Phrygian (Semitic): Difference between revisions

From Linguifex
Jump to navigation Jump to search
mNo edit summary
No edit summary
Line 26: Line 26:
}}
}}


'''Phrygian''' (endonym: {{vry-times|ʌ|ɛmɑ́ү ƞpɛ́ucɑı}}, ''Lechán préxai'', [lɛˈxaŋ ˈprɛksɛː]), also known as '''Prexian''', is a [[w:Semitic languages|Semitic language]] within the [[w:Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic language family]]. It is spoken mostly in the Principality of Smyrna, and in north- and southwestern [[w:Eretnid dynasty|Eretna]], concentrated in the western half of [[w:Anatolia|Anatolia]]. The standardized form of Phrygian is mainly based on the metropolitan Smyrna Dialect ({{vry-times||ɜíoɛr}} {{vry-times|ᴇ|ɯɛppɑ́}}, ''sjíuet Emerrá''). The name ''Phrygian'' is a misnomer, as the classical [[w:Phrygian language|Phrygian language]], which used to be spoken very near to where the Semitic Phrygian tribes initially settled, is an [[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European language]] closely related to [[w:Greek language|Greek]].
'''Phrygian''' (endonym: {{vry-times|ʌ|ɛmɑ́ү ƞpɛ́ucɑı}}, ''Lechán préxai'', [lɛˈxaŋ ˈprɛksɛː]), also known as '''Prexian''', is a [[w:Semitic languages|Semitic language]] within the [[w:Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic language family]]. It is spoken mostly in the Principality of Smyrna, and in north- and southwestern [[w:Eretnid dynasty|Eretna]], concentrated in the western half of [[w:Anatolia|Anatolia]]. The standardized form of Phrygian is mainly based on the metropolitan Smyrna Dialect ({{vry-times||ɜíoɛr}} {{vry-times|ᴇ|ɯɛppɑ́}}, ''sjíuet Emerrá''), one of the several regional dialects, which collectively descended from Classical Phrygian. The name ''Phrygian'' is a misnomer, as the classical [[w:Phrygian language|Phrygian language]], which used to be spoken very near to where the Semitic Phrygian tribes initially settled, is an [[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European language]] closely related to [[w:Greek language|Greek]].


Classical Phrygian still survives as the liturgical language of the Church of Smyrna, one of the [[w:Greek Orthodox Church|Greek Orthodox Churches]].
The historical development of Phrygian traces back to Classical Phrygian, which itself emerged from Old Phrygian. Classical Phrygian still survives as the liturgical language of the Church of Smyrna, one of the [[w:Greek Orthodox Church|Greek Orthodox Churches]].


==Classification==
==Classification==
Line 338: Line 338:
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /u/
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /u/
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek ου
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek ου
| ou, oi
| u
|-
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|ʟ|ɭ}}, {{vry-times||ɭɭ}}
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|ʟ|ɭ}}, {{vry-times||ɭɭ}}
Line 346: Line 346:
|}
|}
</div>
</div>
# When in coda position, {{vry-times||ɼ}}, {{vry-times||v}}, and {{vry-times||◌̔}} are dropped with compensatory vowel lengthening, such as in [[Contionary:peregh|{{vry-times||ƞɛ́pɛɼ}}]] /ˈpɛrɛː/, [[Contionary:zeregh|{{vry-times||ɥɛ́pev}}]] /ˈzɛrɛː/, and [[Contionary:hetjeh|{{vry-times||ἕqɛ‛}}]] /ˈhɛt͡ʃɛː/.
# When in coda position, {{vry-times||ɼ}}, {{vry-times||v}}, and {{vry-times||◌̔}} are dropped with compensatory vowel lengthening, such as in [[Contionary:peregh|{{vry-times||ƞɛ́pɛɼ}}]] /ˈpɛrɛː/, [[Contionary:zeregh|{{vry-times||ɥɛ́pev}}]] /ˈzɛrɛː/, and [[Contionary:hetjeh|{{vry-times||ɛ̔qɛ‛}}]] /ˈhɛt͡ʃɛː/.
# {{vry-times|ɪ|}} and {{vry-times||o}} consonantally are  /j/ /f/, such as in [[Contionary:ierek|{{vry-times||ıɛ́pɛu}}]] /ˈjɛrɛk/ and [[Contionary:sjelfar|{{vry-times||ɜɛʌoɑ́p}}]] /ʃɛlˈfar/
# {{vry-times|ɪ|}} and {{vry-times||o}} consonantally are  /j/ /f/, such as in [[Contionary:ierek|{{vry-times||ıɛ́pɛu}}]] /ˈjɛrɛk/ and [[Contionary:sjelfar|{{vry-times||ɜɛʌoɑ́p}}]] /ʃɛlˈfar/
# When /h/ precedes a vowel, it is written as a diacritic above the vowel, otherwise it is written on its own. Both forms can be seen in [[Contionary:reheh|{{vry-times||pἕɛ‛}}]] /ˈrɛhɛː/.
# When /h/ precedes a vowel, it is written as a diacritic above the vowel, otherwise it is written on its own. Both forms can be seen in [[Contionary:reheh|{{vry-times||pɛ̔ɛ‛}}]] /ˈrɛhɛː/.
# In order to distinguish /aj/ /ɛj/ /oj/ from /ɛː/ /e/ /u/, diaereses are usedː {{vry-times||ɑï}}, {{vry-times||ɛï}}, {{vry-times||oï}}.
# In order to distinguish /aj/ /ɛj/ /oj/ from /ɛː/ /e/ /u/, diaereses are usedː {{vry-times||ɑï}}, {{vry-times||ɛï}}, {{vry-times||oï}}.


