Novoslovnica: Difference between revisions
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====Vowels==== | ====Vowels==== | ||
The stress is movable, but it tends to the first syllable of the word's root. | The stress is movable, but it tends to the first syllable of the word's root. | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" | |||
! scope="col" style="width: 90px; text-align: center; "|Front | |||
! scope="col" style="width: 90px; text-align: center; "|Near-front | |||
! scope="col" style="width: 90px; text-align: center; "|Central | |||
! scope="col" style="width: 90px; text-align: center; "|Near-back | |||
! scope="col" style="width: 90px; text-align: center; "|Back | |||
! scope="col" style="width: 90px; "| | |||
|- | |||
| style="text-align: center;"|í /i/ | |||
| style="text-align: center;"| | |||
| style="text-align: center;"| | |||
| style="text-align: center;"| | |||
| style="text-align: center;"|ú /u:/ | |||
! style="text-align: center; "|Close | |||
|- | |||
| style="text-align: center;"| | |||
| style="text-align: center;"|i /ɪ/ | |||
| style="text-align: center;"| | |||
| style="text-align: center;"|y /ʊ/ | |||
| style="text-align: center;"| | |||
! style="text-align: center; "|Near-close | |||
|- | |||
| style="text-align: center;"|é /e:/, /e˞ː/ | |||
| style="text-align: center;"| | |||
| style="text-align: center;"| | |||
| style="text-align: center;"| | |||
| style="text-align: center;"|ó /o:/ | |||
! style="text-align: center; "|Close-mid | |||
|- | |||
| style="text-align: center;"| | |||
| style="text-align: center;"| | |||
| style="text-align: center;"|e /ə/ | |||
| style="text-align: center;"| | |||
| style="text-align: center;"| | |||
! style="text-align: center; "|Mid | |||
|- | |||
| style="text-align: center;"|e /ɛ/, /ɛ˞ː/ | |||
| style="text-align: center;"| | |||
| style="text-align: center;"|/ɝː/ | |||
| style="text-align: center;"| | |||
| style="text-align: center;"|u /ʌ/ '''·''' œ /ɔ/, or /ɔ˞ː/ | |||
! style="text-align: center; "|Open-mid | |||
|- | |||
| style="text-align: center;"|æ /æ/ (æ̝ˑ) | |||
| style="text-align: center;"| | |||
| style="text-align: center;"| | |||
| style="text-align: center;"| | |||
| style="text-align: center;"| | |||
! style="text-align: center; "|Near-open | |||
|- | |||
| style="text-align: center;"| | |||
| style="text-align: center;"| | |||
| style="text-align: center;"| | |||
| style="text-align: center;"| | |||
| style="text-align: center;"|a /ɑ/, ar /ɑ˞/ | |||
! style="text-align: center; "|Open | |||
|} | |||
==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||
Revision as of 14:10, 30 July 2015
| Novoslovnica | |
|---|---|
| Новословница | |
| Pronunciation | [[Help:IPA|novo'slovnica]] |
| Created by | Yegor Karpov |
| Date | 2014 |
Conlang
| |
Novoslovnica is a constructed language created by Yegor Karpov in 2014. Its name is composed by the words nov ("new") and slovo ("word"). Its main features are lexical purism, wealthy phonology and logical stucture.
Phonology and orthography
Alphabet
| Latin | a/ä/á | å | b | c | č | d | đ | e/ë/é | ę | ě | f | g | ĝ | h | i/ï | j | ĵ | k | l | m | n | o/ö/ó | ô | p | r | ř | s | ŝ | š | t | u/ü/ú | ų | ů | v | w | x | y | z | ž |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cyrillic | а/я/á | å | б | ц | ч | д | џ | е/є/э | ѧ | ѣ | ф | г | ґ | х | и/i | j | й | к | л | м | н | о/ё/ó | ô | п | р | ҏ | с | s | ш | т | у/ю/ӯ | ų | ъ | в | ў | ќ | ы | з | ж |
Pronunciation
Every letter is pronounced in the only way, so it is easy to start reading Novoslovnica after learning the alphabet and the phonology of the language.
