Phrygian (Semitic): Difference between revisions

From Linguifex
Jump to navigation Jump to search
mNo edit summary
 
(13 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{privatelang}}
{{privatelang}}
{{construction}}
{{construction}}
[[Category: Semitic languages]][[Category: Languages]][[Category: Conlangs]][[Category: A_posteriori]]
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|image            = Flag of the Principality of Smyrna.png
|image            = Flag of the Principality of Smyrna.png
Line 6: Line 7:
|imagecaption      = Flag of the Principality of Smyrna
|imagecaption      = Flag of the Principality of Smyrna
|name              = Phrygian
|name              = Phrygian
|nativename        = <span style="font-family: 'Times';"><big>ƞpɛ́ucɑı</big></span><br>préxai
|nativename        = ƞpɛ́ucɑı<br>préxai
|pronunciation    = ˈprɛksɛː
|pronunciation    = ˈprɛksɛː
|states            = Phrygia
|states            = Phrygia
Line 16: Line 17:
|fam4              = [[w:Central Semitic languages|Central Semitic]]
|fam4              = [[w:Central Semitic languages|Central Semitic]]
|creator          = User:Vrianne
|creator          = User:Vrianne
|stand1            = Standard Phrygian ({{vry-times|x|oүꝏ́үɑı ƞpɛ́ucɑı}}, ''Chonúnai préxai'')
|scripts          = Phrygian Script
|stand1            = Standard Phrygian ({{phr-font|x|oүꝏ́үɑı ƞpɛ́ucɑı}}, ''Chonúnai préxai'')
|nation            = Phrygia
|nation            = Phrygia
|minority          = [[w:Eretnid dynasty|Eretna]]
|minority          = [[w:Eretnid dynasty|Eretna]]
Line 29: Line 31:
}}
}}


'''Phrygian''' (endonym: {{vry-times|ʌ|ɛmɑ́ү ƞpɛ́ucɑı}}, ''Lechán préxai'', [lɛˈxaŋ ˈprɛksɛː]), also known as '''Prexian''', is a [[w:Semitic languages|Semitic language]] within the [[w:Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic language family]]. It is spoken mostly in the Principality of Smyrna, and in north- and southwestern [[w:Eretnid dynasty|Eretna]], concentrated in the western half of [[w:Anatolia|Anatolia]]. The standardized form of Phrygian is mainly based on the metropolitan Smyrna Dialect ({{vry-times||ɜíoɛr}} {{vry-times|ᴇ|ɯɛppɑ́}}, ''sjíuet Emerrá''), one of the several regional dialects, which collectively descended from Classical Phrygian. The name ''Phrygian'' is a misnomer, as the classical [[w:Phrygian language|Phrygian language]], which used to be spoken very near to where the Semitic Phrygian tribes initially settled, is an [[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European language]] closely related to [[w:Greek language|Greek]].
'''Phrygian''' (endonym: {{phr-font|ʌ|ɛmɑ́ү ƞpɛ́ucɑı}}, ''Lechán préxai'', [lɛˈxaŋ ˈprɛksɛː]), also known as '''Prexian''', is a [[w:Semitic languages|Semitic language]] within the [[w:Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic language family]]. It is spoken mostly in the Principality of Smyrna, and in north- and southwestern [[w:Eretnid dynasty|Eretna]], concentrated in the western half of [[w:Anatolia|Anatolia]]. The standardized form of Phrygian is mainly based on the metropolitan Smyrna Dialect (ɜíoɛr {{phr-font|ᴇ|ɯɛppɑ́}}, ''sjífet Emerrá''), one of the several regional dialects, which collectively descended from Classical Phrygian. The name ''Phrygian'' is a misnomer, as the antiquarian [[w:Phrygian language|Phrygian language]], which used to be spoken very near to where the Semitic Phrygian tribes initially settled, is an [[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European language]] closely related to [[w:Greek language|Greek]].


