Bretonese: Difference between revisions

From Linguifex
Jump to navigation Jump to search
(Created page with "==Bretonese== {{Private}} {{Infobox language |name = Bretonese |nativename = breçoneix |pronunciation = breˈθoneʃ |creator = Tardigrade |states = Spain, Portugal |familycolor = Indo-European |fam2= Celtic |fam3= Insular Celtic |fam4= Brythonic |ancestor= Common Brythonic |script1 = Latn }} Bretonese '''breçoneix''' {{IPA|/breˈθoneʃ/}} is a Brittonic Celtic tongue spoken in parts...")
 
No edit summary
 
(22 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
==Bretonese==
{{Private}}
{{Private}}


Line 16: Line 15:
}}
}}


Bretonese '''breçoneix''' {{IPA|/breˈθoneʃ/}} is a Brittonic Celtic tongue spoken in parts of Galicia and Asturias.
Bretonese (''breçoneix'') {{IPA|/breˈθoneʃ/}} is a Brittonic Celtic tongue spoken in the Spanish autonomous communities of Galicia, Asturias and in northern Portugal. It is spoken by 30% of the population in these areas. Of these, 75% are in Spain and the remainder in Portugal and in diaspora communities.


==Phonology and Orthography==
==Phonology and Orthography==
Line 85: Line 84:


===Vowels & Diphthongs===
===Vowels & Diphthongs===
Bretonesecan be described as having two groups of vowel sounds:  
The monophthongs are represented by the following inventory:
# the open vowels, which arose from historically short vowels
# the close vowels, which arose from historically long vowels
# the diphthongs


The open and close vowels are represented by the following inventory:
{|class="wikitable"
 
!|
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 270px; text-align:center;"
! scope="col" | [[Front vowel|Front]]
! style="width: 90px; "|
! scope="col" | [[w:Central vowel|Central]]
! style="width: 60px; " |Front
! scope="col" | [[Back vowel|Back]]
! style="width: 60px; " |Central
|- align=center
! style="width: 60px; " |Back
! scope="row" | [[Close vowel|Close]]
|-
| /i/ 〈i, í〉
! style="" |Close
|
| iː     
| /u/ 〈u, ú〉
|      ʉ(ː)
|- align=center
|      u(ː)
! scope="row" | [[w:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
|-
| /e/ 〈e, é〉
! style="" |Near-close
| ɪ      
|
|       ʊ
|-
! style="" |Close-mid
| eː     
|
|      oː
|-
! style="" |Mid
|
| ə
|
|
|-
| /o/ 〈o, ó〉
! style="" |Open-mid
|- align=center
| ɛ     
! scope="row" | [[w:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
| /ɛ/ 〈e, è〉
|  
|  
| ʌ    ɔ(ː)
| /ɔ/ 〈o, ò〉
|-
|- align=center
! style="" |Near-open
! scope="row" | [[Open vowel|Open]]
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Open
| a(ː)     
|  
|  
| /a/ 〈a, á〉
|  
|  
|}
|}
Line 160: Line 139:
===Sound Changes===
===Sound Changes===
====Consonant Mutations====
====Consonant Mutations====
As with all modern Celtic languages, Bretonese makes extensive use of initial consonant mutations to help signal grammatical and syntactic information. Bretonese has three main mutations: '''lenis''' (''[[Contionary:meyel|meyel]]''), '''spirant''' (''[[Contionary:cravel|cravel]]'') and '''nasal''' (''[[Contionary:truinel|truinel]]'').
As with all modern Celtic languages, Bretonese makes extensive use of initial consonant mutations to help signal grammatical and syntactic information. Bretonese has three main mutations: '''lenis''' (''[[Contionary:meyel|meyel]]''), '''spirant''' (''[[Contionary:cravel|cravel]]'') and '''nasal''' (''[[Contionary:troinel|troinel]]'').