Consonants
| Bilabial | Labio-dental | Dental | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Palatal | Labio-velar | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| m /m/ | n /n/ | Nasal | |||||||
| p /p/ b /b/ | t /t/ d /d/ | k /k/ ĝ /g/ | Plosive | ||||||
| f /f/ v /v/ | θ /θ/ | s /s/ z /z/ | š /ʂ/ ž /ʐ/ | j /ʝ/ | x /x/ g /ɣ/ | Fricative | |||
| w /ʋ/ | ĵ /j/ | Approximant | |||||||
| r /r/ | Trill | ||||||||
| l /l/ | Lateral |
Vowels
The stress is movable, but it tends to the first syllable of the word's root.
| Front | Near-front | Central | Near-back | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| í /i/ | ú /u:/ | Close | |||
| i /ɪ/ | y /ʊ/ | Near-close | |||
| é /e:/, /e˞ː/ | ó /o:/ | Close-mid | |||
| e /ə/ | Mid | ||||
| e /ɛ/, /ɛ˞ː/ | /ɝː/ | u /ʌ/ · œ /ɔ/, or /ɔ˞ː/ | Open-mid | ||
| æ /æ/ (æ̝ˑ) | Near-open | ||||
| a /ɑ/, ar /ɑ˞/ | Open |
Grammar
Articles
There are three determinative articles: ůt/to/ta/te, ův/vo/va/ve and ůn/no/na/ne. Articles are required when it's necessary to clear the object spoken about. The difference between the three articles is in position of the object. The ůt article is used when we can not see the object. The ůn article is used when we can see the object, but it is far from us. The ův article is used when we can see the object and it is close to us.
Nouns
There are three numbers and 9 cases in Novoslovnica. Also there are three genders - masculine, feminine and neutral.
- dom - masculine
- voda - feminine
- slonco - neutral
There are 3 paradigms, which determines practically how the very word changes in cases.
Adjectives
Adjectives always precede the noun they're related to.
There are full and brief adjectives.
Adverbs
Adverbs may be identified by adding -e to an stem of the adjective.
- jasno (clear) → jasne (clearly)
Pronouns
Personal pronouns
| Novbasa | English |
|---|---|
| Ja | I |
| ty | you |
| On/Ona/Ono | he/she/it |
| Ma | we two |
| Va | you two |
| Ona | they two |
| My | we |
| Vy | you |
| Oni | they |
Possessive adjectives and pronouns.
| Novbasa | English |
|---|---|
| môĵ | I, mine |
| tvôĵ | your, yours |
| jegôĵ/jejôĵ | his/her, his/hers |
| naš | our, ours |
| vaš | your, yours |
| Ihniĵ | their, theirs |
| Novbasa | English |
|---|---|
| kto | who |
| čto | what |
| dy | when |
| de | where |
| kak | how |
| začto | why |
| kolïko | how much |
Verbs
| Tense | Novbasa | English |
|---|---|---|
| Infinitive | strojati | to build |
| Present | ja strojam | I build |
| Present perfect | ja sům strojal | I have built |
| Past | Ja strojah | I built |
| Past perfect | Ja byh strojal | I had built |
| Future | Ja hte strojam | I will build |
| Near future | Ja budu strojati | I am going to build |
| Conditional | Ja bih strojal | I would build |
| Imperative | Stroj(aĵ)! | build! |
| Present Participle | Strojačiĵ | building |
| Past Participle | Strojan | built |
The reflexive is formed by putting sę before the verb.
The passive is formed by dealing with the verb byti and past participle of the verb.
Byti
Byti ("to be") is one of irregular verbs.
| Tense | Novbasa | English |
|---|---|---|
| Infinitive | Byti | to be |
| Present | Ja sům | I am |
| Present perfect | Ja sům byl | I have been |
| Past | Ja byh | I was |
| Past pefect | Ja byh byl | I had been |
| Future | Ja hte sům | I will be |
| Near future | Ja budu | I am going to be |
| Conditional | Ja byh byl | I would be |
| Imperative | Bud'! | be! |
| Present Participle | Sųštyĵ | being |
Numerals
| Number | Cardinal | Number | Cardinal |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | nôl' | 11 | jedennaĵčě |
| 1 | jeden | 20 | dvaĵčě |
| 2 | dva | 21 | dvaĵčě i jeden |
| 3 | tri | 30 | triĵčě |
| 4 | četyri | 40 | četyridesět |
| 5 | pět | 50 | pětdesět |
| 6 | šest | 100 | sto |
| 7 | sedem | 200 | dvěstě |
| 8 | osem | 237 | dvěstě triĵčě sedem |
| 9 | devět | 1000 | tysęča |
| 10 | desět | 2000 | dvě tysęčy |
Lexicon
Lexicon is made up from all slavonic languages.
Translations
Sample translations
I must give it to him.
I musim dati to mu.
External links
[1] Novoslovnica in CALS