The historical development of Phrygian traces back to Classical Phrygian, which itself emerged from Old Phrygian. Classical Phrygian still survives as the liturgical language of the Church of Smyrna, one of the [[w:Greek Orthodox Church|Greek Orthodox Churches]].
The historical development of Phrygian traces back to Classical Phrygian, which itself emerged from Old Phrygian. Classical Phrygian still survives as the liturgical language of the Church of Smyrna, one of the [[w:Greek Orthodox Church|Greek Orthodox Churches]].
Line 127: Line 129:
<div style=display:inline-grid>
<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"
|+ '''Standard Phrygian Consonants'''
|+ '''Standard Phrygian Vowels'''
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |  
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |  
Line 155: Line 157:
</div>
</div>
# apart from when before velar consonants, /n/ has the allophone [ŋ] in coda positions following a back vowel or /a/.
# apart from when before velar consonants, /n/ has the allophone [ŋ] in coda positions following a back vowel or /a/.
# /tˠ k ɫ/ may be unconditionally geminated by depending on speaker such that they do not contrast with /tˠː kː ɫː/.
# /tˠ k ɫ/ may be unconditionally geminated depending on speaker such that they do not contrast with /tˠː kː ɫː/.
# /b d ɡ/ may be unconditionally geminated by older speakers such that they do not contrast with /bː dː ɡː/.
# /b d ɡ/ may be unconditionally geminated depending on speaker such that they do not contrast with /bː dː ɡː/.
# the phonemic contrast between /tˠ(ː)/ (spelled ⟨<span style="font-family: 'Times'; font-size: 15px;">b</span>⟩) and /tˠː/ (spelled ⟨<span style="font-family: 'Times'; font-size: 15px;">r̃</span>⟩) has largely disappeared among younger speakers, merging both into either /tˠ/ or /tˠː/. Older speakers who still retain the distinction always pronounce /tˠ(ː)/ ⟨<span style="font-family: 'Times'; font-size: 15px;">b</span>⟩ as [tˠ] and /tˠː/ ⟨<span style="font-family: 'Times'; font-size: 15px;">r̃</span>⟩ as [tˠː].
# the phonemic contrast between /tˠ(ː)/ (spelled ⟨b⟩) and /tˠː/ (spelled ⟨r̃⟩) has largely disappeared among younger speakers, merging both into either /tˠ/ or /tˠː/. Older speakers who still retain the distinction always pronounce /tˠ(ː)/ ⟨b⟩ as [tˠ] and /tˠː/ ⟨r̃⟩ as [tˠː].
# /ɡ/ is allophonically pronounced as [ɟ] near front vowels.
# the pronunciation of /ɡ/ is highly unstable. If geminated, it is always velar [ɡː], but when not, /ɡ/ can vary between [ɟ] and [ɡ] depending on dialect, with some (such as the Smyrna dialects) even having both as allophones of each other in certain environments.
# /e/ is realized as [e̝~ɪ].
# /e/ is realized as [e̝~ɪ].
# /a aː/ are realized as [ɑ ɑː] near velarized consonants.
# /a aː/ are realized as [ɑ ɑː] near velarized consonants.
==Orthography==
==Orthography==
Phrygian uses its own script, aptly named the Phrygian script ({{vry-times||ɑ́ʌɛƞƞɛɜ}} {{vry-times||ƞpɛ́ucɑıɜ}}, ''áleppesj préxaisj''). The Phrygian script is an an [[w:Alphabet|alphabetic]] writing system developed specifically for the Phrygian language during the Classical Phrygian period mainly from the [[w:Greek alphabet|Greek script]], which it supplanted. It also utilizes some letters of [[w:Aramaic Alphabet|Aramaic]] origin to represent sounds not present in the base Greek alphabet, such as classical /ħ/ ⟨{{vry-times||n}}⟩, /ʕ/ ⟨{{vry-times||v}}⟩, /sˤ/ ⟨{{vry-times||ր}}⟩, and /ʃˤ/ ⟨{{vry-times||ɭ}}⟩. Though ever since its creation, multiple sounds have merged, leaving many redundant etymological letters such as /x/ ⟨{{vry-times||x m n}}⟩, /ɣ/ ⟨{{vry-times||ɼ v}}⟩, and /tˠ/ ⟨{{vry-times||r̃ b}}⟩.
Phrygian uses its own script, aptly named the Phrygian script (ɑ́ʌɛƞƞɛɜ ƞpɛ́ucɑıɜ, ''áleppesj préxaisj''). The Phrygian script is an [[w:Alphabet|alphabetic]] writing system developed specifically for the Phrygian language during the Classical Phrygian period mainly from the [[w:Greek alphabet|Greek script]], which it supplanted. It also utilizes some letters of [[w:Aramaic Alphabet|Aramaic]] origin to represent sounds not present in the base Greek alphabet, such as classical /ħ/ ⟨n⟩, /ʕ/ ⟨v⟩, /sˤ/ ⟨ր⟩, and /ʃˤ/ ⟨ɭ⟩. Though ever since its creation, multiple sounds have merged, leaving many redundant etymological letters such as /x/ ⟨x m n⟩, /ɣ/ ⟨ɼ v⟩, and /tˠ/ ⟨r̃ b⟩.
<div style=display:inline-grid>
<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
Line 176: Line 179:
! Romanization
! Romanization
|-
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|ᴀ|}}, {{vry-times||ɑ}}
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{phr-font|ᴀ|}}, ɑ  
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /a/
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /a/
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Alpha|α]]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Alpha|α]]
| a
| a
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|ᴏ|}}, {{vry-times||o}}
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{phr-font|ᴏ|}}, o  
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /ɔ/, /f/<sup>[2]</sup>
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /ɔ/, /f/<sup>[2]</sup>
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Omicron|ο]]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Omicron|ο]]
| o, f
| o, f
|-
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|ʙ|}}, {{vry-times||ɓ}}
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{phr-font|ʙ|}}, ɓ  
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /f/
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /f/
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Beta|β]]
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Beta|β]]
| f
| f
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|ᴘ|}}, {{vry-times||p}}
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{phr-font|ᴘ|}}, p  
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /r/
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /r/
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Rho|ρ]]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Rho|ρ]]
| r
| r
|-
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|ʙ̰|}}, {{vry-times||ɓ̰}}
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{phr-font|ʙ̰|}}, ɓ̰  
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /b/
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /b/
| b
| b
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|ᴄ|}}, {{vry-times||c}}
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{phr-font|ᴄ|}}, c  
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /s/
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /s/
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Sigma|ϲ]]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Sigma|ϲ]]
| s
| s
|-
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|г|}}, {{vry-times||ɼ}}
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{phr-font|г|}}, ɼ  
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /ɣ/, /◌ː/<sup>[1]</sup>
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /ɣ/, /◌ː/<sup>[1]</sup>
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Gamma|γ]]
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Gamma|γ]]
| gh
| gh
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|ᴛ|}}, {{vry-times||r}}
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{phr-font|ᴛ|}}, r  
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /t/
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /t/
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Tau|τ]]
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Tau|τ]]
| t
| t
|-
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|г̰|}}, {{vry-times||ɼ̃}}
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{phr-font|г̰|}}, ɼ̃  
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /ɡ/
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /ɡ/
| g
| g
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|ᴛ̰|}}, {{vry-times||}}
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{phr-font|ᴛ̰|}}, r̃  
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /tˠ/
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /tˠ/
| ț, țț
| ț, țț
|-
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|s|}}, {{vry-times||s}}
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{phr-font|s|}}, s  
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /d͡ʒ/
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /d͡ʒ/
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Delta|δ]]
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Delta|δ]]
| dj
| dj
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|ƞ|}}, {{vry-times||ƞ}}
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{phr-font|ƞ|}}, ƞ  
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /p/
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /p/
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Phi|φ]]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Phi|φ]]
| p
| p
|-
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|s̰|}}, {{vry-times||}}
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{phr-font|s̰|}}, s̃  
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /d/
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /d/
| d
| d
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|x|}}, {{vry-times||x}}
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{phr-font|x|}}, x  
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /x/
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /x/
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Chi|χ]]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Chi|χ]]
| ch
| ch
|-
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|ᴇ|}}, {{vry-times||ɛ}}
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{phr-font|ᴇ|}}, ɛ  
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /ɛ/
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /ɛ/
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Epsilon|ε]]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Epsilon|ε]]
| e
| e
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|ꝏ|}}, {{vry-times||}}
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{phr-font|ꝏ|}}, ꝏ  
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /u/
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /u/
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Omega|ω]]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Omega|ω]]
| u
| u
|-
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|ч|}}, {{vry-times||ɥ}}
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{phr-font|ч|}}, ɥ  
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /z/
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /z/
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Zeta|ζ]]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Zeta|ζ]]
| z
| z
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|m|}}, {{vry-times||m}}
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{phr-font|m|}}, m  
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | /x/
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | /x/
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Aramaic [[w:He (letter)|𐡄]]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Aramaic [[w:He (letter)|𐡄]]
| rowspan="2" | ch
| rowspan="2" | ch
|-
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|ɋ|}}, {{vry-times||q}}
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{phr-font|q|}}, q  
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /t͡ʃ/
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /t͡ʃ/
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Theta|θ]]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Theta|θ]]
| tj
| tj
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|n|}}, {{vry-times||n}}
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{phr-font|n|}}, n  
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Aramaic [[w:Heth|𐡇]]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Aramaic [[w:Heth|𐡇]]
|-
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|ɪ|}}, {{vry-times||ı}}
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{phr-font|ɪ|}}, ı  
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /i/, /j/<sup>[2]</sup>
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /i/, /j/<sup>[2]</sup>
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Iota|ι]]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Iota|ι]]
| i
| i
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|ь|}}, {{vry-times||b}}
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{phr-font|ь|}}, b  
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /tˠ/
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /tˠ/
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Aramaic [[w:Teth|𐡈]]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Aramaic [[w:Teth|𐡈]]
| ț
| ț
|-
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|u|}}, {{vry-times||u}}
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{phr-font|u|}}, u  
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /c/
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /c/
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Kappa|κ]]
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Kappa|κ]]
| k
| k
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|ⱻ|}}, {{vry-times||ɜ}}
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{phr-font|ⱻ|}}, ɜ  
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /ʃ/
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /ʃ/
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Aramaic [[w:Samekh|𐡎]]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Aramaic [[w:Samekh|𐡎]]
| sj
| sj
|-
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|ṵ|}}, {{vry-times||ũ}}
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{phr-font|ṵ|}}, ũ  
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /k/
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /k/
| q
| q
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|ᴠ|}}, {{vry-times||v}}
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{phr-font|ᴠ|}}, v  
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /ɣ/, /◌ː/<sup>[1]</sup>
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /ɣ/, /◌ː/<sup>[1]</sup>
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Aramaic [[w:Ayin|𐡏]]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Aramaic [[w:Ayin|𐡏]]
| gh
| gh
|-
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|ʌ|}}, {{vry-times||ʌ}}
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{phr-font|ʌ|}}, ʌ  
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /l/
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /l/
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Lambda|λ]]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Lambda|λ]]
| l
| l
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|ր|}}, {{vry-times||ր}}
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{phr-font|ր|}}, ր  
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /sˠ/
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /sˠ/
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Aramaic [[w:Tsade|𐡑]]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Aramaic [[w:Tsade|𐡑]]
| ș
| ș
|-
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|ᴡ|}}, {{vry-times||ɯ}}
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{phr-font|ᴡ|}}, ɯ  
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /m/
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /m/
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Mu|μ]]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Mu|μ]]
| m
| m
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|ʟ|}}, {{vry-times||ɭ}}
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{phr-font|ʟ|}}, ɭ  
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /ʃˠ/
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /ʃˠ/
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Aramaic [[w:Lamedh|𐡋]]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Aramaic [[w:Lamedh|𐡋]]
| șj
| șj
|-
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|ʏ|}}, {{vry-times||ү}}
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{phr-font|ʏ|}}, ү  
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /n/
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /n/
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Nu|ν]]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Nu|ν]]
| n
| n
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times||◌̔}}<sup>[3]</sup>
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ◌̔<sup>[3]</sup>
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /h/
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /h/
| Greek [[w:Rough breathing|◌̔]]
| Greek [[w:Rough breathing|◌̔]]
Line 323: Line 326:
! Romanization
! Romanization
|-
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|ᴀ|ı}}, {{vry-times||ɑı}}<sup>[4]</sup>
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{phr-font|ᴀ|ı}}, ɑı<sup>[4]</sup>
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /ɛː/
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /ɛː/
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek αι
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek αι
| ai
| ai
|-
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|ᴀ|o}}, {{vry-times||ɑo}}
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{phr-font|ᴀ|o}}, ɑo  
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /ɔː/
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /ɔː/
| style="vertical-align:middle; font-style:italic;" | Innovated during Classical Phrygian
| style="vertical-align:middle; font-style:italic;" | Innovated during Classical Phrygian
| au
| au
|-
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|ᴇ|ı}}, {{vry-times||ɛı}}<sup>[4]</sup>
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{phr-font|ᴇ|ı}}, ɛı<sup>[4]</sup>
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /e/
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /e/
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek ει
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek ει
| ei
| ei
|-
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|o|ı}}, {{vry-times||}}<sup>[4]</sup>
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{phr-font|o|ı}}, oı<sup>[4]</sup>
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /u/
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /u/
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek ου
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek ου
| u
| u
|-
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|ʟ|ɭ}}, {{vry-times||ɭɭ}}
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{phr-font|ʟ|ɭ}}, ɭɭ  
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /ɫ/
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /ɫ/
| style="vertical-align:middle; font-style:italic;" | Innovated during Classical Phrygian
| style="vertical-align:middle; font-style:italic;" | Innovated during Classical Phrygian
Line 349: Line 352:
|}
|}
</div>
</div>
# When in coda position, {{vry-times||ɼ}}, {{vry-times||v}}, and {{vry-times||◌̔}} are dropped with compensatory vowel lengthening, such as in [[Contionary:peregh|{{vry-times||ƞɛ́pɛɼ}}]] /ˈpɛrɛː/, [[Contionary:zeregh|{{vry-times||ɥɛ́pev}}]] /ˈzɛrɛː/, and [[Contionary:hetjeh|{{vry-times||ɛ̔qɛ‛}}]] /ˈhɛt͡ʃɛː/.
# When in coda position, ɼ, v, and ◌̔ are dropped with compensatory vowel lengthening, such as in [[Contionary:peregh|ƞɛ́pɛɼ]] /ˈpɛrɛː/, [[Contionary:zeregh|ɥɛ́pɛv]] /ˈzɛrɛː/, and [[Contionary:hetjeh|ɛ̔qɛ‛]] /ˈhɛt͡ʃɛː/.
# {{vry-times|ɪ|}} and {{vry-times||o}} consonantally are /j/ /f/, such as in [[Contionary:ierek|{{vry-times||ıɛ́pɛu}}]] /ˈjɛrɛk/ and [[Contionary:sjelfar|{{vry-times||ɜɛʌoɑ́p}}]] /ʃɛlˈfar/
# {{phr-font|ɪ|}} and o consonantally are /j/ /f/, such as in [[Contionary:ierek|ıɛ́pɛu]] /ˈjɛrɛk/ and [[Contionary:sjelfar|ɜɛʌoɑ́p]] /ʃɛlˈfar/.
# When /h/ precedes a vowel, it is written as a diacritic above the vowel, otherwise it is written on its own. Both forms can be seen in [[Contionary:reheh|{{vry-times||pɛɛ̔‛}}]] /ˈrɛhɛː/.
# When /h/ precedes a vowel, it is written as a diacritic above the vowel, otherwise it is written on its own. Both forms can be seen in [[Contionary:reheh|pɛɛ̔‛]] /ˈrɛhɛː/.
# In order to distinguish /aj/ /ɛj/ /oj/ from /ɛː/ /e/ /u/, diaereses are usedː {{vry-times||ɑï}}, {{vry-times||ɛï}}, {{vry-times||}}.
# In order to distinguish /aj/ /ɛj/ /oj/ from /ɛː/ /e/ /u/, diaereses are usedː ɑï, ɛï, oï.


