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[[Category: Valthungian]]
Noun classes differ by suffix vowel and by gender. They may also differ by glides (/j/ or /w/) suffixed to the stem and/or the presence of infixive /n/. The main classes are those stems in /a/ or /ō/, in /i/, in /u/, or in /n/ (as described below: See [[Valthungian#A_Note_on_Terminology:_.E2.80.9CStrong.E2.80.9D_vs._.E2.80.9CWeak.E2.80.9D|“Strong” vs. “Weak”]]). There is also a small class of nouns in /r/ having to do with familial relations. Some former noun classes in Gothic (such as consontant-stem and nd-stem nouns) have been regularised in Valthungian through paradigmatic levelling, and their declensions have been assimilated into other classes.
Noun classes differ by suffix vowel and by gender. They may also differ by glides (/j/ or /w/) suffixed to the stem and/or the presence of infixive /n/. The main classes are those stems in /a/ or /ō/, in /i/, in /u/, or in /n/ (as described below: See [[Valthungian#A_Note_on_Terminology:_.E2.80.9CStrong.E2.80.9D_vs._.E2.80.9CWeak.E2.80.9D|“Strong” vs. “Weak”]]). There is also a small class of nouns in /r/ having to do with familial relations. Some former noun classes in Gothic (such as consontant-stem and nd-stem nouns) have been regularised in Valthungian through paradigmatic levelling, and their declensions have been assimilated into other classes.


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In the plural, Masculine and feminine nouns usually take –as as an ending; neuter takes –a. The genitive plural takes –aro, borrowed from Latin. The dative plural takes –am, but in many cases this ending undergoes a process of metathesis, rendering it –ma. Finally, the accusative plural of masculine and feminine nouns is usually –ans, but again may metathesise to –nas; neuter accusative plurals generally take –a.
In the plural, Masculine and feminine nouns usually take –as as an ending; neuter takes –a. The genitive plural takes –aro, borrowed from Latin. The dative plural takes –am, but in many cases this ending undergoes a process of metathesis, rendering it –ma. Finally, the accusative plural of masculine and feminine nouns is usually –ans, but again may metathesise to –nas; neuter accusative plurals generally take –a.


Most of the actual declensions of nouns are fairly standard – much more standardised, in fact, than Gothic – however, the various phonological rules governing the language create a great deal of variation (See [[#Phonology|Phonology]]). It is important to be familiar with the rules set forth in the Phonology section of this document in order to fully understand some of the otherwise unexpected variants that emerge.
Most of the actual declensions of nouns are fairly standard – much more standardised, in fact, than Gothic – however, the various phonological rules governing the language create a great deal of variation (See [[Valthungian#Phonology|Phonology]]). It is important to be familiar with the rules set forth in the Phonology section of this document in order to fully understand some of the otherwise unexpected variants that emerge.


==a-Stems (Masculine & Neuter)==
==a-Stems (Masculine & Neuter)==
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===a-Stems===
===a-Stems===
These nouns end in a consonant and are followed by a simple ending with no drama.
These nouns end in a consonant and are followed by a simple ending with no drama. There are some minor variations, more of which will be detailed [[#a-Stem Variations|below]].
There are some minor variations, more of which will be detailed below.
 
Historically, this is the development of the standard a-stem from Proto-Germanic:
 
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan=9 style="text-align: left;"| Strong Masculine a-stem: ''[[Contionary: slēps#Valthungian|slēps]]'' ‘sleep’
|-
!  
! colspan=4| Singular
! colspan=4| Plural
|-
! width=150 style="text-align: left;"| n.st.m.a
! width=100| Nominative
! width=100| Genitive
! width=100| Dative
! width=100| Accusative
! width=100| Nominative
! width=100| Genitive
! width=100| Dative
! width=100| Accusative
|-
! style="text-align: right;" | Proto-Germanic
| *slǣp-'''az'''
| *slǣp-'''is'''
| *slǣp-'''ai'''
| *slǣp-'''ą'''
| *slǣp-'''ōz'''
| *slǣp-'''ǫ̂'''
| *slǣp-'''amaz'''
| *slǣp-'''anz'''
|-
! style="text-align: right;" | (Gothic)
| slēp-'''s'''
| slēp-'''is'''
| slēp-'''a'''
| slēp-'''∅'''
| slēp-'''ōs'''
| slēp-'''ē'''
| slēp-'''am'''
| slēp-'''ans'''
|-
! style="text-align: right;" | Griutungi
| *slēp-'''s'''
| *slēp-'''is'''
| *slēp-'''a'''
| *slēp-'''∅'''
| *slēp-'''ōs'''
| *slēp-'''ē'''
| *slēp-'''am'''
| *slēp-'''ans'''
|-
! style="text-align: right;" | Old Valthungian
| *sleip-'''s'''
| *sleip-'''is'''
| *sleip-'''a'''
| *sleip-'''∅'''
| *sleip-'''ous'''
| *sleip-'''ouruv'''<ref>The genitive plural ending was replaced by the Latin ending ''ōrum'' sometime around the 6<sup>th</sup> or 7<sup>th</sup> century.</ref>
| *sleip-'''am'''
| *sleip-'''ans'''
|-
! style="text-align: right;" | Middle Valthungian
| slêp-'''s'''
| slêp-'''is'''
| slêp-'''a'''
| slêp-'''∅'''
| slêp-'''os'''
| slêp-'''oru'''
| slêp-'''ᴍ'''
| slêp-'''ɴs'''
|-
! style="text-align: right;" | Valthungian
| slēp-'''s'''
| slēp-'''is'''
| slēp-'''a'''
| slēp-'''∅'''
| slēp-'''as'''
| slēp-'''aro'''
| slēp-'''ma'''
| slēp-'''nas'''
|}
 