==Grammar==
==Grammar==
Phrygian grammar is very similar of that of other Semitic languages, with some main differences being the retention of case declension and complex verb conjugation, and the loss of the construct state.
Like other Semitic languages, Phrygian relies on [[w:Nonconcatenative morphology|nonconcatenative morphology]], inserting roots of three or more consonants that carry basic meanings into discontinuous patterns for all sorts of grammatical purposes. For example, from the root {{vry-times||◌̔-ƞ-c}} (''h-p-s, "relating to speaking and vocalizing"'') can be derived:
*{{vry-times||ɛ̔ƞcóı}} ''hepsú, "it was spoken"''
*{{vry-times||ɛ̔ƞocɛү}} ''héposen, "I must speak"''
*{{vry-times||ɑ̔ƞɛc}} ''hápes, "speaker"''
*{{vry-times||ɑ̔ƞcɛɜ}} ''hápsesj, "loudspeaker"''
*{{vry-times||ɛ̔ƞɑ́cɛɜ}} ''hepásesj, "speech"''
*{{vry-times||o̔ƞc}} ''hops, "word"''
===Nominals===
====Nouns====
Phrygian nouns preserve a declension system for three cases (''nominative'', ''oblique'', and ''vocative''), two genders (''masculine'' and ''feminine''), two numbers (''singular'' and ''plural''), and state (''definite'' and ''indefinite'').
=====Masculine declension=====
Masculine nouns regularly form their plurals with {{vry-times||-óı}} (''-ú'') in the nominative case and {{vry-times||-í}} (''-í'') in the oblique and vocative cases. Their definite article is {{vry-times||o̔ʌ}} (''hol'') in the nominative case and {{vry-times||roʌ}} (''tol'') in the oblique case. They also tend to feature stem alteration between numbers:
<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ [[Contionary:iaum|{{vry-times||ıɑoɯ}}]] (''iaum, "day"'')
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| {{vry-times||(o̔ʌ) ıɑoɯ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''(hol) iaum''</span>
| {{vry-times||(o̔ʌ) ıoıɯóı}}<br><span style="color:grey">''(hol) iumú''</span>
|-
! Oblique
| {{vry-times||(roʌ) ıɑ́oɯɛ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''(tol) iáume''</span>
| {{vry-times||(roʌ) ıoıɯí}}<br><span style="color:grey">''(tol) iumí''</span>
|-
! Vocative
| {{vry-times||oɛx ıɑ́oɯɛ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''fech iáume''</span>
| {{vry-times||oɛ́xoɯ ıoıɯí}}<br><span style="color:grey">''féchom iumí''</span>
|}
</div>
<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ [[Contionary:eb|{{vry-times||ɛɓ̰}}]] (''eb, "father"'')
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| {{vry-times||(o̔ʌ) ɛɓ̰}}<br><span style="color:grey">''(hol) eb''</span>
| {{vry-times||(o̔ʌ) ɛɓ̰ɑүóı}}<br><span style="color:grey">''(hol) ebanú''</span>
|-
! Oblique
| {{vry-times||(roʌ) ɛ́ɓ̰ɛ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''(tol) ébe''</span>
| {{vry-times||(roʌ) ɛɓ̰ɑүí}}<br><span style="color:grey">''(tol) ebaní''</span>
|-
! Vocative
| {{vry-times||oɛx ɛ́ɓ̰ɛ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''fech ébe''</span>
| {{vry-times||oɛ́xoɯ ɛɓ̰ɑүí}}<br><span style="color:grey">''féchom ebaní''</span>
|}
</div>
=====Feminine declension=====
Feminine nouns often end with {{vry-times||-ɛɜ}} (''-esj'') in the nominative case and {{vry-times||-ɑ́}} (''-á'') in the vocative and regularly form their plurals by replacing them with {{vry-times||-ɑ́ɜ}} (''-ásj'') in the nominative case and {{vry-times||-ɑ́ɜɛ}} (''-ásje'') in the oblique and vocative cases. Their definite article is {{vry-times||i̔ʌ}} (''hil'') in the nominative case and {{vry-times||rıʌ}} (''til'') in the oblique case. They tend to not feature stem alteration between numbers:
<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ [[Contionary:échesj|{{vry-times||ɛ́mɛɜ}}]] (''échesj, "sister"'')
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| {{vry-times||(i̔ʌ) ɛ́mɛɜ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''(hil) échesj''</span>
