Luthic: Difference between revisions

|dia2              = Standard Bolognese Luthic (''Lûthica Bolognesa'')

|dia3              = Paulistan Luthic (''Lûthica Paülista'')

|script1          = Latn

|script2          = Brai

|ancestor4        = Late Mediaeval Luthic

}}

Luthic is the result of a prolonged contact among members of both regions after the [[w:Goths|Gothic raids]] towards the [[w:Roman Empire|Roman Empire]] began, together with the later [[w:Germanic peoples|West Germanic]] merchants’ travels to and from the [[w:Western Roman Empire|Western Roman Empire]]. These connections, the interactions between the [[w:Papal States|Papal States]] and the conquest by the Germanic dynasties of the Roman Empire slowly formed a [[w:Creole language|creole]] as a [[w:Lingua franca|''lingua franca'']] for mutual communication.

! width="25%"|[[w:English language|English]]

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:¹ Discussions cover the different versions of [[w:Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq|Busbecq]]’s report, including scribal emendation and errors in printing and subsequent corrections. It seems that Busbecq’s understanding and documentation of Crimean Gothic were influenced by his Flemish background and possibly by German. He obtained his information from a Crimean Greek source who was knowledgeable in Crimean Gothic. The individual from Crimea who supplied the language information was either originally Greek or fluent in Crimean Gothic but more proficient in Greek than their own native language. In both cases, it’s likely that the pronunciation of Crimean Gothic words was influenced to some extent by the phonetics of the Greek language spoken in that area and time.

====''De Studio Linguæ Luthicæ''====

[[File:De studio linguae luthicae.png|thumb|left|''De Studio Linguæ Luthicæ'', 1657, restored cover at the Luthic Community of Ravenna.]]

The ''Luthicæ'' is considered one of the most importants in the history of Luthic linguistics. In the first book, Þiudareicu discusses the relationship between Latin and the vernacular languages within Italy. His work made new innovations, as it included diglot lemmata, and it was also significant how Þiudareicu approached this theme (a not so common topic at that time), the ''Luthicæ'' and the general opinion of Þiudareicu was greatly influenced by [[w:Dante Alighieri|Dante Alighieri]], as he agreed with Dante, that languages were not something to be considered static, but something that evolves and need historical contextualisation.

As in most European countries, the minority languages are defined by legislation or constitutional documents and afforded some form of official support. In 1992, the Council of Europe adopted the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages to protect and promote historical regional and minority languages in Europe.

[[File:Spoken Luthic Ravenna.png|thumb|Luthic geographical distribution in the commune of Ravenna]]

* The letter ⟨g⟩ represents the sound [[w:Voiced velar plosive|/ɡ/]] at the end of words and before the letters ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, and ⟨u⟩ but represents the sound [[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|/d͡ʒ/]] before the letters ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩. It also represents the sound [[w:Voiced velar nasal|/ŋ/]] before ⟨c⟩, ⟨q⟩ or ⟨g⟩.

** Velar plosives after [[w:Voiced velar nasal|/ŋ/]]  are not further palatalised to [[w:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|/t͡ʃ/]] or [[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|/d͡ʒ/]].

* The spellings ⟨ci⟩ and ⟨gi⟩ before another vowel represent only [[w:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|/t͡ʃ/]] or [[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|/d͡ʒ/]] with no [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|/i/]] ~ [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|/j/]] sound.

* The letter ⟨h⟩ is always silent. It is used to form a [[w:Digraph (orthography)|digraph]] with ⟨c⟩ or ⟨g⟩ to represent [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|/k/]] or [[w:Voiced velar plosive|/ɡ/]] before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩. It is also used with ⟨p⟩ to represent [[w:Voiceless bilabial fricative|/ɸ/]] and is found in some Greco-Roman words with ⟨t⟩ for [[w:Voiceless dental plosive|/t/]] for aesthetics only.