{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.m.a|slēp|slēp|sleep}}
{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.m.a|slēp|slēp|sleep}}
{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.n.a|plat|plat|tie}}
{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.n.a|plat|plat|tie}}
====a-Stem Variations====
====a-Stem Variations====
*ba-stems (vlufs, hlafs) (historically includes fa-stems) - f in nom and acc sg; v elsewhere
=====ba- and da-Stems=====
*da-stems (mōþs, ǣþs) (historically includes þa-stems) - þ in nom and acc sg; ð elsewhere
Stems which end in –baz or –daz in Proto-Germanic become unvoiced in the nominative and accusative singular in Valthungian. Specifically, ba-stems end in '''f''' in the nominative and accusative, and '''v''' elsewhere.
*ga-stems (breǧ, daǧ) nom. sg. has -ǧ instead of **-gs
Historically, the Valthungian ba-stems also include the fa-stems, while the da-stems include the þa-stems, which have come to follow the same voicing patterns.
*ha-stems (skōfs) nom & acc sg have f; gu elsewhere
{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.m.a|wluf|wluv|wolf}}
**iha-stems (slīs) it gets weird...
{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.n.a|draf|drav|job}}
*ma-stems (drǭms, ǣðums) - no metathesis in dative plural
{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.m.a|mōþ|mōð|disposition}}
*mba-stems (lams) - b is dropped in nom and acc sg
{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.n.a|wroþ|wroð|word}}
*na-stems (himins, lapins) - no metathesis in dative or accusative plural
 
*nda-stems (hunǧ, ganǧ) nom. sg. has -nǧ instead of **-nds
=====ga-stems=====
*ra-stems (wer, bēr) - no nominative singular -s
Masculine a–stems ending in –gaz deviate from the rest of the standards only in the nominative singular, in which *–gaz becomes Gothic and Griutungi –gs, and later –gz and finally –ǧ.
*sa-stems (drus, ams) - no nominative singular -s
{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.m.ga|da|daǧ|day}}
*za-stems (mims, gǣs) - s in nom and acc; ž elsewhere, no nominative singular -s
 
*geminate-stems (puls, swams) single sonorant in nom and acc sg; extended syllabic reflex elsewhere
=====ha-stems=====
*syllabic stems (bagmas, naglas) - no metathesis, -a(-) gets added where necessary
ha-stems (skōfs) nom & acc sg have f; gu elsewhere
**syllabic ra-stems (þundra, naðra) - syllabic, also no nominative singular -s
======iha-stems======
iha-stems (slīs) it gets weird...
=====ma-stems=====
ma-stems (drǭms, ǣðums) - no metathesis in dative plural
=====mba-stems=====
mba-stems (lams) - b is dropped in nom and acc sg
=====na-stems=====
na-stems (himins, lapins) - no metathesis in dative or accusative plural
=====nda-stems=====
nda-stems (hunǧ, ganǧ) nom. sg. has -nǧ instead of **-nds
=====ra-stems=====
ra-stems (wer, bēr) - no nominative singular -s
=====sa-stems=====
sa-stems (drus, ams) - no nominative singular -s
=====za-stems=====
za-stems (mims, gǣs) - s in nom and acc; ž elsewhere, no nominative singular -s
=====geminate-stems=====
geminate-stems (puls, swams) single sonorant in nom and acc sg; extended syllabic reflex elsewhere
=====syllabic stems=====
syllabic stems (bagmas, naglas) - no metathesis, -a(-) gets added where necessary
======syllabic ra-stems======
syllabic ra-stems (þundra, naðra) - syllabic, also no nominative singular -s


