwords.
**/ɨ/ is written as Af Maay /ə/.
**Labialized consonants are written either as a combination of consinant plus /w/, or with a ''ḍammah'' as follows (with /kʷ/ as an example):
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Representation of labialized consonants
|-
|-
! kʷə || kʷi || kʷa || kʷe || kʷ(ɨ)
| x
|-dir="rtl"
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">كَُ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">كُِي</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">كَُا</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">كُٖي</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">كُ</span>
|}
|}
====Additional letters for other languages spoken in Ethiopia====
When needed, the following additional letters are used:
*ݝ for /ŋ/.
*ڮ‎ for /kʼ/ when distinguished from /q/.
*Gurage palatalized velars:<!-- are represented with ۦ (small <i>yaa'</i>) under the letter.-->
**ك࣮ for /kʲ/.
**عٔ for /ɡʲ/.
**ٯٔ for /kʲʼ/.
**حٔ for /xʲ/.
*Retroflex:
**ٿ for /ʈʂ/.
**ڟ for /ʈʂʼ/ (instead of /ɖ/).
**ݜ for /ʂ/.
**ڙ for /ʐ/.
*Implosives:
**ڀ for /ɓ/ (instead of /pʼ/).
**ڎ for /ɗ/.


==Endnotes==
==Endnotes==
Shariifka
7,056

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