Cruckeny: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name              = Cruckeny
|name              = Cruckeny
|nativename        = Crucunee
|nativename        = Cruckenee
|pronunciation    = ˈkʰɻʌk(ə)nɪi
|pronunciation    = ˈkʰɻʌk(ə)nɪi
|pronunciation_key = IPA for Cruckeny
|pronunciation_key = IPA for Cruckeny
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}}
}}


'''Cruckeny''' /ˈkrʌkəni/ (<small>Cruckeny:&nbsp;</small><span class="nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">Crucunee [[IPA for Cruckeny|[ˈkʰɻʌk(ə)nɪi]]]</span>) is a Celtic language spoken in central Appalachia.
'''Cruckeny''' /ˈkrʌkəni/ (<small>Cruckeny:&nbsp;</small><span class="nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">Cruckenee [[IPA for Cruckeny|[ˈkʰɻʌk(ə)nɪi]]]</span>) is a Celtic language spoken in central Appalachia.


==Etymology==
==Etymology==
Line 25: Line 25:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! A a !! Aa aa !! Au au !! Ai ai !! B b !! By by !! C c !! Ch ch !! Cy cy !! D d
! A a !! Aa aa !! Au au !! Ai ai !! B b !! By by !! C c !! Ch ch !! Ky ky !! D d
|-
|-
| /æ/ || /aː/ || /æɒ/ || /eɪ/ || /b/ || /bʲ/ || /k/ || /t͡ʃ/ || /kʲ/ || /d/
| /æ/ || /aː/ || /æɒ/ || /eɪ/ || /b/ || /bʲ/ || /k/ || /t͡ʃ/ || /kʲ/ || /d/
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! E e !! Ee ee !! Er er !! F f !! Fy fy !! G g !! Gh gh !! Gy gy !! H h !! I i
! E e !! Ee ee !! Er er !! F f !! Fy fy !! G g !! Gh gh !! Gy gy !! H h !! I i
|-
|-
| /ɛ/ || /ɪi/ || /ɚ/ || /f/ || /fʲ/ || /g/ || /ɣ/ || /gʲ/ || /h/ || /ɪ/
| /ɛ,ə/ || /ɪi/ || /ɚ/ || /f/ || /fʲ/ || /g/ || /ɣ/ || /gʲ/ || /h/ || /ɪ/
|-
|-
! J j !! Kh kh !! Khy khy !! L l !! Ly ly !! M m !! My my !! N n !! Ny ny !! Ng ng
! J j !! Kh kh !! Khy khy !! L l !! Ly ly !! M m !! My my !! N n !! Ny ny !! Ng ng
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! R r !! S s !! Sh sh !! T t !! U u !! V v !! Vy vy !! W w !! Y y
! R r !! S s !! Sh sh !! T t !! U u !! V v !! Vy vy !! W w !! Y y
|-
|-
| /ɻ/ || /s/ || /ʃ/ || /t/ || /ə,ʌ/ || /v/ || /vʲ/ || /w/ || /j/
| /ɻ/ || /s/ || /ʃ/ || /t/ || /ʌ/ || /v/ || /vʲ/ || /w/ || /j/
|}
|}
*⟨c⟩ is instead ⟨k⟩ before ⟨i,e⟩, or ⟨ck⟩ postvocalically.
*⟨ky⟩ is instead ⟨cky⟩ postvocalically.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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|+ Consonants
|+ Consonants
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | !! colspan="2" | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]] !! colspan="2" | [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] !! rowspan="2" | [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]] !! colspan="2" | [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]] !! rowspan="2" | [[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
! colspan="2" | !! colspan="2" | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]] !! colspan="2" | [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] !! colspan="2" | [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]] !! rowspan="2" | [[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | !! plain !! [[w:Palatalization|pal.]] !! plain !! pal. !! plain !! pal.
! colspan="2" | !! plain !! [[w:Palatalization|pal.]] !! plain !! pal. !! plain !! pal.
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]] || mʲ || [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]] || nʲ || || [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]] || ŋʲ
| [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]] || mʲ || [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]] || nʲ || [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]] || ŋʲ
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]
! rowspan="2" | [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]
! [[w:Voicelessness|Voiceless]]
! [[w:Voicelessness|Voiceless]]
| [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] || pʲ || [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || [[w:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]] || || [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || kʲ
| [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] || pʲ || [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || [[w:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]] || [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || kʲ
|-
|-
! [[w:Voice (phonetics)|Voiced]]
! [[w:Voice (phonetics)|Voiced]]
| [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]] || bʲ || [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]] || [[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|d͡ʒ]] || || [[w:Voiced velar stop|g]] || gʲ
| [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]] || bʲ || [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]] || [[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|d͡ʒ]] || [[w:Voiced velar stop|g]] || gʲ
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! rowspan="2" | [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! [[w:Voicelessness|Voiceless]]
! [[w:Voicelessness|Voiceless]]
| [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]] || fʲ || [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]] || [[w:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]] || || [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]] || xʲ || [[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]]
| [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]] || fʲ || [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]] || [[w:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]] || [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]] || xʲ || [[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]]
|-
|-
! [[w:Voice (phonetics)|Voiced]]
! [[w:Voice (phonetics)|Voiced]]
| [[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]] || vʲ || colspan="2" | || || [[w:Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]
| [[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]] || vʲ || colspan="2" | || [[w:Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | [[w:Approximant|Approximant]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Approximant|Approximant]]
| [[w:Voiced labial–velar approximant|w]] || || [[w:Voiced retroflex approximant|ɻ]] [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|ɫ]] || lʲ || [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
| [[w:Voiced labial–velar approximant|w]] || || [[w:Voiced retroflex approximant|ɻ]] [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|ɫ]] || lʲ || || [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
|}
|}