===ja-Stems===
===ja-Stems===
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===ija-Stems===
===ija-Stems===
The ija-stems are a variation of the ja-stems, but these follow stems with long vowels or multiple consonants or syllables before the ending. (This is the modern Valthungian reflex of something called [[wiki:Siever's Law#Sievers's_law_in_Germanic|Siever’s Law]].) The main difference between ja-stems and ija-stems in Modern Valthungian is that there is no palatalisation in the nominative and genitive singular, though there is still umlaut. (This same pattern occurs in the class 1 weak verbs.)  
The ija-stems are a variation of the ja-stems, but these follow stems with long vowels or multiple consonants or syllables before the ending. (This is the modern Valthungian reflex of something called [[wiki: Siever's Law#Sievers's_law_in_Germanic|Siever’s Law]].) The main difference between ja-stems and ija-stems in Modern Valthungian is that there is no palatalisation in the nominative and genitive singular, though there is still umlaut. (This same pattern occurs in the class 1 weak verbs.)  
{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.m.ija|mīr|mīr|observer}}
{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.m.ija|mīr|mīr|observer}}
{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.n.ija|futl|fytl|full moon}}
{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.n.ija|futl|fytl|full moon}}


===wa-Stems===
===wa-Stems===
The wa-stems nouns have –w– after the stem instead of –j–, and they tend to be a lot less dramatic than the j-stems because there is no palatalisation or umlaut or Siever’s Law to worry about. They are, however, plagued by another rule called [[wiki:Holtzmann's Law|Holtzmann’s Law]] – or an extension of it, anyway – which causes an unexpected –g– to pop up in a few of the declensions.  
The wa-stems nouns have –w– after the stem instead of –j–, and they tend to be a lot less dramatic than the j-stems because there is no palatalisation or umlaut or Siever’s Law to worry about. They are, however, plagued by another rule called [[wiki: Holtzmann's Law|Holtzmann’s Law]] – or an extension of it, anyway – which causes an unexpected –g– to pop up in a few of the declensions.  
{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.m.wa|skað|shadow}}
{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.m.wa|skað|shadow}}
{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.n.wa|mil|flour}}
{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.n.wa|mil|flour}}


===wja-Stems===
===wja-Stems===
The wja-stems combine all of the worst aspects of the w- and j-stems, but fortunately they’re a pretty small group.  
The wja-stems combine all of the worst aspects of the w- and j-stems, but fortunately they’re a pretty small group.


==ō-Stems (Feminine)==
==ō-Stems (Feminine)==
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===ijō-Stems===
===ijō-Stems===
The ijō-stems are a bit weird, mainly because the nominative singular seems to have collapsed in Proto-Germanic into a single -i (more of [[wiki:Siever's Law|Siever’s]] shenanigans), leaving a modern reflex of a simple -e following an unumlauted, unpalatalised stem. Otherwise, the ijō-stems are indistinguishable from the jō-stems in modern Valthungian.
The ijō-stems are a bit weird, mainly because the nominative singular seems to have collapsed in Proto-Germanic into a single -i (more of [[wiki: Siever's Law|Siever’s]] shenanigans), leaving a modern reflex of a simple -e following an unumlauted, unpalatalised stem. Otherwise, the ijō-stems are indistinguishable from the jō-stems in modern Valthungian.
{{Template: Valthungian/n.st.f.ijō|hundr|hyndr|century}}
{{Template: Valthungian/n.st.f.ijō|hundr|hyndr|century}}


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The ju-stems are to the u-stems as the ja-stems are to the a-stems. There is umlaut and palatalisation throughout the paradigm. Once again, the masculine and feminine declensions are identical.
The ju-stems are to the u-stems as the ja-stems are to the a-stems. There is umlaut and palatalisation throughout the paradigm. Once again, the masculine and feminine declensions are identical.