The changes caused by the mutations are summarised in the following table.
The changes caused by the mutations are summarised in the following table.
Line 171: Line 150:
|-
|-
| ''p'' /p/
| ''p'' /p/
| colspan=2 | ''b'' /b/
|
| ''b'' /b/
| ''f'' /f/
| ''f'' /f/
|-
|-
| ''t'' /t/
| ''t'' /t/
| colspan=2 | ''d'' /d/
|
| ''d'' /d/
| ''ç'' /θ/
| ''ç'' /θ/
|-
|-
| ''c'' /k/
| ''c, qu'' /k/
| colspan=2 | ''g'' /g/
|
| ''g, gu'' /g/
| ''h'' /x/
| ''h'' /x/
|-
|-
| ''ch'' /t͡ʃ/
| ''ch'' /t͡ʃ/
| colspan=2 | ''dj'' /d͡ʒ/
|
| ''j, g'' /d͡ʒ/
| ''x'' /ʃ/
| ''x'' /ʃ/
|-
|-
| ''b'' /b/
| ''b'' /b/
| ''m'' /m/
| ''m'' /m/
| colspan=2 | ''v'' /v/
| ''v'' /v/
|
|-
|-
| ''d'' /d/
| ''d'' /d/
| ''n'' /n/
| ''n'' /n/
| colspan=2 | ∅
| ∅
|
|-
| ''z'' /z/
| ''ñ'' /ɲ/
| ''y'' /j/
|
|-
|-
| ''g'' /ɡ/
| ''g, gu'' /ɡ/
| ''ng'' /ŋ/
| ''ng, ngu'' /ŋ/
| colspan=2 | ∅
| ∅
|
|-
|-
| ''gu'' /ɡw/
| ''gu, gü'' /ɡw/
| ''ng'' /ŋw/
| ''ngu, ngü'' /ŋw/
| colspan=2 | ''v'' /v/
| ''v'' /v/
|
|-
|-
| ''dj'' /d͡ʒ/
| ''j, g'' /d͡ʒ/
| ''ñ'' /ɲ/
| ''ñ'' /ɲ/
| colspan=2 | ''y'' /j/
| ''y'' /j/
|
|-
|-
| ''y'' /j/
| ''f'' /f/
| ''ñ'' /ɲ/
|
| colspan=2 |
| ∅
|
|-
|-
| ''ll'' /ʎ/
| ''ll'' /ʎ/
Line 232: Line 226:


Lenited ''g'' becomes ''v'' before words in ''go-, gu-'', e.g. ''[[Contionary:gou|gou]]'' "smith" → ''i vou'' "his smith", ''[[Contionary:gur|gur]]'' "man, husband" → ''i vur'' "his husband".
Lenited ''g'' becomes ''v'' before words in ''go-, gu-'', e.g. ''[[Contionary:gou|gou]]'' "smith" → ''i vou'' "his smith", ''[[Contionary:gur|gur]]'' "man, husband" → ''i vur'' "his husband".
Lenited ''d'' becomes ''y'' before words in ''de-, di-'', e.g. ''[[Contionary:dey|dey]]'' "day" → ''i yey'' "his day", ''[[Contionary:dill|dill]]'' "method, way" → ''i yill'' "his method".


Examples:
Examples:
* Lenition: ''i beñ'' "his head", ''di dad'' "your dad", ''i dji'' "his dog", ''a reg'' "the woman", ''do Varselen'' "to Barcelona".  
* Lenition: ''i beñ'' "his head", ''di dad'' "your dad", ''i gi'' "his dog", ''a reg'' "the woman", ''de Varselen'' "to Barcelona".  
* Spirantisation: ''i feñ'' "her head", ''tri çad'' "three dads", ''ter haç'' "three cats".
* Spirantisation: ''i feñ'' "her head", ''tri çad'' "three dads", ''ter haç'' "three cats".
* Nasalisation: ''no ngreg'' "nine women", ''i Marselen'' "in Barcelona"
* Nasalisation: ''no ngreg'' "nine women", ''i Marselen'' "in Barcelona"
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:A posteriori]]
[[Category:Indo-European languages]]
[[Category:Celtic languages]]