* The spelling ⟨ch⟩ and ⟨gh⟩ always represent the sounds [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|/k/]] and [[w:Voiced velar plosive|/ɡ/]].

* The spelling ⟨gl⟩ and ⟨gn⟩ represent the palatals [[w:Voiced palatal lateral approximant|/ʎ/]] and [[w:Voiced palatal nasal|/ɲ/]] retrospectively; always geminate if intervocalic.

The Luthic alphabet is considered to consist of 24 letters; ⟨j, k, w, x, y⟩ are excluded, and often avoided in loanwords, as ''tassi'' vs [[wikt:taxi#English|''taxi'']], ''cenophobo'' vs [[wikt:xenofobo#Italian|''xenofobo'']], ''geins'' vs [[wikt:jeans#English|''jeans'']], ''Giorche'' vs [[wikt:York#English|''York'']], ''Valsar'' vs [[wikt:Walsar#German|''Walsar'']].

* The [[w:Circumflex|circumflex accent]] is used over vowels to indicate irregular stress.

** [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|/e/]] and [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|/o/]] are often lowered to [[w:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|/ɛ/]] and [[w:Open-mid back rounded vowel|/ɔ/]] in VCC.

* The [[w:Diaeresis (diacritic)|diaeresis accent]] is used to distinguish from a [[w:Digraph (orthography)|digraph]] or a [[w:Diphthong|diphthong]].

** Similarly, the letter ⟨z⟩ can symbolise voiced or voiceless consonants. ⟨z⟩ symbolises [[w:Voiceless alveolar affricate|/t͡s/]] onset before a vowel, when clustered with a voiceless consonant (⟨p, f, c, q⟩), and when doubled (geminate); it symbolises [[w:Voiced alveolar affricate|/d͡z/]] when between vowels (except in ''-zione'' suffixed nouns) and when clustered with voiced consonants. However, ⟨zz⟩ stands for both [[w:Gemination|/tt͡s/]] and [[w:Gemination|/dd͡z/]].

* The letter ⟨þ⟩ can symbolise voiced or voiceless consonants. ⟨þ⟩ symbolises [[w:Voiceless dental fricative|/θ/]] in all cases, except when clustered with a voiced consonant, standing for [[w:Voiced dental fricative|/ð/]].

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|+ '''Standard Luthic Alphabet'''

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[[File:Luthic_keyboard_2.png|thumb|A Luthic computer keyboard layout.]]

[[File:Luthic oral vowels.png|thumb|[[w:Monophthong|Oral monophthongs]] of Standard Luthic]]

[[File:Luthic nasal vowels.png|thumb|[[w:Nasal vowel|Nasal monophthongs]] of Standard Luthic]]

* /i/ is close front unrounded [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|[i]]]. <small>f1 =337 y f2 =2300; f1 =400 y f2 =2600 hz</small>.

* /ɐ̃/ is near-open central unrounded [[w:Near-open central vowel|[ɐ̃]]]. f1 =700 y f2 =1300 hz; <small>f1 =715 hz y f2 =1400 hz</small>.

* /a/ has been variously described as open front unrounded [[w:Open central unrounded vowel|[a]]] and open central unrounded [[w:Open central unrounded vowel|[ä]]]. <small>f1 =700 y f2 =1350 hz; f1 =750 y f2 =1500 hz</small>.

====Diphthongs and triphthongs====

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====Consonants====

** /ɲ/ is alveolo-palatal, always geminate when intervocalic.

** /ŋ/ has a labio-velar allophone [[w:Labialization|[ŋʷ]]] before labio-velar plosives.

** /ŋ/ is pre-velar [[w:Voiced_palatal_nasal#Post-palatal|[ŋ˖]]] before [[w:Voiceless_velar_plosive#cite_note-1|[k̟, ɡ̟]]].

** /ŋ/ is post-velar [[w:Voiced uvular nasal|[ŋ˗]]] before [[w:Voiceless_velar_plosive#cite_ref-2|[k̠, ɡ˗]]], it may also be described as an uvular [[w:Voiced uvular nasal|[ɴ]]].