| {{vry-times||(i̔ʌ) ɛmɑ́ɜ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''(til) echásj''</span>
|-
! Oblique
| {{vry-times||(rıʌ) ɛ́mɜɛ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''(hil) échsje''</span>
| {{vry-times||(rıʌ) ɛmɑ́ɜɛ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''(til) echásje''</span>
|-
! Vocative
| {{vry-times||oɛx ɛmɑ́}}<br><span style="color:grey">''fech echá''</span>
| {{vry-times||oɛxɑ́ɜ ɛmɑ́ɜɛ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''fechásj echásje''</span>
|}
</div>
<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ [[Contionary:sjench|{{vry-times||ɜɛүm}}]] (''sjench, "sun"'')
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| {{vry-times||(i̔ʌ) ɜɛүm}}<br><span style="color:grey">''(hil) sjench''</span>
| {{vry-times||(i̔ʌ) ɜɛүmɑ́ɜ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''(hil) sjenchásj''</span>
|-
! Oblique
| {{vry-times||(rıʌ) ɜɛ́үmɛ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''(til) sjénche''</span>
| {{vry-times||(rıʌ) ɜɛүmɑ́ɜɛ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''(til) sjenchásje''</span>
|-
! Vocative
| {{vry-times||oɛx ɜɛүmɑ́}}<br><span style="color:grey">''fech sjenchá''</span>
| {{vry-times||oɛxɑ́ɜ ɜɛүmɑ́ɜɛ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''fechásj sjenchásje''</span>
|}
</div>
====Adjectives====
Phrygian adjectives follow their nouns and express gender agreement with the nouns they modify. They decline in much the same way nouns do:
<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ [[Contionary:taf|{{vry-times||rɑɓ}}]] (''taf, "fine; tender"'')
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Masculine
! colspan="2" | Feminine
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | Singular
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | Nominative
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times||rɑɓ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''taf''</span>
| {{vry-times||rɑɓóı}}<br><span style="color:grey">''tafú''</span>
| {{vry-times||rɑ́ɓɛɜ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''táfesj''</span>
| {{vry-times||rɑɓɑ́ɜ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''tafásj''</span>
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | Oblique<br>Vocative
| {{vry-times||rɑ́ɓɛ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''táfe''</span>
| {{vry-times||rɑɓí}}<br><span style="color:grey">''tafí''</span>
| {{vry-times||rɑ́ɓɜɛ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''táfsje''</span>
| {{vry-times||rɑɓɑ́ɜɛ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''tafásje''</span>
|}
</div>
<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ [[Contionary:pokor|{{vry-times||ƞóũop}}]] (''pókor, "unimportant"'')
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Masculine
! colspan="2" | Feminine
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | Singular
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | Nominative
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times||ƞóũop}}<br><span style="color:grey">''pókor''</span>
| {{vry-times||ƞoũpóı}}<br><span style="color:grey">''pokrú''</span>
| {{vry-times||ƞóũpɛɜ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''pókresj''</span>
| {{vry-times||ƞoũpɑ́ɜ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''pokrásj''</span>
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | Oblique<br>Vocative
| {{vry-times||ƞóũpɛ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''pókre''</span>
| {{vry-times||ƞoũpí}}<br><span style="color:grey">''pokrí''</span>
| {{vry-times||ƞóũopɜɛ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''pókorsje''</span>
| {{vry-times||ƞoũpɑ́ɜɛ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''pokrásje''</span>
|}
</div>
===Pronouns===
===Verbs===
===Adverbs===
==Vocabulary==
==Vocabulary==
==Example text==
==Example text==