Latest revision as of 18:46, 21 September 2024


Bretonese
breçoneix
Pronunciation[breˈθoneʃ]
Created byTardigrade
Native toSpain, Portugal
Early form

Bretonese (breçoneix) /breˈθoneʃ/ is a Brittonic Celtic tongue spoken in the Spanish autonomous communities of Galicia, Asturias and in northern Portugal. It is spoken by 30% of the population in these areas. Of these, 75% are in Spain and the remainder in Portugal and in diaspora communities.

Phonology and Orthography

Bretonese Consonants

The consonant inventory for Bretonese is as follows:

Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar
Nasal m ⟨m⟩ n ⟨n⟩ ɲ ⟨ñ⟩ ŋ ⟨ng, ngu⟩
Plosive voiceless p ⟨p⟩ t ⟨t⟩ t͡ʃ ⟨ch⟩ k ⟨c, qu⟩
voiced b~β ⟨b⟩ d~ð ⟨d⟩ d͡ʒ~ʒ ⟨g, j⟩ ɡ~ɣ ⟨g, gu⟩
Fricative voiced v ⟨v⟩ z ⟨z⟩
voiceless f ⟨f⟩ θ ⟨ç⟩ s ⟨s⟩ ʃ ⟨x⟩ x ⟨h⟩
Approximant central j ⟨y⟩ w ⟨u⟩
lateral l ⟨l⟩ ʎ ⟨ll⟩
Trill r ⟨rr⟩
Tap ɾ ⟨r⟩

Vowels & Diphthongs

The monophthongs are represented by the following inventory:

Front Central Back
Close /i/ 〈i, í〉 /u/ 〈u, ú〉
Close-mid /e/ 〈e, é〉 /o/ 〈o, ó〉
Open-mid /ɛ/ 〈e, è〉 /ɔ/ 〈o, ò〉
Open /a/ 〈a, á〉

All of Bretonese's true diphthongs are falling and consist of a vowel + either /i̯/ or /u̯/.

+ i̯ + u̯
Near-close ɪu̯
Mid əi̯
Open-mid ɛi̯    ɔi̯ ɛu̯    ɔu̯
Open au̯

Sound Changes

Consonant Mutations

As with all modern Celtic languages, Bretonese makes extensive use of initial consonant mutations to help signal grammatical and syntactic information. Bretonese has three main mutations: lenis (meyel), spirant (cravel) and nasal (troinel).

The changes caused by the mutations are summarised in the following table.

Radical Nasal Lenis Spirant
p /p/ b /b/ f /f/
t /t/ d /d/ ç /θ/
c, qu /k/ g, gu /g/ h /x/
ch /t͡ʃ/ j, g /d͡ʒ/ x /ʃ/
b /b/ m /m/ v /v/
d /d/ n /n/ ∅
z /z/ ñ /ɲ/ y /j/
g, gu /ɡ/ ng, ngu /ŋ/ ∅
gu, gü /ɡw/ ngu, ngü /ŋw/ v /v/
j, g /d͡ʒ/ ñ /ɲ/ y /j/
f /f/ ∅
ll /ʎ/ l /l/
m /m/ v /ṽ/
ñ /ɲ/ n /n/
rr /r/ r /ɾ/

Lenited g becomes v before words in go-, gu-, e.g. gou "smith" → i vou "his smith", gur "man, husband" → i vur "his husband".

Lenited d becomes y before words in de-, di-, e.g. dey "day" → i yey "his day", dill "method, way" → i yill "his method".

Examples:

  • Lenition: i beñ "his head", di dad "your dad", i gi "his dog", a reg "the woman", de Varselen "to Barcelona".
  • Spirantisation: i feñ "her head", tri çad "three dads", ter haç "three cats".
  • Nasalisation: no ngreg "nine women", i Marselen "in Barcelona"
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Bretonese&oldid=384022"