==Grammar==
==Grammar==
Phrygian grammar is very similar of that of other Semitic languages, with some main differences being the retention of case declension and complex verb conjugation, and the loss of the construct state.
Phrygian grammar is very similar of that of other Semitic languages, with some main differences being the retention of case declension and complex verb conjugation, and the loss of the construct state.


Like other Semitic languages, Phrygian relies on [[w:Nonconcatenative morphology|nonconcatenative morphology]], inserting roots of three or more consonants that carry basic meanings into discontinuous patterns for all sorts of grammatical purposes. For example, from the root {{vry-times||◌̔-ƞ-c}} (''h-p-s, "relating to speaking and vocalizing"'') can be derived:
Like other Semitic languages, Phrygian relies on [[w:Nonconcatenative morphology|nonconcatenative morphology]], inserting roots of three or more consonants that carry basic meanings into discontinuous patterns for all sorts of grammatical purposes. For example, from the root '''◌̔-ƞ-c''' (''h-p-s, "relating to speaking and vocalizing"'') can be derived:
*{{vry-times||ɛ̔ƞcóı}}, ''hepsú'' (''"it was spoken"'')
*'''o̔ƞɛc''', ''hópes'' (''"it was spoken"'')
*{{vry-times||ɛ̔ƞocɛү}}, ''héposen'' (''"I must speak"'')
*'''ɛ̔ƞcɛcɛ''', ''hépsese'' (''"I must speak"'')
*{{vry-times||ɑ̔ƞɛc}}, ''hápes'' (''"speaker"'')
*'''ɑ̔ƞɛc''', ''hápes'' (''"speaker"'')
*{{vry-times||ɑ̔ƞcɛɜ}}, ''hápsesj'' (''"loudspeaker"'')
*'''ɑ̔ƞcɛɜ''', ''hápsesj'' (''"loudspeaker"'')
*{{vry-times||ɛ̔ƞɑ́cɛɜ}}, ''hepásesj'' (''"speech"'')
*'''ɛ̔ƞɑ́cɛɜ''', ''hepásesj'' (''"speech"'')
*{{vry-times||o̔ƞc}}, ''hops'' (''"word"'''')
*'''o̔ƞc''', ''hops'' (''"word"'')


===Nominals===
===Nominals===
====Nouns====
====Nouns====
Phrygian nouns preserve a declension system for three cases (''nominative'', ''oblique'', and ''vocative''), two genders (''masculine'' and ''feminine''), two numbers (''singular'' and ''plural''), and state (''definite'' and ''indefinite'').
Phrygian nouns preserve a declension system for:
*'''Three cases:'''
**Nominative – marks the subject of a verb
**Vocative – marks the addressee in a vocative expression
**Oblique – marks all that is not already covered by the nominative and vocative cases
*'''Two genders:''' Masculine and Feminine
*'''Two numbers:''' Singular and Plural
* '''Two states:'''
**Definite – marks definiteness and specificity with articles
**Indefinite – unmarked