*/v/ only occurs in loanwords, and is often replaced by /vʲ/ or /w/.
*/v/ only occurs in loanwords, and is often replaced by /vʲ/ or /w/.
*Voiceless stops (not including /t͡ʃ/) are aspirated word-initially and before stressed vowels syllable-initially.
*/t,d/ are realized as [ɾ] intervocalically unless aspirated.
*/s,ʃ/ are realized as [z,ʒ] before voiced obstruents.
*Epenthetic [h] is inserted before vowels phrase-initially.


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Vowels
|-
! !! [[w:Front vowel|Front]] !! [[w:Central vowel|Central]] !! [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[w:Close vowel|High]]
| [[w:Near-close near-front unrounded vowel|ɪ]] ɪi || ᵿʉ
|-
! [[w:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
| || rowspan="2" | [[w:Mid central vowel|ə]] əᵿ [[w:R-colored vowel|ɚ]] || [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]] oi
|-
! [[w:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
| [[w:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ]] ɛɪ || [[w:Open-mid back unrounded vowel|ʌ]] [[w:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]]
|-
! [[w:Open vowel|Low]]
| [[w:Near-open front unrounded vowel|æ]] æɒ || [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|aː]] || [[w:Open back unrounded vowel|ɑ]] ɑɒ
|}
*/o,ɔ/ only occur before /ɻ/.
*/ʌ/ only occurs in stressed syllables.
*/ə/ only occurs in unstressed syllables.
*/ɪ,ɪi/ are realized as [i] before /ɫ,lʲ/.
*/əR,əv(ʲ)/ are realized as syllabic consonants.
===Prosody===
===Prosody===
Cruckeny stress is variabe, but in native words is predominantly initial.
Cruckeny stress is variable, but in native words is predominantly initial.


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
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===Noun and verb phrases===
===Noun and verb phrases===
Possessors and numerals precede their heads. Adjectives follow their heads. Adverbs follow their clause.
===Dependent clauses===
===Dependent clauses===
Dependent clauses directly follow their head.