Revision as of 23:51, 29 August 2024


Phrygian
ƞpɛ́ucɑı
préxai
Pronunciation[ˈprɛksɛː]
Created byVrianne
Date2024
SettingAlt-History Europe
Native toPhrygia
EthnicityPhrygian
Early forms
Afro-Asiatic
  • Proto-Semitic
    • Proto-Phrygian
      • Old-Phrygian
        • Classical Phrygian
          • Smyrna Dialect
Standard form
Standard Phrygian (--)
Official status
Official language in
Phrygia
Recognised minority
language in
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Phrygian (endonym: ʌɛmɑ́ү ƞpɛ́ucɑı, Lechán préxai, [lɛˈxaŋ ˈprɛksɛː]), also known as Prexian, is a Semitic language within the Afroasiatic language family. It is spoken mostly in the Principality of Smyrna, and in north- and southwestern Eretna, concentrated in the western half of Anatolia. The standardized form of Phrygian is mainly based on the metropolitan Smyrna Dialect (ɜíoɛr ɯɛppɑ́, sjíuet Emerrá), one of the several regional dialects, which collectively descended from Classical Phrygian. The name Phrygian is a misnomer, as the classical Phrygian language, which used to be spoken very near to where the Semitic Phrygian tribes initially settled, is an Indo-European language closely related to Greek.

The historical development of Phrygian traces back to Classical Phrygian, which itself emerged from Old Phrygian. Classical Phrygian still survives as the liturgical language of the Church of Smyrna, one of the Greek Orthodox Churches.

Classification

History

Phonology

Standard Phrygian has 26 consonant phonemes and 11 vowel phonemes. Some coronal phonemes contrast between plain and velarized consonants.

Standard Phrygian Consonants
Labial Coronal Palatal Velar Glottal
Plain Velarized
Nasal m n[1]
Polsive Voiceless p t tˠ(ː)[2] tˠː[4] c k(ː)[2]
Voiced b(ː)[3] d(ː)[3] ɟ ~ ɡ(ː)[3] [5]
Affricate Voiceless t͡ʃ
Voiced d͡ʒ
Fricative Voiceless f s ʃ sˠ ʃˠ x h
Voiced z ɣ
Trill/Tap r
Approximant l ɫ(ː)[2] j
Standard Phrygian Consonants
Front Back
Short Long Short Long
Close i u
Mid e[6] ɛ ɛː ɔ ɔː
Open a aː[7]
  1. apart from when before velar consonants, /n/ has the allophone [ŋ] in coda positions following a back vowel or /a/.
  2. /tˠ k ɫ/ may be unconditionally geminated by depending on speaker such that they do not contrast with /tˠː kː ɫː/.
  3. /b d ɡ/ may be unconditionally geminated by older speakers such that they do not contrast with /bː dː ɡː/.
  4. the phonemic contrast between /tˠ(ː)/ (spelled ⟨b⟩) and /tˠː/ (spelled ⟨⟩) has largely disappeared among younger speakers, merging both into either /tˠ/ or /tˠː/. Older speakers who still retain the distinction always pronounce /tˠ(ː)/ ⟨b⟩ as [tˠ] and /tˠː/ ⟨⟩ as [tˠː].
  5. /ɡ/ is allophonically pronounced as [ɟ] near front vowels.
  6. /e/ is realized as [e̝~ɪ].
  7. /a aː/ are realized as [ɑ ɑː] near velarized consonants.