=====Masculine declension=====
=====Masculine declension=====
Masculine nouns regularly form their plurals with {{vry-times||-óı}} (''-ú'') in the nominative case and {{vry-times||}} (''-í'') in the oblique and vocative cases. Their definite article is {{vry-times||o̔ʌ}} (''hol'') in the nominative case and {{vry-times||roʌ}} (''tol'') in the oblique case. They also tend to feature stem alteration between numbers:
Masculine nouns regularly form their plurals with '''-óı''' (''-ú'') in the nominative case and '''''' (''-í'') in the oblique and vocative cases. Their definite article is '''o̔ʌ''' (''hol'') in the nominative case and '''roʌ''' (''tol'') in the oblique case. They also tend to feature stem alteration between numbers:
<div style=display:inline-grid>
<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ [[Contionary:iaum|{{vry-times||ıɑoɯ}}]] (''iaum, "day"'')
|+ [[Contionary:iaum|ıɑoɯ]] (''iaum, "day"'')
!  
!  
! Singular
! Singular
Line 379: Line 391:
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| {{vry-times||(o̔ʌ) ıɑoɯ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''(hol) iaum''</span>
| (o̔ʌ) ıɑoɯ<br><span style="color:grey">''(hol) iaum''</span>
| {{vry-times||(o̔ʌ) ıoıɯóı}}<br><span style="color:grey">''(hol) iumú''</span>
| (o̔ʌ) ıoıɯóı<br><span style="color:grey">''(hol) iumú''</span>
|-
|-
! Oblique
! Oblique
| {{vry-times||(roʌ) ıɑ́oɯɛ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''(tol) iáume''</span>
| (roʌ) ıɑ́oɯɛ<br><span style="color:grey">''(tol) iáume''</span>
| {{vry-times||(roʌ) ıoıɯí}}<br><span style="color:grey">''(tol) iumí''</span>
| (roʌ) ıoıɯí<br><span style="color:grey">''(tol) iumí''</span>
|-
|-
! Vocative
! Vocative
| {{vry-times||oɛx ıɑ́oɯɛ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''fech iáume''</span>
| oɛx ıɑ́oɯɛ<br><span style="color:grey">''fech iáume''</span>
| {{vry-times||oɛ́xoɯ ıoıɯí}}<br><span style="color:grey">''féchom iumí''</span>
| oɛ́xoɯ ıoıɯí<br><span style="color:grey">''féchom iumí''</span>
|}
|}
</div>
</div>
<div style=display:inline-grid>
<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ [[Contionary:eb|{{vry-times||ɛɓ̰}}]] (''eb, "father"'')
|+ [[Contionary:eb|ɛɓ̰]] (''eb, "father"'')
!  
!  
! Singular
! Singular
Line 399: Line 411:
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| {{vry-times||(o̔ʌ) ɛɓ̰}}<br><span style="color:grey">''(hol) eb''</span>
| (o̔ʌ) ɛɓ̰<br><span style="color:grey">''(hol) eb''</span>
| {{vry-times||(o̔ʌ) ɛɓ̰ɑүóı}}<br><span style="color:grey">''(hol) ebanú''</span>
| (o̔ʌ) ɛɓ̰ɑүóı<br><span style="color:grey">''(hol) ebanú''</span>
|-
|-
! Oblique
! Oblique
| {{vry-times||(roʌ) ɛ́ɓ̰ɛ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''(tol) ébe''</span>
| (roʌ) ɛ́ɓ̰ɛ<br><span style="color:grey">''(tol) ébe''</span>
| {{vry-times||(roʌ) ɛɓ̰ɑүí}}<br><span style="color:grey">''(tol) ebaní''</span>
| (roʌ) ɛɓ̰ɑүí<br><span style="color:grey">''(tol) ebaní''</span>
|-
|-
! Vocative
! Vocative
| {{vry-times||oɛx ɛ́ɓ̰ɛ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''fech ébe''</span>
| oɛx ɛ́ɓ̰ɛ<br><span style="color:grey">''fech ébe''</span>
| {{vry-times||oɛ́xoɯ ɛɓ̰ɑүí}}<br><span style="color:grey">''féchom ebaní''</span>
| oɛ́xoɯ ɛɓ̰ɑүí<br><span style="color:grey">''féchom ebaní''</span>
|}
|}
</div>
</div>


=====Feminine declension=====
=====Feminine declension=====
Feminine nouns often end with {{vry-times||-ɛɜ}} (''-esj'') in the nominative case and {{vry-times||-ɑ́}} (''-á'') in the vocative and regularly form their plurals by replacing them with {{vry-times||-ɑ́ɜ}} (''-ásj'') in the nominative case and {{vry-times||-ɑ́ɜɛ}} (''-ásje'') in the oblique and vocative cases. Their definite article is {{vry-times||i̔ʌ}} (''hil'') in the nominative case and {{vry-times||rıʌ}} (''til'') in the oblique case. They tend to not feature stem alteration between numbers:
Feminine nouns often end with '''-ɛɜ''' (''-esj'') in the nominative case and '''-ɑ́''' (''-á'') in the vocative and regularly form their plurals by replacing them with '''-ɑ́ɜ''' (''-ásj'') in the nominative case and '''-ɑ́ɜɛ''' (''-ásje'') in the oblique and vocative cases. Their definite article is '''i̔ʌ''' (''hil'') in the nominative case and '''rıʌ''' (''til'') in the oblique case. They tend to not feature stem alteration between numbers:
<div style=display:inline-grid>
<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ [[Contionary:échesj|{{vry-times||ɛ́mɛɜ}}]] (''échesj, "sister"'')
|+ [[Contionary:échesj|ɛ́mɛɜ]] (''échesj, "sister"'')
!  
!  
! Singular
! Singular
Line 422: Line 434:
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| {{vry-times||(i̔ʌ) ɛ́mɛɜ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''(hil) échesj''</span>
| (i̔ʌ) ɛ́mɛɜ<br><span style="color:grey">''(hil) échesj''</span>
| {{vry-times||(i̔ʌ) ɛmɑ́ɜ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''(til) echásj''</span>
| (i̔ʌ) ɛmɑ́ɜ<br><span style="color:grey">''(til) echásj''</span>
|-
|-
! Oblique
! Oblique
| {{vry-times||(rıʌ) ɛ́mɜɛ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''(hil) échsje''</span>
| (rıʌ) ɛ́mɜɛ<br><span style="color:grey">''(hil) échsje''</span>
| {{vry-times||(rıʌ) ɛmɑ́ɜɛ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''(til) echásje''</span>
| (rıʌ) ɛmɑ́ɜɛ<br><span style="color:grey">''(til) echásje''</span>
|-
|-
! Vocative
! Vocative
| {{vry-times||oɛx ɛmɑ́}}<br><span style="color:grey">''fech echá''</span>
| oɛx ɛmɑ́<br><span style="color:grey">''fech echá''</span>
| {{vry-times||oɛxɑ́ɜ ɛmɑ́ɜɛ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''fechásj echásje''</span>
| oɛxɑ́ɜ ɛmɑ́ɜɛ<br><span style="color:grey">''fechásj echásje''</span>
|}
|}
</div>
</div>
<div style=display:inline-grid>
<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ [[Contionary:sjench|{{vry-times||ɜɛүm}}]] (''sjench, "sun"'')
|+ [[Contionary:sjench|ɜɛүm]] (''sjench, "sun"'')
!  
!  
! Singular
! Singular
Line 442: Line 454:
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| {{vry-times||(i̔ʌ) ɜɛүm}}<br><span style="color:grey">''(hil) sjench''</span>
| (i̔ʌ) ɜɛүm<br><span style="color:grey">''(hil) sjench''</span>
| {{vry-times||(i̔ʌ) ɜɛүmɑ́ɜ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''(hil) sjenchásj''</span>
| (i̔ʌ) ɜɛүmɑ́ɜ<br><span style="color:grey">''(hil) sjenchásj''</span>
|-
|-
! Oblique
! Oblique
| {{vry-times||(rıʌ) ɜɛ́үmɛ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''(til) sjénche''</span>
| (rıʌ) ɜɛ́үmɛ<br><span style="color:grey">''(til) sjénche''</span>
| {{vry-times||(rıʌ) ɜɛүmɑ́ɜɛ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''(til) sjenchásje''</span>
| (rıʌ) ɜɛүmɑ́ɜɛ<br><span style="color:grey">''(til) sjenchásje''</span>
|-
|-
! Vocative
! Vocative
| {{vry-times||oɛx ɜɛүmɑ́}}<br><span style="color:grey">''fech sjenchá''</span>
| oɛx ɜɛүmɑ́<br><span style="color:grey">''fech sjenchá''</span>
| {{vry-times||oɛxɑ́ɜ ɜɛүmɑ́ɜɛ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''fechásj sjenchásje''</span>
| oɛxɑ́ɜ ɜɛүmɑ́ɜɛ<br><span style="color:grey">''fechásj sjenchásje''</span>
|}
|}
</div>
</div>


=====Fossilized declensions=====
=====Fossilized declensions=====
Vestiges of the Semitic dual number survive in irregular plurals of some nouns referring the things that come in pairs:
Vestiges of the Semitic dual number survive in irregular plurals of some nouns referring the things that come in pairs, forming their plurals with '''-ɑ́''' (''-á'') in the nominative case and '''-ɑ́ı''' (''-ái'') in the oblique and vocative cases.