The neuter u-stem only exists in newly-borrowed Latin or Latinate words ending in –ium (e.g. '''''[[aluminio#Valthungian|aluminio]]''''' ‘aluminum’), while earlier borrowings of neuter nouns in –ium tend to be ja- or ija-stems (e.g. '''''[[ōraloge#Valthungian|ōraloge]]''''' ‘clock’, from ''[[wikt:horologium|hōrologium]]'')
The neuter u-stem only exists in newly-borrowed Latin or Latinate words ending in –ium (e.g. '''''[[aluminio#Valthungian|aluminio]]''''' ‘aluminum’), while earlier borrowings of neuter nouns in –ium tend to be ja- or ija-stems (e.g. '''''[[ōraloge#Valthungian|ōraloge]]''''' ‘clock’, from ''[[wikt: horologium|hōrologium]]'')
{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.m.ju|dryn|voice}}
{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.m.ju|dryn|voice}}
{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.f.ju-pal|wǣǧ|wall}}
{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.f.ju-pal|wǣǧ|wall}}
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==r-Stems (all genders)==
==r-Stems (all genders)==
The r-stems are a very small class of nouns consisting of family members. Here is the full list:
The r-stems are a very small class of nouns consisting of family members. Here is the full list:
{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.m.r|fað|feð|father}}
{{Template: Valthungian/n.st.m.r|brōð|brœuð|brother}}
{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.f.r|mōð|mœuð|mother}}
{{Template: Valthungian/n.st.n.r|ǧūt|ǧut|grandchild}}
{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.n.r|ǧut|ǧut|grandchild}}
{{Template: Valthungian/n.st.f.r|dǭt|dœ̄t|daughter}}
{{Template: Valthungian/n.st.f.r|þjūst|þjūst|granddaughter (son’s daughter)}}
{{Template: Valthungian/n.st.m.r|þjūt|þjūt|grandson (son’s son)}}
{{Template: Valthungian/n.st.f.r|mōð|mœuð|mother}}
{{Template: Valthungian/n.st.n.r|swǣ|swǣ|parent-in-law}}
{{Template: Valthungian/n.st.f.r|swist|swist|sister}}
{{Template: Valthungian/n.st.m.r|tǣk|tǣk|brother-in-law (spouse’s brother)}}
{{Template: Valthungian/n.st.m.r|fað|feð|father}}<!--
NB: ǧūtra and swǣra - blurb about neuter r-stems
Link to page for kinship terms.
Create Page about kinship terms.-->


==n-Stems (all genders)==
==n-Stems (all genders)==
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==r/n-Stems (“Heteroclitic Nouns”)==
==r/n-Stems (“Heteroclitic Nouns”)==
The r/n-stems, also known as “heteroclitic nouns” or “heteroclites,” are a small group of weak neuter nouns in which the typical -n- of the ending is replaced by -r- in some declensions. This is and old, ''old'' relic likely from Pre-Indo-European. Heteroclites were not present in Gothic. They are all somewhat irregular, but there are just three of them:
The r/n-stems, also known as “heteroclitic nouns” or “heteroclites,” are a small group of weak neuter nouns in which the typical -n- of the ending is replaced by -r- in some declensions. This is an old, ''old'' relic likely from Pre-Indo-European. Heteroclites were not present in Gothic. They are all somewhat irregular, but there are just three of them:
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan=5| Weak Neuter r/n-Stem Noun: ''[[Contionary: ǧikur|ǧikur]]'' ‘liver’
! colspan=5| Weak Neuter r/n-Stem Noun: ''[[Contionary: žikur#Valthungian|žikur]]'' ‘liver’
|-
|-
! width=150|n.wk.n.r/n
! width=150|n.wk.n.r/n
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|-
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | '''Singular'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''Singular'''
|ǧikur
|žikur
|ǧikuns
|žikuns
|ǧikun
|žikun
|ǧikun
|žikun
|-
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | '''Plural'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''Plural'''
|ǧikuna
|žikuna
|ǧikunaro
|žikunaro
|ǧikum
|žikum
|ǧikuna
|žikuna
|}
|}


{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan=5| Weak Neuter r/n-Stem Noun: ''[[Contionary: fōr|fōr]]'' ‘fire’
! colspan=5| Weak Neuter r/n-Stem Noun: ''[[Contionary: fǭr#Valthungian|fǭr]]'' ‘fire’
|-
|-
! width=150|n.wk.n.r/n
! width=150|n.wk.n.r/n
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|-
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | '''Singular'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''Singular'''
|fōr
|fǭr
|funins
|funins
|funin
|funin
|fōn
|fǭn
|-
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | '''Plural'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''Plural'''
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{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan=5| Weak Neuter r/n-Stem Noun: ''[[Contionary: watra|watra]]'' ‘water’
! colspan=5| Weak Neuter r/n-Stem Noun: ''[[Contionary: watra#Valthungian|watra]]'' ‘water’
|-
|-
! width=150|n.wk.n.r/n
! width=150|n.wk.n.r/n
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