** /p/ /b/ are purely bilabial.

** /t/ and /d/ are laminal dentialveolar [[w:Laminal consonant|[t̻, d̻]]].

* '''Affricates:'''

* '''Approximants, trill and laterals:'''

** /j/ and /w/ are always geminate when intervocalic.

** /l/ is laminal alveolar [[w:Laminal consonant|[l̻]]].

** /ʎ/ is alveolo-palatal, always geminate when intervocalic.

Unstressed a resulted in a slightly raised a [[w:Near-open central vowel|[ɐ]]]. In hiatus, unstressed front vowels become [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|/j/]], while unstressed back vowels become [[w:Voiced labial–velar approximant|/w/]]. Unlike other Romance languages, the Luthic vowel system was not so affected by [[w:Metaphony|metaphony]], such as [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|/e/]] raising to [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|/i/]] or [[w:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|/ɛ/]] raising to [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|/e/]]:

In addition to monophthongs, Luthic has diphthongs, which, however, are both phonemically and phonetically simply combinations of the other vowels. None of the diphthongs are, however, considered to have distinct phonemic status since their constituents do not behave differently from how they occur in isolation, unlike the diphthongs in other languages like English and German. Grammatical tradition distinguishes “falling” from “rising” diphthongs, but since rising diphthongs are composed of one semiconsonantal sound [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|[j]]] or [[w:Voiced labial–velar approximant|[w]]] and one vowel sound, they are not actually diphthongs. The practice of referring to them as “diphthongs” has been criticised by phoneticians like Alareicu Villavolfu.

Clusters such as -p.t- -k.t- -x.t- are always smoothed to -t.t-.

This is also valid for other CC clusters with similar [[w:Manner of articulation|manner]] or [[w:Place of articulation|place]].

=====Absorption of nasals before fricatives=====

=====Monophthongization=====

Early evidence of palatalised pronunciations of [[w:Help:IPA|/tj kj/]] appears as early as the 2nd–3rd centuries AD in the form of spelling mistakes interchanging ⟨ti⟩ and ⟨ci⟩ before a following vowel, as in ⟨tribunitiae⟩ for [[wikt:tribuniciae#Latin|''tribūnīciae'']]. This is assumed to reflect the fronting of Latin [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|/k/]] in this environment to [[w:Help:IPA|[c ~ t͡sʲ]]]. Palatalisation of the velar consonants [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|/k/]] and [[w:Voiced velar plosive|/ɡ/]] occurred in certain environments, mostly involving front vowels; additional palatalisation is also found in dental consonants [[w:Voiceless dental and alveolar plosives|/t/]], [[w:Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|/d/]], [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants|/l/]] and [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar nasals|/n/]], however, these are often not palatalised in word initial environment.

Labio-velars remain unpalatalised, except in monosyllabic environment:

In some cases, palatalisation occurs word initially, mainly if [[w:Help:IPA|/kn/]] is the initial cluster:

It may not happen if intervocalic:

=====Lenition=====

The Gotho-Romance family suffered very few lenitions, but in most cases the stops /p t k/ are lenited to /b d ɡ/ if not in onset position, before or after a sonorant or in intervocalic position as a geminate. A similar process happens with /b/ that is lenited to /v ~ β/ in the same conditions. The unstressed labio-velar /kʷ/ delabialises before hard vowels, as in:

Luthic is further affected by the Gorgia Toscana effect, where every plosive is spirantised (or further approximated if voiced). Plosives, however, are not affected if:

In every case, [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|/j/]] and [[w:Voiced labial–velar approximant|/w/]] are fortified to [[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|/d͡ʒ/]] and [[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|/v]] ~ [[w:Voiced bilabial fricative|β/]], except when triggered by hiatus collapse. The Germanic [[w:Help:IPA|/xʷ ~ hʷ ~ ʍ/]] is also fortified to [[w:Labialization|/kʷ/]] in every position; which can be further lenited to [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|/k]] ~ [[w:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|t͡ʃ/]] in the environments given above. The Germanic [[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|/h]] ~ [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x/]] is fortified to [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|/k/]] before a rhotic or a lateral, as in:

Coda consonants with similar articulations often [[w:Sandhi|sandhi]], triggering a kind of [[w:Syntactic gemination|syntactic gemination]], it also happens with [[w:Oxytone|oxytones]]:

=====Deletion=====

Vowels other than [[w:Open central unrounded vowel|/ä/]] are often syncopated in unstressed word-internal syllables, especially when in contact with liquid consonants:

====Phonotactics====

|+ '''Onset'''

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'''CC'''

'''CCC'''

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|+ '''Nucleus'''

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|+ '''Coda'''

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| Cₓ || —

* The first element of any geminate.

=====Prosody=====

Luthic is quasi-[[w:Paroxytone|paroxytonic]], meaning that most words receive stress on their penultimate (second-to-last) syllable. Monosyllabic words tend to lack stress in their only syllable, unless emphasised or accentuated. Enclitic and other unstressed personal pronouns do not affect stress patterns. Some monosyllabic words may have natural stress (even if not emphasised), but it is weaker than those in polysyllabic words.

Compound words have secondary stress on their penultimate syllable. Some suffixes also maintain the suffixed word secondary stress.

Secondary stress is however often omitted by Italian influence. Tetrasyllabic (and beyond) words may have a very weak secondary stress in the fourth-to-last syllable (i.e. two syllables before the main or primary stress).

=====10 months=====

[[w:Babbling|Babbling]] becomes distinct from previous, less structured vocal play. Initially, syllable structure is limited to CVCV, called [[w:Reduplication|reduplicated babbling]]. Consonant clusters are still absent. Children’s first ten words appear around month 12, and take CVCV format, such as ''mama'' “mother”, ''papa'' “father” and ''dada'' “give me!”.

=====21 months=====

=====24 months=====

=====30 months=====

=====Word processes=====

These phonological processes may happen within a range of 3 to 6 years.

=====6 years=====

* '''Ablato-dative:'''

:* Motion away (prepositional): ''Giofa Ravenna du America furonno''. “They went from Ravenna to America”

:* Personal agent (prepositional): ''Roma a lom Gôthicom qesciada''. “Rome is destroyed by the Goths”

:* Comparison (adjectival): ''Qenam scauneza''. “More beautiful than women”

:* Cause: ''(Ic) greto ira ed agi''. “I cry with anger and fear” (marks the reason)

====Example text====

==Dialectology==

[[File:Dialect map.png|thumb|Geographical distribution.]]

===Upper Luthic===

* '''Loss of untressed final vowels and terminal devoicing:''' Every unstressed vowel is dropped, except in plurals and monosyllabic words; terminal consonants are devoiced (except if sonorants):

* '''Deaffrication:''' Affricates are lenited to fricatives:

* '''Loss of stress:''' Stress is fully lost, together with Gorgia Toscana:

* '''Degemination:''' Lack of gemination as a distinctive feature:

* '''Loss of coarticulations:'''

====Sample text and comparison====

{{col-n|2}}

<poem style="font-style: italic">

Faðar unsar, þû hemeno,

Veiða lata namno þeino;

Faur tuc ist la teudanagart,

E la forza, la glori

</poem>

{{Col-end}}

{{col-n|2}}

<poem>

[ˈfa.ðɐr ˈũ.sɐr | ˈθu eˈme.no

ˈvi.ðɐ lɐ.θɐ ˈnam.no ˈθi.no

Although general grammar remains very similar, prepositions become more frequent due to a lack of cases. Some sociolects may also lack the neuter gender, fully merging it with the masculine or the feminine (via the plural form). There are also many [[w:Ethnolect|ethnolects]] influenced by regional languages, such as the Lutho-Emilian ethnolect, who has its grammar and vocabulary largely affected and influenced by the [[w:Emilian dialects|Emilian dialects]]. The orthography may also be affected, since Upper Luthic lacks a regulatory body:

Another problem with Upper Luthic lacking a regulatory body is the lack of official statistics:

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====Upper Luthic morphology====

Although very similar to Standard Ravennese Luthic, there is noticeable influence from the regional [[w:Bolognese dialect|Bolognese dialects]], dialects of [[w:Emilian dialects|Emilian]], one of the [[w:Gallo-Italic|Gallo-Italic]] languages of the [[w:Romance languages|Romance]] family:

Furthermore, Standard Bolognese Luthic is affected by [[w:Metaphony (Romance languages)|apophony]]:

! Unaffected !! Mutated

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====Standard Bolognese Luthic phonology====

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===Paulistan Luthic===

|nativename        = Lútico (paulista)

|pronunciation    = ˈlu.t͡ʃi.ku (pawˈlis.tɐ)

|region            = [[w:São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]]

|speakers          = 5,000

Brazil remained neutral at the start of [[w:World War II|World War II]] in September 1939, however, German [[w:U-boat|U-boats]] sank six Brazilian ships in the [[w:Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]], resulting on Brazil declaring war on Germany and Italy on 22 August 1942. The Brazilians forces fought mainly within Tuscany and Emilia-Romagna regions.

====Characteristics of Paulistan Luthic====

* '''e-[[w:Prothesis (linguistics)|prosthesis]]:''' In word-initially /sC/ clusters, e-prosthesis is triggered: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''stare'' > Paulistan Luthic ''estare''.

* '''thorn stopping and voicing:''' A similar process that happened with southern [[w:German dialects|German dialects]], the [[w:High German consonant shift|High German consonant shift]]: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''þû'' > Paulistan Luthic ''du''

* '''r-[[w:Metathesis (linguistics)|metathesis]]:''' r-stem nouns ending in -ar are always reanalised as -re: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''broþar'' > Paulistan Luthic ''brodre''

Main orthographical differences:

* /ʁ/ can be [[w:Velar consonant|velar]], [[w:Uvular consonant|uvular]], or [[w:Glottal consonant|glottal]] and may be voiceless unless between voiced sounds.

* /ɲ/ is often realised as [[w:Nasal palatal approximant|[j̃]]], which [[w:Nasalization|nasalises]] the preceding vowel.

* /ŋ/ is often realised as [[w:Nasal labial–velar approximant|[w̃]]], which nasalises the preceding vowel.

* /u/ is laxed to [[w:Near-close near-back rounded vowel|[ʊ]]] if unstressed.

* /i/ is laxed to [[w:Near-close near-front unrounded vowel|[ɪ]]] if unstressed.

====Paulistan Luthic morphology====

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|+ Standard Luthic Swadesh list

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! width="33%"|IPA

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* '''Orthographic version in Standard Luthic'''

* '''Broad transcription'''

* '''Narrow transcription (differences emphasised)'''

* '''Narrow transcription (differences emphasised, Bolognese Standard Luthic)'''

* '''Orthographic version in Standard Luthic, with reductions'''

* Gamillscheg, Ernst (2017) [First published 1935]. ''Die Ostgoten. Die Langobarden. Die altgermanischen Bestandteile des Ostromanischen. Altgermanisches im Alpenromanischen''. Romania Germanica. Vol. 2. Berlin: De Gruyter.

* Guitel, Geneviève (1975). ''Histoire comparée des numérations écrites''. Paris: Flammarion.

* Hoff, Erika (2009). ''Language development''. Boston, MA: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning.

* Goebl, H., ed. (1984). ''Dialectology. Quantitative Linguistics, Vol. 21''. Bochum: Brockmeyer.

* '''<big>Ongoing projects:</big>'''

** Etymological Leipzig-Jakarta;

** Paulistan Luthic.