<div style=display:inline-grid>
<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ [[Contionary:odei|{{vry-times||ós̃ɛï}}]] (''ódeï, "ear"'')
|+ [[Contionary:odei|ós̃ɛï]] (''ódeï, "ear"'')
!  
!  
! Singular
! Singular
Line 466: Line 478:
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| {{vry-times||(i̔ʌ) ós̃ɛï}}<br><span style="color:grey">''(hil) ódeï''</span>
| (i̔ʌ) ós̃ɛï<br><span style="color:grey">''(hil) ódeï''</span>
| {{vry-times||(i̔ʌ) os̃ɛıɑ́}}<br><span style="color:grey">''(til) odeiá''</span>
| (i̔ʌ) os̃ɛıɑ́<br><span style="color:grey">''(til) odeiá''</span>
|-
|-
! Oblique
! Oblique
| {{vry-times||(rıʌ) ósɛ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''(hil) ódje''</span>
| (rıʌ) ósɛ<br><span style="color:grey">''(hil) ódje''</span>
| {{vry-times||(rıʌ) osɑ́ı}}<br><span style="color:grey">''(til) odjái''</span>
| (rıʌ) osɑ́ı<br><span style="color:grey">''(til) odjái''</span>
|-
|-
! Vocative
! Vocative
| {{vry-times||oɛx osɑ́}}<br><span style="color:grey">''fech odjá''</span>
| oɛx osɑ́<br><span style="color:grey">''fech odjá''</span>
| {{vry-times||oɛxɑ́ɜ osɑ́ı}}<br><span style="color:grey">''fechásj odjái''</span>
| oɛxɑ́ɜ osɑ́ı<br><span style="color:grey">''fechásj odjái''</span>
|}
|}
</div>
</div>
<div style=display:inline-grid>
<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ [[Contionary:chepp|{{vry-times||xɛƞƞ}}]] (''chepp, "cup"'')
|+ [[Contionary:chepp|xɛƞƞ]] (''chepp, "cup"'')
!  
!  
! Singular
! Singular
Line 486: Line 498:
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| {{vry-times||(i̔ʌ) xɛƞƞ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''(hil) chepp''</span>
| (i̔ʌ) xɛƞƞ<br><span style="color:grey">''(hil) chepp''</span>
| {{vry-times||(i̔ʌ) xɛƞƞɑ́}}<br><span style="color:grey">''(hil) cheppá''</span>
| (i̔ʌ) xɛƞƞɑ́<br><span style="color:grey">''(hil) cheppá''</span>
|-
|-
! Oblique
! Oblique
| {{vry-times||(rıʌ) xɛ́ƞƞɛ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''(til) chéppe''</span>
| (rıʌ) xɛ́ƞƞɛ<br><span style="color:grey">''(til) chéppe''</span>
| {{vry-times||(rıʌ) xɛƞƞɑ́ı}}<br><span style="color:grey">''(til) cheppái''</span>
| (rıʌ) xɛƞƞɑ́ı<br><span style="color:grey">''(til) cheppái''</span>
|-
|-
! Vocative
! Vocative
| {{vry-times||oɛx xɛƞƞɑ́}}<br><span style="color:grey">''fech cheppá''</span>
| oɛx xɛƞƞɑ́<br><span style="color:grey">''fech cheppá''</span>
| {{vry-times||oɛxɑ́ɜ xɛƞƞɑ́ı}}<br><span style="color:grey">''fechásj cheppái''</span>
| oɛxɑ́ɜ xɛƞƞɑ́ı<br><span style="color:grey">''fechásj cheppái''</span>
|}
|}
</div>
</div>


====Adjectives====
====Adjectives====
Phrygian adjectives follow their nouns and express gender agreement with the nouns they modify. They decline in much the same way nouns do:
Phrygian adjectives follow their nouns and express gender, case, and number agreement with the nouns they modify. They decline in much the same way nouns do:
<div style=display:inline-grid>
<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ [[Contionary:taf|{{vry-times||rɑɓ}}]] (''taf, "fine; tender"'')
|+ [[Contionary:taf|rɑɓ]] (''taf, "fine; tender"'')
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |  
! rowspan="2" |  
Line 516: Line 527:
|-
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | Nominative
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | Nominative
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times||rɑɓ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''taf''</span>
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | rɑɓ<br><span style="color:grey">''taf''</span>
| {{vry-times||rɑɓóı}}<br><span style="color:grey">''tafú''</span>
| rɑɓóı<br><span style="color:grey">''tafú''</span>
| {{vry-times||rɑ́ɓɛɜ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''táfesj''</span>
| rɑ́ɓɛɜ<br><span style="color:grey">''táfesj''</span>
| {{vry-times||rɑɓɑ́ɜ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''tafásj''</span>
| rɑɓɑ́ɜ<br><span style="color:grey">''tafásj''</span>
|-
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | Oblique<br>Vocative
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | Oblique<br>Vocative
| {{vry-times||rɑ́ɓɛ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''táfe''</span>
| rɑ́ɓɛ<br><span style="color:grey">''táfe''</span>
| {{vry-times||rɑɓí}}<br><span style="color:grey">''tafí''</span>
| rɑɓí<br><span style="color:grey">''tafí''</span>
| {{vry-times||rɑ́ɓɜɛ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''táfsje''</span>
| rɑ́ɓɜɛ<br><span style="color:grey">''táfsje''</span>
| {{vry-times||rɑɓɑ́ɜɛ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''tafásje''</span>
| rɑɓɑ́ɜɛ<br><span style="color:grey">''tafásje''</span>
|}
|}
</div>
</div>
<div style=display:inline-grid>
<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ [[Contionary:poqor|{{vry-times||ƞóũop}}]] (''póqor, "unimportant"'')
|+ [[Contionary:poqor|ƞóũop]] (''póqor, "unimportant"'')
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |  
! rowspan="2" |  
Line 542: Line 553:
|-
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | Nominative
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | Nominative
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times||ƞóũop}}<br><span style="color:grey">''póqor''</span>
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ƞóũop<br><span style="color:grey">''póqor''</span>
| {{vry-times||ƞoũpóı}}<br><span style="color:grey">''poqrú''</span>
| ƞoũpóı<br><span style="color:grey">''poqrú''</span>
| {{vry-times||ƞóũpɛɜ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''póqresj''</span>
| ƞóũpɛɜ<br><span style="color:grey">''póqresj''</span>
| {{vry-times||ƞoũpɑ́ɜ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''poqrásj''</span>
| ƞoũpɑ́ɜ<br><span style="color:grey">''poqrásj''</span>
|-
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | Oblique<br>Vocative
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | Oblique<br>Vocative
| {{vry-times||ƞóũpɛ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''póqre''</span>
| ƞóũpɛ<br><span style="color:grey">''póqre''</span>
| {{vry-times||ƞoũpí}}<br><span style="color:grey">''poqrí''</span>
| ƞoũpí<br><span style="color:grey">''poqrí''</span>
| {{vry-times||ƞóũopɜɛ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''póqorsje''</span>
| ƞóũopɜɛ<br><span style="color:grey">''póqorsje''</span>
| {{vry-times||ƞoũpɑ́ɜɛ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''poqrásje''</span>
| ƞoũpɑ́ɜɛ<br><span style="color:grey">''poqrásje''</span>
|}
|}
</div>
</div>
Line 559: Line 570:


Phrygian frequently drops nominative pronouns with non-past verbal constructions, but not with past verbal constructions:
Phrygian frequently drops nominative pronouns with non-past verbal constructions, but not with past verbal constructions:
*{{vry-times|ᴄ|oıƞ pɛ́o̔‛ ıoı}}, ''Sup réhoh iu'' (''"I will see it", pronoun dropped'')
*{{phr-font|ᴄ|oıƞ pɛ́o̔‛ ıoı}}, ''Sup réhoh iu'' (''"I will see it", pronoun dropped'')
*{{vry-times|'''ᴇ'''|'''үɑ́''' pɛ́ɛ̔ ıoı}}, '''''Ená''' réhe iu'' (''"'''I''' saw it", pronoun kept'')
*{{phr-font|'''ᴇ'''|'''үɑ́''' pɛ́ɛ̔ ıoı}}, '''''Ená''' réhe iu'' (''"'''I''' saw it", pronoun kept'')