==Example texts==
==Example texts==

Latest revision as of 09:01, 26 September 2024

Cruckeny
Cruckenee
Pronunciation[ˈkʰɻʌk(ə)nɪi]
Created byDillon Hartwig
Date2023
SettingWest Virginia and Kentucky, United States
Early form
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Cruckeny /ˈkrʌkəni/ (Cruckeny: Cruckenee [ˈkʰɻʌk(ə)nɪi]) is a Celtic language spoken in central Appalachia.

Etymology

Cruckeny is from Crucunee, from Irish cnoc-theanga "hill speech."

Orthography

Cruckeny is rarely written and does not have a standard orthography, with most texts using ad hoc English-based orthographies. Linguifex documentation of Cruckeny uses the following:

A a Aa aa Au au Ai ai B b By by C c Ch ch Ky ky D d
/æ/ /aː/ /æɒ/ /eɪ/ /b/ /bʲ/ /k/ /t͡ʃ/ /kʲ/ /d/
E e Ee ee Er er F f Fy fy G g Gh gh Gy gy H h I i
/ɛ,ə/ /ɪi/ /ɚ/ /f/ /fʲ/ /g/ /ɣ/ /gʲ/ /h/ /ɪ/
J j Kh kh Khy khy L l Ly ly M m My my N n Ny ny Ng ng
/d͡ʒ/ /x/ /xʲ/ /ɫ/ /lʲ/ /m/ /mʲ/ /n/ /nʲ/ /ŋ/
Ngy ngy O o Oa oa Oar oar Oi oi Oo oo Ou ou Our our P p Py py
/ŋʲ/ /ɑ/ /əᵿ/ /oɻ/ /oi/ /ᵿʉ/ /ɑɒ/ /ɔɻ/ /p/ /pʲ/
R r S s Sh sh T t U u V v Vy vy W w Y y
/ɻ/ /s/ /ʃ/ /t/ /ʌ/ /v/ /vʲ/ /w/ /j/
  • ⟨c⟩ is instead ⟨k⟩ before ⟨i,e⟩, or ⟨ck⟩ postvocalically.
  • ⟨ky⟩ is instead ⟨cky⟩ postvocalically.

Phonology

Consonants

Consonants
Labial Alveolar Velar Glottal
plain pal. plain pal. plain pal.
Nasal m mʲ n nʲ ŋ ŋʲ
Stop Voiceless p pʲ t t͡ʃ k kʲ
Voiced b bʲ d d͡ʒ g gʲ
Fricative Voiceless f fʲ s ʃ x xʲ h
Voiced v vʲ ɣ
Approximant w ɻ ɫ lʲ j
  • /v/ only occurs in loanwords, and is often replaced by /vʲ/ or /w/.
  • Voiceless stops (not including /t͡ʃ/) are aspirated word-initially and before stressed vowels syllable-initially.
  • /t,d/ are realized as [ɾ] intervocalically unless aspirated.
  • /s,ʃ/ are realized as [z,ʒ] before voiced obstruents.
  • Epenthetic [h] is inserted before vowels phrase-initially.

Vowels

Vowels
Front Central Back
High ɪ ɪi ᵿʉ
Close-mid ə əᵿ ɚ o oi
Open-mid ɛ ɛɪ ʌ ɔ
Low æ æɒ aː ɑ ɑɒ
  • /o,ɔ/ only occur before /ɻ/.
  • /ʌ/ only occurs in stressed syllables.
  • /ə/ only occurs in unstressed syllables.
  • /ɪ,ɪi/ are realized as [i] before /ɫ,lʲ/.
  • /əR,əv(ʲ)/ are realized as syllabic consonants.

Prosody

Cruckeny stress is variable, but in native words is predominantly initial.

Morphology

Nouns

Pronouns

Verbs

Adjectives

Negation

Numerals

Syntax

Constituent order

Cruckeny word order is strictly SVO outside of music, where VSO also occurs.

Noun and verb phrases

Possessors and numerals precede their heads. Adjectives follow their heads. Adverbs follow their clause.

Dependent clauses

Dependent clauses directly follow their head.

Example texts

Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article 1

Linguifex-hosted translations

Conlang Atlas of Language Structures-hosted translations

Other resources

CALS

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