Orthography

Phrygian uses its own script, aptly named the Phrygian script (ɑ́ʌɛƞƞɛɜ ƞpɛ́ucɑıɜ, áleppesj préxaisj). The Phrygian script is an an alphabetic writing system developed specifically for the Phrygian language during the Classical Phrygian period mainly from the Greek script, which it supplanted. It also utilizes some letters of Aramaic origin to represent sounds not present in the base Greek alphabet, such as classical /ħ/ ⟨n⟩, /ʕ/ ⟨v⟩, /sˤ/ ⟨ր⟩, and /ʃˤ/ ⟨ɭ⟩. Though ever since its creation, multiple sounds have merged, leaving many redundant etymological letters such as /x/ ⟨x m n⟩, /ɣ/ ⟨ɼ v⟩, and /tˠ/ ⟨r̃ b⟩.

Phrygian Alphabet
Grapheme Sound (IPA) Source Romanization Grapheme Sound (IPA) Source Romanization
, ɑ /a/ Greek α a , o /ɔ/, /f/[2] Greek ο o, f
ʙ, ɓ /f/ Greek β f , p /r/ Greek ρ r
ʙ̰, ɓ̰ /b/ b , c /s/ Greek ϲ s
г, ɼ /ɣ/, /◌ː/[1] Greek γ gh , r /t/ Greek τ t
г̰, ɼ̃ /ɡ/ g ᴛ̰, /tˠ/ ț, țț
s, s /d͡ʒ/ Greek δ dj ƞ, ƞ /p/ Greek φ p
, /d/ d x, x /x/ Greek χ ch
, ɛ /ɛ/ Greek ε e , /u/ Greek ω u
ч, ɥ /z/ Greek ζ z m, m /x/ Aramaic 𐡄 ch
ɋ, q /t͡ʃ/ Greek θ tj n, n Aramaic 𐡇
ɪ, ı /i/, /j/[2] Greek ι i ь, b /tˠ/ Aramaic 𐡈 ț
u, u /c/ Greek κ k , ɜ /ʃ/ Aramaic 𐡎 sj
, ũ /k/ q , v /ɣ/, /◌ː/[1] Aramaic 𐡏 gh
ʌ, ʌ /l/ Greek λ l ր, ր /sˠ/ Aramaic 𐡑 ș
, ɯ /m/ Greek μ m ʟ, ɭ /ʃˠ/ Aramaic 𐡋 șj
ʏ, ү /n/ Greek ν n ◌̔[3] /h/ Greek ◌̔ h
Phrygian Alphabet digraphs
Grapheme Sound (IPA) Source Romanization
ı, ɑı[4] /ɛː/ Greek αι ai
o, ɑo /ɔː/ Innovated during Classical Phrygian au
ı, ɛı[4] /e/ Greek ει ei
oı, [4] /u/ Greek ου u
ʟɭ, ɭɭ /ɫ/ Innovated during Classical Phrygian l̦, l̦l̦
  1. When in coda position, ɼ, v, and ◌̔ are dropped with compensatory vowel lengthening, such as in ƞɛ́pɛɼ /ˈpɛrɛː/, ɥɛ́pev /ˈzɛrɛː/, and ɛ̔qɛ‛ /ˈhɛt͡ʃɛː/.
  2. ɪ and o consonantally are /j/ /f/, such as in ıɛ́pɛu /ˈjɛrɛk/ and ɜɛʌoɑ́p /ʃɛlˈfar/
  3. When /h/ precedes a vowel, it is written as a diacritic above the vowel, otherwise it is written on its own. Both forms can be seen in pɛ̔ɛ‛ /ˈrɛhɛː/.
  4. In order to distinguish /aj/ /ɛj/ /oj/ from /ɛː/ /e/ /u/, diaereses are usedː ɑï, ɛï, .

Grammar

Phrygian grammar is very similar of that of other Semitic languages, with some main differences being the retention of case declension and complex verb conjugation, and the loss of the construct state.