<div style=display:inline-grid>
<div style=display:inline-grid>
Line 570: Line 581:
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | 1st person
! colspan="2" | 1st person
| {{vry-times||ɛүɑ́}}<br><span style="color:grey">''ená''</span>
| ɛүɑ́<br><span style="color:grey">''ená''</span>
| {{vry-times||ɛүɛ́n}}<br><span style="color:grey">''enéch''</span>
| ɛүɛ́n<br><span style="color:grey">''enéch''</span>
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd person
! rowspan="2" | 2nd person
! <small>Masculine</small>
! <small>Masculine</small>
| rowspan="2" | {{vry-times||ɛүq}}<br><span style="color:grey">''entj''</span>
| rowspan="2" | ɛүq<br><span style="color:grey">''entj''</span>
| {{vry-times||ɛ́үqoɯ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''éntjom''</span>
| ɛ́үqoɯ<br><span style="color:grey">''éntjom''</span>
|-
|-
! <small>Feminine</small>
! <small>Feminine</small>
| {{vry-times||ɛ́үqɛı}}<br><span style="color:grey">''éntjei''</span>
| ɛ́үqɛï<br><span style="color:grey">''éntjeï''</span>
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | 3rd person
! rowspan="2" | 3rd person
! <small>Masculine</small>
! <small>Masculine</small>
| {{vry-times||oɛ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''fe''</span>
| oɛ<br><span style="color:grey">''fe''</span>
| {{vry-times||oɯ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''om''</span>
| oɯ<br><span style="color:grey">''om''</span>
|-
|-
! <small>Feminine</small>
! <small>Feminine</small>
| {{vry-times||ıɛ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''ie''</span>
| ıɛ<br><span style="color:grey">''ie''</span>
| {{vry-times||ɛıı}}<br><span style="color:grey">''eii''</span>
| ɛıı<br><span style="color:grey">''eii''</span>
|}
|}
</div>
</div>
Line 599: Line 610:
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | 1st person
! colspan="2" | 1st person
| colspan="2" | {{vry-times||ɛ́ïıɛ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''éïie''</span>
| colspan="2" | ɛ́ïıɛ<br><span style="color:grey">''éïie''</span>
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd person
! rowspan="2" | 2nd person
! <small>Masculine</small>
! <small>Masculine</small>
| rowspan="2" | {{vry-times||ɑıx}}<br><span style="color:grey">''aich''</span>
| rowspan="2" | ɑıx<br><span style="color:grey">''aich''</span>
| {{vry-times||ɑ́ıxoɯ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''áichom''</span>
| ɑ́ıxoɯ<br><span style="color:grey">''áichom''</span>
|-
|-
! <small>Feminine</small>
! <small>Feminine</small>
| {{vry-times||ɑ́ıxɛï}}<br><span style="color:grey">''áicheï''</span>
| ɑ́ıxɛï<br><span style="color:grey">''áicheï''</span>
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | 3rd person
! rowspan="2" | 3rd person
! <small>Masculine</small>
! <small>Masculine</small>
| {{vry-times||ıoı}}<br><span style="color:grey">''iu''</span>
| ıoı<br><span style="color:grey">''iu''</span>
| {{vry-times||ıoɯ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''iom''</span>
| ıoɯ<br><span style="color:grey">''iom''</span>
|-
|-
! <small>Feminine</small>
! <small>Feminine</small>
| {{vry-times||ıɛ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''ie''</span>
| ıɛ<br><span style="color:grey">''ie''</span>
| {{vry-times||ıɛï}}<br><span style="color:grey">''ieï''</span>
| ıɛï<br><span style="color:grey">''ieï''</span>
|}
|}
</div>
</div>
Line 622: Line 633:
Phrygian employs its enclitic pronouns as possessive particles and objects of prepositions:
Phrygian employs its enclitic pronouns as possessive particles and objects of prepositions:


* {{vry-times|ƞ|ípɛï}}<span style="color:blue">{{vry-times||x}}</span> {{vry-times||ıxóıү vɛ́ɯ}}<span style="color:green">{{vry-times||ɛï}}</span>, ''Píreï<span style="color:blue">ch</span> ichún ghém<span style="color:green">eï</span>'' (''"<span style="color:blue">Your</span> book is with <span style="color:green">me</span>'')
* {{phr-font|ƞ|ípɛï}}<span style="color:blue">{{phr-font||x}}</span> {{phr-font||ıxóıү vɛ́ɯ}}<span style="color:green">{{phr-font||ɛï}}</span>, ''Píreï<span style="color:blue">ch</span> ichún ghém<span style="color:green">eï</span>'' (''"<span style="color:blue">Your</span> book is with <span style="color:green">me</span>'')


{| class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
Line 632: Line 643:
|-
|-
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | 1st person
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | 1st person
| colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:normal;" | {{vry-times||-(ɛ)ï}}<br><span style="color:grey">''-(e)ï''</span>
| colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:normal;" | -(ɛ)ï<br><span style="color:grey">''-(e)ï''</span>
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | 2nd person
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | 2nd person
! Masculine
! Masculine
| rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{vry-times||-(ɛ)x}}<br><span style="color:grey">''-(e)ch''</span>
| rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;" | -(ɛ)x<br><span style="color:grey">''-(e)ch''</span>
| style="font-weight:normal;" | {{vry-times||-(ɛ)xoɯ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''-(e)chom''</span>
| style="font-weight:normal;" | -(ɛ)xoɯ<br><span style="color:grey">''-(e)chom''</span>
|-
|-
! Feminine
! Feminine
| style="font-weight:normal;" | {{vry-times||-(ɛ)xɛï}}<br><span style="color:grey">''-(e)cheï''</span>
| style="font-weight:normal;" | -(ɛ)xɛï<br><span style="color:grey">''-(e)cheï''</span>
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | 3rd person
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | 3rd person
! Masculine
! Masculine
| style="font-weight:normal;" | {{vry-times||-(‛)o}}<br><span style="color:grey">''-(h)o''</span>
| style="font-weight:normal;" | -(‛)o<br><span style="color:grey">''-(h)o''</span>
| style="font-weight:normal;" | {{vry-times||-(‛)oɯ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''-(h)om''</span>
| style="font-weight:normal;" | -(‛)oɯ<br><span style="color:grey">''-(h)om''</span>
|-
|-
! Feminine
! Feminine
| style="font-weight:normal;" | {{vry-times||-(‛)ɛ}}<br><span style="color:grey">''-(h)e''</span>
| style="font-weight:normal;" | -(‛)ɛ<br><span style="color:grey">''-(h)e''</span>
| style="font-weight:normal;" | {{vry-times||-(‛)ɛï}}<br><span style="color:grey">''-(h)eï''</span>
| style="font-weight:normal;" | -(‛)ɛï<br><span style="color:grey">''-(h)eï''</span>
|}
|}
===Verbs===
===Verbs===
Phrygian verbs maintain a more complex paradigm among the semitic languages, conjugating for:
*'''Subject agreement:''' Person, Gender, and Number
*'''Two synthetic tenses:''' Past and Present
*'''One analytic tense:''' Future
*'''Four moods:'''
**Indicative – indicates that something is a statement of fact
**Subjunctive – indicates various states of unreality such as wish, possibility, or opinion
**Jussive – indicates the obligation, necessity, or encouragement of an action. Also used in prayer
**Imperative – forms a command or request.
*'''Four voices:'''
**Active – posits the subject as the doer of an action
**Passive – posits the subject as the receiver of an action
**Middle – valency-decreasing, posits the subject as both the doer and receiver of an action
**Causative – valency-increasing, posits the subject as causing the main object to be the doer of an action
===Adverbs===
===Adverbs===


