Kundarayo: Difference between revisions

From Linguifex
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit
No edit summary
 
(10 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 36: Line 36:
|}
|}


* Between vowels or at the beginning of sentences when they start with a vowel an intrusive [ʔ] is appended as an onset
* When intervocalicly, /p t k/ become [b d g]
* When intervocalicly, /p t k/ become [b d g]
* When at the end of a syllable, /p t s k ɾ/ become [p̚ t̚ t̚ k̚ l]
* When at the end of a syllable, /p t s k ɾ/ become [p̚ t̚ t̚ k̚ l]
Line 66: Line 67:
|}
|}


* Clusters in the form /CjV/ and /CwV/ only occur in Chinese loans, and in those, /j// and /j/wɨ/ don't occur.
* Clusters in the form /CjV/ and /CwV/ only occur in Chinese loans, and in those, /wo/ and // /wɨ/ don't occur.
* Since /ɨ/ and /i/ are in complementary distribution, some (Russian) linguists claim that they are the same phoneme, with /"jɨ"/ and /"wɨ"/ being [i] and [wi], however they come from different phonemes, and though /i/ is the only monophthong which palatalizes consonants, it also appears in native vocabulary, making it more of an monophthong. In this page we will consider /ɨ/ and /i/ separate phonemes
* Since /ɨ/ and /i/ are in complementary distribution, some (Russian) linguists claim that they are the same phoneme, with /"jɨ"/ and /"wɨ"/ being [i] and [wi], however they come from different phonemes, and though /i/ is the only monophthong which palatalizes consonants, it also appears in native vocabulary, making it more of an monophthong. In this page we will consider /ɨ/ and /i/ separate phonemes


Line 73: Line 74:
!
!
!a
!a
!o
!o
!u
!u
Line 80: Line 82:
!j-
!j-
|ja
|ja
|jʌ
|jo
|jo
|ju
|ju
Line 87: Line 90:
!w-
!w-
|wa
|wa
|wo
|
|
!
|(u)
|wi
|wi
|we
|we
Line 95: Line 99:
== Orthography ==
== Orthography ==
Although Kundara has had various orthographies, the most commonly in use today is Hangeul:
Although Kundara has had various orthographies, the most commonly in use today is Hangeul:
=== Hangeul ===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!p<sup>h</sup>
!p<sup>h</sup>
!t<sup>h</sup>
!t<sup>h</sup>
Line 159: Line 164:
!w-
!w-
|와
|와
|워
!
!
|워
!
!
|위
|위
Line 167: Line 172:
|}
|}
* Similar to Korean, the old diphthongs *ai and *ei both are now pronounced [e], however 애 (*ai) is more common, and its the one used for modern loans.
* Similar to Korean, the old diphthongs *ai and *ei both are now pronounced [e], however 애 (*ai) is more common, and its the one used for modern loans.
== Grammar ==
=== Particles ===
Kundara uses a handful of particles or postpositions to mark important roles or relationships between words
{| class="wikitable"
!Particle
!Use
!Jap. Eq.
!Used after
|-
|가
|Marks the topic
|が
|Nouns
|-
|가
|Marks a question
|か
|Verbs
|-
|워
|Marks the object
|を
|Nouns
|-
|두
|Genitive particle
|の
|Nouns
|-
|바
| rowspan="2" |Marks the subject
| rowspan="2" |は
|Nouns
|-
|느
|Nouns
|-
|니
|Marks position or direction
|に、へ
|Nouns
|-
|알
|Connects nominal adjectives
|な
|Adjectives
|-
|드
|Conects words together
|で
|Everything
|}

Latest revision as of 08:48, 24 August 2024

Introduction

Kundarayo (Natively: 쿤다라요 [kʰundarajo]) is a Japonic language spoken around the Northers parts of Korea and China. Since time inmemorial, it has been assimilated into first the Goguryeo Kingdom, then the Korean Choseon Country, and the following occupation of Japan and "Liberation" of Korea thereafter.

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Dorsal
Plosive ph th kh
p t k
Fricative s h
Nasal m n ŋ
Approximant w ɾ j
  • Between vowels or at the beginning of sentences when they start with a vowel an intrusive [ʔ] is appended as an onset
  • When intervocalicly, /p t k/ become [b d g]
  • When at the end of a syllable, /p t s k ɾ/ become [p̚ t̚ t̚ k̚ l]
  • The phonemes /th t s n h/ display palatalization, becoming [tɕh tɕ~ʥ ɕ ɲ ç]
  • ŋ* and h* only occur in Chinese loans in Standard Kundara
  • ŋ* only occurs in the coda and h* only on the onset
  • The cluster /hw/ is normally said as [ɸ]

Monophthongs

Front Central Back
High i ɨ u
Mid e ʌ o
Low a
  • Clusters in the form /CjV/ and /CwV/ only occur in Chinese loans, and in those, /wo/ and /jɨ/ /wɨ/ don't occur.
  • Since /ɨ/ and /i/ are in complementary distribution, some (Russian) linguists claim that they are the same phoneme, with /"jɨ"/ and /"wɨ"/ being [i] and [wi], however they come from different phonemes, and though /i/ is the only monophthong which palatalizes consonants, it also appears in native vocabulary, making it more of an monophthong. In this page we will consider /ɨ/ and /i/ separate phonemes

Diphthongs

a ʌ o u i e
j- ja jo ju (i) je
w- wa (u) wi we

Orthography

Although Kundara has had various orthographies, the most commonly in use today is Hangeul:

Hangeul

ph th kh p t k s h m n ŋ ɾ
ᄐ* ᄃ* ᄋ*
  • The letters ᄎ and ᄌ are used instead of ᄐ and ᄃ when palatalized
  • ᄋ is used as a placeholder in onset position
a ʌ ɨ o u i e*
-
j-
w-
  • Similar to Korean, the old diphthongs *ai and *ei both are now pronounced [e], however 애 (*ai) is more common, and its the one used for modern loans.

Grammar

Particles

Kundara uses a handful of particles or postpositions to mark important roles or relationships between words

Particle Use Jap. Eq. Used after
Marks the topic Nouns
Marks a question Verbs
Marks the object Nouns
Genitive particle Nouns
Marks the subject Nouns
Nouns
Marks position or direction に、へ Nouns
Connects nominal adjectives Adjectives
Conects words together Everything