Like other Semitic languages, Phrygian relies on nonconcatenative morphology, inserting roots of three or more consonants that carry basic meanings into discontinuous patterns for all sorts of grammatical purposes. For example, from the root ◌̔-ƞ-c (h-p-s, "relating to speaking and vocalizing") can be derived:

  • ɛ̔ƞcóı hepsú, "it was spoken"
  • ɛ̔ƞocɛү héposen, "I must speak"
  • ɑ̔ƞɛc hápes, "speaker"
  • ɑ̔ƞcɛɜ hápsesj, "loudspeaker"
  • ɛ̔ƞɑ́cɛɜ hepásesj, "speech"
  • o̔ƞc hops, "word"

Nominals

Nouns

Phrygian nouns preserve a declension system for three cases (nominative, oblique, and vocative), two genders (masculine and feminine), two numbers (singular and plural), and state (definite and indefinite).

Masculine declension

Masculine nouns regularly form their plurals with -óı () in the nominative case and () in the oblique and vocative cases. Their definite article is o̔ʌ (hol) in the nominative case and roʌ (tol) in the oblique case. They also tend to feature stem alteration between numbers:

ıɑoɯ (iaum, "day")
Singular Plural
Nominative (o̔ʌ) ıɑoɯ
(hol) iaum
(o̔ʌ) ıoıɯóı
(hol) iumú
Oblique (roʌ) ıɑ́oɯɛ
(tol) iáume
(roʌ) ıoıɯí
(tol) iumí
Vocative oɛx ıɑ́oɯɛ
fech iáume
oɛ́xoɯ ıoıɯí
féchom iumí
ɛɓ̰ (eb, "father")
Singular Plural
Nominative (o̔ʌ) ɛɓ̰
(hol) eb
(o̔ʌ) ɛɓ̰ɑүóı
(hol) ebanú
Oblique (roʌ) ɛ́ɓ̰ɛ
(tol) ébe
(roʌ) ɛɓ̰ɑүí
(tol) ebaní
Vocative oɛx ɛ́ɓ̰ɛ
fech ébe
oɛ́xoɯ ɛɓ̰ɑүí
féchom ebaní
Feminine declension

Feminine nouns often end with -ɛɜ (-esj) in the nominative case and -ɑ́ () in the vocative and regularly form their plurals by replacing them with -ɑ́ɜ (-ásj) in the nominative case and -ɑ́ɜɛ (-ásje) in the oblique and vocative cases. Their definite article is i̔ʌ (hil) in the nominative case and rıʌ (til) in the oblique case. They tend to not feature stem alteration between numbers:

ɛ́mɛɜ (échesj, "sister")
Singular Plural
Nominative (i̔ʌ) ɛ́mɛɜ
(hil) échesj
(i̔ʌ) ɛmɑ́ɜ
(til) echásj
Oblique (rıʌ) ɛ́mɜɛ
(hil) échsje
(rıʌ) ɛmɑ́ɜɛ
(til) echásje
Vocative oɛx ɛmɑ́
fech echá
oɛxɑ́ɜ ɛmɑ́ɜɛ
fechásj echásje
ɜɛүm (sjench, "sun")
Singular Plural
Nominative (i̔ʌ) ɜɛүm
(hil) sjench
(i̔ʌ) ɜɛүmɑ́ɜ
(hil) sjenchásj
Oblique (rıʌ) ɜɛ́үmɛ
(til) sjénche
(rıʌ) ɜɛүmɑ́ɜɛ
(til) sjenchásje
Vocative oɛx ɜɛүmɑ́
fech sjenchá
oɛxɑ́ɜ ɜɛүmɑ́ɜɛ
fechásj sjenchásje

Adjectives

Phrygian adjectives follow their nouns and express gender agreement with the nouns they modify. They decline in much the same way nouns do:

rɑɓ (taf, "fine; tender")
Masculine Feminine
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Nominative rɑɓ
taf
rɑɓóı
tafú
rɑ́ɓɛɜ
táfesj
rɑɓɑ́ɜ
tafásj
Oblique
Vocative
rɑ́ɓɛ
táfe
rɑɓí
tafí
rɑ́ɓɜɛ
táfsje
rɑɓɑ́ɜɛ
tafásje
ƞóũop (pókor, "unimportant")
Masculine Feminine
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Nominative ƞóũop
pókor
ƞoũpóı
pokrú
ƞóũpɛɜ
pókresj
ƞoũpɑ́ɜ
pokrásj
Oblique
Vocative
ƞóũpɛ
pókre
ƞoũpí
pokrí
ƞóũopɜɛ
pókorsje
ƞoũpɑ́ɜɛ
pokrásje

Pronouns

Verbs

Adverbs

Vocabulary

Example text