==Vocabulary==
==Vocabulary==
==Example text==
==Example text==

Latest revision as of 23:23, 12 September 2024


Phrygian
ƞpɛ́ucɑı
préxai
Flag of the Principality of Smyrna.png
Flag of the Principality of Smyrna
Pronunciation[ˈprɛksɛː]
Created byVrianne
Date2024
SettingAlt-History Europe
Native toPhrygia
EthnicityPhrygian
Early forms
Afro-Asiatic
  • Proto-Semitic
    • Proto-Phrygian
      • Old-Phrygian
        • Classical Phrygian
          • Smyrna Dialect
Standard form
Standard Phrygian (xoүꝏ́үɑı ƞpɛ́ucɑı, Chonúnai préxai)
Phrygian Script
Official status
Official language in
Phrygia
Recognised minority
language in
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Phrygian (endonym: ʌɛmɑ́ү ƞpɛ́ucɑı, Lechán préxai, [lɛˈxaŋ ˈprɛksɛː]), also known as Prexian, is a Semitic language within the Afroasiatic language family. It is spoken mostly in the Principality of Smyrna, and in north- and southwestern Eretna, concentrated in the western half of Anatolia. The standardized form of Phrygian is mainly based on the metropolitan Smyrna Dialect (ɜíoɛr ɯɛppɑ́, sjífet Emerrá), one of the several regional dialects, which collectively descended from Classical Phrygian. The name Phrygian is a misnomer, as the antiquarian Phrygian language, which used to be spoken very near to where the Semitic Phrygian tribes initially settled, is an Indo-European language closely related to Greek.

The historical development of Phrygian traces back to Classical Phrygian, which itself emerged from Old Phrygian. Classical Phrygian still survives as the liturgical language of the Church of Smyrna, one of the Greek Orthodox Churches.

Classification

History

Phonology

Standard Phrygian has 26 consonant phonemes and 11 vowel phonemes. Some coronal phonemes contrast between plain and velarized consonants.

Standard Phrygian Consonants
Labial Coronal Palatal Velar Glottal
Plain Velarized
Nasal m n[1]
Polsive Voiceless p t tˠ(ː)[2] tˠː[4] c k(ː)[2]
Voiced b(ː)[3] d(ː)[3] ɟ ~ ɡ(ː)[3] [5]
Affricate Voiceless t͡ʃ
Voiced d͡ʒ
Fricative Voiceless f s ʃ sˠ ʃˠ x h
Voiced z ɣ
Trill/Tap r
Approximant l ɫ(ː)[2] j
Standard Phrygian Vowels
Front Back
Short Long Short Long
Close i u
Mid e[6] ɛ ɛː ɔ ɔː
Open a aː[7]
  1. apart from when before velar consonants, /n/ has the allophone [ŋ] in coda positions following a back vowel or /a/.
  2. /tˠ k ɫ/ may be unconditionally geminated depending on speaker such that they do not contrast with /tˠː kː ɫː/.
  3. /b d ɡ/ may be unconditionally geminated depending on speaker such that they do not contrast with /bː dː ɡː/.
  4. the phonemic contrast between /tˠ(ː)/ (spelled ⟨b⟩) and /tˠː/ (spelled ⟨r̃⟩) has largely disappeared among younger speakers, merging both into either /tˠ/ or /tˠː/. Older speakers who still retain the distinction always pronounce /tˠ(ː)/ ⟨b⟩ as [tˠ] and /tˠː/ ⟨r̃⟩ as [tˠː].
  5. the pronunciation of /ɡ/ is highly unstable. If geminated, it is always velar [ɡː], but when not, /ɡ/ can vary between [ɟ] and [ɡ] depending on dialect, with some (such as the Smyrna dialects) even having both as allophones of each other in certain environments.
  6. /e/ is realized as [e̝~ɪ].
  7. /a aː/ are realized as [ɑ ɑː] near velarized consonants.

Orthography

Phrygian uses its own script, aptly named the Phrygian script (ɑ́ʌɛƞƞɛɜ ƞpɛ́ucɑıɜ, áleppesj préxaisj). The Phrygian script is an alphabetic writing system developed specifically for the Phrygian language during the Classical Phrygian period mainly from the Greek script, which it supplanted. It also utilizes some letters of Aramaic origin to represent sounds not present in the base Greek alphabet, such as classical /ħ/ ⟨n⟩, /ʕ/ ⟨v⟩, /sˤ/ ⟨ր⟩, and /ʃˤ/ ⟨ɭ⟩. Though ever since its creation, multiple sounds have merged, leaving many redundant etymological letters such as /x/ ⟨x m n⟩, /ɣ/ ⟨ɼ v⟩, and /tˠ/ ⟨r̃ b⟩.

Phrygian Alphabet
Grapheme Sound (IPA) Source Romanization Grapheme Sound (IPA) Source Romanization
, ɑ /a/ Greek α a , o /ɔ/, /f/[2] Greek ο o, f
ʙ, ɓ /f/ Greek β f , p /r/ Greek ρ r
ʙ̰, ɓ̰ /b/ b , c /s/ Greek ϲ s
г, ɼ /ɣ/, /◌ː/[1] Greek γ gh , r /t/ Greek τ t
г̰, ɼ̃ /ɡ/ g ᴛ̰, r̃ /tˠ/ ț, țț
s, s /d͡ʒ/ Greek δ dj ƞ, ƞ /p/ Greek φ p
, s̃ /d/ d x, x /x/ Greek χ ch
, ɛ /ɛ/ Greek ε e , ꝏ /u/ Greek ω u
ч, ɥ /z/ Greek ζ z m, m /x/ Aramaic 𐡄 ch
q, q /t͡ʃ/ Greek θ tj n, n Aramaic 𐡇
ɪ, ı /i/, /j/[2] Greek ι i ь, b /tˠ/ Aramaic 𐡈 ț
u, u /c/ Greek κ k , ɜ /ʃ/ Aramaic 𐡎 sj
, ũ /k/ q , v /ɣ/, /◌ː/[1] Aramaic 𐡏 gh
ʌ, ʌ /l/ Greek λ l ր, ր /sˠ/ Aramaic 𐡑 ș
, ɯ /m/ Greek μ m ʟ, ɭ /ʃˠ/ Aramaic 𐡋 șj
ʏ, ү /n/ Greek ν n ◌̔[3] /h/ Greek ◌̔ h
Phrygian Alphabet digraphs
Grapheme Sound (IPA) Source Romanization
ı, ɑı[4] /ɛː/ Greek αι ai
o, ɑo /ɔː/ Innovated during Classical Phrygian au
ı, ɛı[4] /e/ Greek ει ei
oı, oı[4] /u/ Greek ου u
ʟɭ, ɭɭ /ɫ/ Innovated during Classical Phrygian l̦, l̦l̦
  1. When in coda position, ɼ, v, and ◌̔ are dropped with compensatory vowel lengthening, such as in ƞɛ́pɛɼ /ˈpɛrɛː/, ɥɛ́pɛv /ˈzɛrɛː/, and ɛ̔qɛ‛ /ˈhɛt͡ʃɛː/.
  2. ɪ and o consonantally are /j/ /f/, such as in ıɛ́pɛu /ˈjɛrɛk/ and ɜɛʌoɑ́p /ʃɛlˈfar/.
  3. When /h/ precedes a vowel, it is written as a diacritic above the vowel, otherwise it is written on its own. Both forms can be seen in pɛɛ̔‛ /ˈrɛhɛː/.
  4. In order to distinguish /aj/ /ɛj/ /oj/ from /ɛː/ /e/ /u/, diaereses are usedː ɑï, ɛï, oï.

Grammar

Phrygian grammar is very similar of that of other Semitic languages, with some main differences being the retention of case declension and complex verb conjugation, and the loss of the construct state.

Like other Semitic languages, Phrygian relies on nonconcatenative morphology, inserting roots of three or more consonants that carry basic meanings into discontinuous patterns for all sorts of grammatical purposes. For example, from the root ◌̔-ƞ-c (h-p-s, "relating to speaking and vocalizing") can be derived:

  • o̔ƞɛc, hópes ("it was spoken")
  • ɛ̔ƞcɛcɛ, hépsese ("I must speak")
  • ɑ̔ƞɛc, hápes ("speaker")
  • ɑ̔ƞcɛɜ, hápsesj ("loudspeaker")
  • ɛ̔ƞɑ́cɛɜ, hepásesj ("speech")
  • o̔ƞc, hops ("word")

Nominals

Nouns

Phrygian nouns preserve a declension system for:

  • Three cases:
    • Nominative – marks the subject of a verb
    • Vocative – marks the addressee in a vocative expression
    • Oblique – marks all that is not already covered by the nominative and vocative cases
  • Two genders: Masculine and Feminine
  • Two numbers: Singular and Plural
  • Two states:
    • Definite – marks definiteness and specificity with articles
    • Indefinite – unmarked
Masculine declension

Masculine nouns regularly form their plurals with -óı () in the nominative case and () in the oblique and vocative cases. Their definite article is o̔ʌ (hol) in the nominative case and roʌ (tol) in the oblique case. They also tend to feature stem alteration between numbers:

ıɑoɯ (iaum, "day")
Singular Plural
Nominative (o̔ʌ) ıɑoɯ
(hol) iaum
(o̔ʌ) ıoıɯóı
(hol) iumú
Oblique (roʌ) ıɑ́oɯɛ
(tol) iáume
(roʌ) ıoıɯí
(tol) iumí
Vocative oɛx ıɑ́oɯɛ
fech iáume
oɛ́xoɯ ıoıɯí
féchom iumí
ɛɓ̰ (eb, "father")
Singular Plural
Nominative (o̔ʌ) ɛɓ̰
(hol) eb
(o̔ʌ) ɛɓ̰ɑүóı
(hol) ebanú
Oblique (roʌ) ɛ́ɓ̰ɛ
(tol) ébe
(roʌ) ɛɓ̰ɑүí
(tol) ebaní
Vocative oɛx ɛ́ɓ̰ɛ
fech ébe
oɛ́xoɯ ɛɓ̰ɑүí
féchom ebaní
Feminine declension

Feminine nouns often end with -ɛɜ (-esj) in the nominative case and -ɑ́ () in the vocative and regularly form their plurals by replacing them with -ɑ́ɜ (-ásj) in the nominative case and -ɑ́ɜɛ (-ásje) in the oblique and vocative cases. Their definite article is i̔ʌ (hil) in the nominative case and rıʌ (til) in the oblique case. They tend to not feature stem alteration between numbers:

ɛ́mɛɜ (échesj, "sister")
Singular Plural
Nominative (i̔ʌ) ɛ́mɛɜ
(hil) échesj
(i̔ʌ) ɛmɑ́ɜ
(til) echásj
Oblique (rıʌ) ɛ́mɜɛ
(hil) échsje
(rıʌ) ɛmɑ́ɜɛ
(til) echásje
Vocative oɛx ɛmɑ́
fech echá
oɛxɑ́ɜ ɛmɑ́ɜɛ
fechásj echásje
ɜɛүm (sjench, "sun")
Singular Plural
Nominative (i̔ʌ) ɜɛүm
(hil) sjench
(i̔ʌ) ɜɛүmɑ́ɜ
(hil) sjenchásj
Oblique (rıʌ) ɜɛ́үmɛ
(til) sjénche
(rıʌ) ɜɛүmɑ́ɜɛ
(til) sjenchásje
Vocative oɛx ɜɛүmɑ́
fech sjenchá
oɛxɑ́ɜ ɜɛүmɑ́ɜɛ
fechásj sjenchásje
Fossilized declensions

Vestiges of the Semitic dual number survive in irregular plurals of some nouns referring the things that come in pairs, forming their plurals with -ɑ́ () in the nominative case and -ɑ́ı (-ái) in the oblique and vocative cases.

ós̃ɛï (ódeï, "ear")
Singular Plural
Nominative (i̔ʌ) ós̃ɛï
(hil) ódeï
(i̔ʌ) os̃ɛıɑ́
(til) odeiá
Oblique (rıʌ) ósɛ
(hil) ódje
(rıʌ) osɑ́ı
(til) odjái
Vocative oɛx osɑ́
fech odjá
oɛxɑ́ɜ osɑ́ı
fechásj odjái
xɛƞƞ (chepp, "cup")
Singular Plural
Nominative (i̔ʌ) xɛƞƞ
(hil) chepp
(i̔ʌ) xɛƞƞɑ́
(hil) cheppá
Oblique (rıʌ) xɛ́ƞƞɛ
(til) chéppe
(rıʌ) xɛƞƞɑ́ı
(til) cheppái
Vocative oɛx xɛƞƞɑ́
fech cheppá
oɛxɑ́ɜ xɛƞƞɑ́ı
fechásj cheppái

Adjectives

Phrygian adjectives follow their nouns and express gender, case, and number agreement with the nouns they modify. They decline in much the same way nouns do:

rɑɓ (taf, "fine; tender")
Masculine Feminine
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Nominative rɑɓ
taf
rɑɓóı
tafú
rɑ́ɓɛɜ
táfesj
rɑɓɑ́ɜ
tafásj
Oblique
Vocative
rɑ́ɓɛ
táfe
rɑɓí
tafí
rɑ́ɓɜɛ
táfsje
rɑɓɑ́ɜɛ
tafásje
ƞóũop (póqor, "unimportant")
Masculine Feminine
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Nominative ƞóũop
póqor
ƞoũpóı
poqrú
ƞóũpɛɜ
póqresj
ƞoũpɑ́ɜ
poqrásj
Oblique
Vocative
ƞóũpɛ
póqre
ƞoũpí
poqrí
ƞóũopɜɛ
póqorsje
ƞoũpɑ́ɜɛ
poqrásje

Pronouns

Phrygian pronouns decline just like the nominals, with the inclusion of person (1st, 2nd, and 3rd). Phrygian independently evolved standalone oblique pronouns from the enclitic forms to be used as verbal objects and vocative pronouns.

Phrygian frequently drops nominative pronouns with non-past verbal constructions, but not with past verbal constructions:

  • oıƞ pɛ́o̔‛ ıoı, Sup réhoh iu ("I will see it", pronoun dropped)
  • үɑ́ pɛ́ɛ̔ ıoı, Ená réhe iu ("I saw it", pronoun kept)
Nominative Pronouns
Singular Plural
1st person ɛүɑ́
ená
ɛүɛ́n
enéch
2nd person Masculine ɛүq
entj
ɛ́үqoɯ
éntjom
Feminine ɛ́үqɛï
éntjeï
3rd person Masculine
fe

om
Feminine ıɛ
ie
ɛıı
eii
Oblique/Vocative Pronouns
Singular Plural
1st person ɛ́ïıɛ
éïie
2nd person Masculine ɑıx
aich
ɑ́ıxoɯ
áichom
Feminine ɑ́ıxɛï
áicheï
3rd person Masculine ıoı
iu
ıoɯ
iom
Feminine ıɛ
ie
ıɛï
ieï

Phrygian employs its enclitic pronouns as possessive particles and objects of prepositions:

  • ƞípɛïx ıxóıү vɛ́ɯɛï, Píreïch ichún ghém ("Your book is with me)
Enclitic Pronouns
Singular Plural
1st person -(ɛ)ï
-(e)ï
2nd person Masculine -(ɛ)x
-(e)ch
-(ɛ)xoɯ
-(e)chom
Feminine -(ɛ)xɛï
-(e)cheï
3rd person Masculine -(‛)o
-(h)o
-(‛)oɯ
-(h)om
Feminine -(‛)ɛ
-(h)e
-(‛)ɛï
-(h)eï

Verbs

Phrygian verbs maintain a more complex paradigm among the semitic languages, conjugating for:

  • Subject agreement: Person, Gender, and Number
  • Two synthetic tenses: Past and Present
  • One analytic tense: Future
  • Four moods:
    • Indicative – indicates that something is a statement of fact
    • Subjunctive – indicates various states of unreality such as wish, possibility, or opinion
    • Jussive – indicates the obligation, necessity, or encouragement of an action. Also used in prayer
    • Imperative – forms a command or request.
  • Four voices:
    • Active – posits the subject as the doer of an action
    • Passive – posits the subject as the receiver of an action
    • Middle – valency-decreasing, posits the subject as both the doer and receiver of an action
    • Causative – valency-increasing, posits the subject as causing the main object to be the doer of an action

Adverbs

Vocabulary

Example text