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{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|image            = Cumbraekflag.png
|imagesize        = 200px
|imagecaption      = Flag of Cumbraek
|name = Cumbraek
|name = Cumbraek
|nativename = Cumbraek
|nativename = Cumbraek
|pronunciation = [kʌmˈbɾaːk]
|pronunciation = kʌmˈbɾaːɡ
|region = Great Britain
|creator = Neil Whalley
|setting = Great Britain
|states = England, Scotland
|states = England, Scotland
|familycolor = Indo-European
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam2=[[Celtic languages|Celtic]]
|fam2= [[Celtic languages|Celtic]]
|fam3=[[Insular Celtic]]
|fam3= [[Insular Celtic]]
|fam4=[[Brythonic]]
|fam4= [[Brythonic]]
|ancestor=[[Common Brythonic]]
|ancestor= [[Common Brythonic]]
|script        = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]
|script1 = Latn
|iso3 = qck
}}
}}


'''Cumbraek''' /kʌmˈbɾaːg/ is a modern reconstruction of the lost medieval language of Cumbric, a Brythonic Celtic tongue once spoken in parts of southern Scotland and northern England.
'''Cumbraek''' {{IPA|/kʌmˈbɾaːg/}} is a modern reconstruction of the lost medieval language of Cumbric, a Brythonic Celtic tongue once spoken in parts of southern Scotland and northern England.


==History==
==History==
===Develpment===
===Development===
Cumbraek started life in 2007 as an attempt to validly reconstruct the lost language of Cumbric as it was spoken before its demise in about the 12th century. Cumbric was the descendant of Common Brittonic spoken in the region known in Welsh as ''Yr Hen Ogledd'' "The Old North", which covers much of modern day Scotland south of the Firth-Clyde isthmus and parts of England north of the Humber-Mersey line. That language, believed to have been closely related to Welsh, has been completely lost and comes down to us only through secondary sources, the most significant of which is the place names of the region. However, it was at one time a thriving language which produced some of Britain's earliest literature including the works attributed to the 6th/7th century bards Taliesin and Aneirin, whose words come down to us through Medieval Welsh manuscripts, and it must have been a language of power and the law at least until the demise of Strathclyde in the 11th century.
 
At the start of the reconstruction project it was hoped that the information available to us about historical Cumbric would be enough to create a valid picture of the language, which would illuminate the world of the Old North and stand alone as an academic work of value. Though there are no direct sources of Cumbric, there is a significant amount of secondary evidence from place names, personal names, dialect words and the Medieval Welsh poetry that is capable of yielding clues about Cumbric's phonology, grammar and lexis. By comparing this to the related Medieval languages of Welsh, Breton and Cornish (and to a lesser extent Old Irish) a picture of Cumbric began to develop, though it was perhaps closer to early Medieval Welsh than originally anticipated. This early incarnation, a Medieval language, was called ''Cymbraġec''.
 
As work on ''Cymbraġec'' continued, however, it became clear that the actual evidence of Cumbric was too limited and often too opaque to permit an accurate reconstruction. As the project progressed more and more relatively arbitrary (though informed) decisions had to be taken about vocabulary and syntax and as the language became more detailed it also moved further away from the original aim of the project. Eventually, it had to be admitted that ''Cymbraġec'' could not be considered an accurate estimation of the historical language of Cumbric. The evidence we have is simply not sufficient to create anything more than a very broad picture of Cumbric.
 
At this point, with a considerable amount of research undertaken, it was decided that the Medieval, reconstructed language of ''Cymbraġec'' should be abandoned in favour of a more creative Modern language, which was eventually named ''Cumbraek''. Whilst the basis for Cumbraek remained rooted in the historical evidence for Cumbric and it was developed with constant reference to the other Celtic languages (particularly Welsh), this was a far more creative and personal endeavour than ''Cymbraġec'' was ever intended to be. As such Cumbraek can only really be described as a constructed language and it cannot claim to be an accurate representation of the historical language in any real sense.
 
With greater creative freedom, Cumbraek developed gradually over the years. Two major milestones in its development were the (online) publication of the first ''Geryadour'' (Dictionary) and the first comprehensive grammar, both in 2015. It also has an online presence with its own [http://www.cumbraek.co.uk website] and [https://www.facebook.com/Cumbraek Facebook page].
 
Neither Cumbraek nor its predecessors have ever been intended to facilitate a language revival along the lines of Cornish or Manx, which have seen varying degrees of success. The creation of the language has no political motivations whatever and it does not presuppose the existence of a shared 'Cumbrian' identity. The fact is that our knowledge of Cumbric is far too limited to permit a revival and, unlike in Mann or Cornwall, there has been no genuine continuity of the historical 'Cumbrian' community up to the present day so there is no common identity which would act as a catalyst for revival.
 
===Internal History===
===Internal History===
Cumbraek's predecessor, Common Brittonic, was spoken across much of Great Britain from prehistory up until the coming of the English and Gaels in the 5th century. That language underwent substantial phonological and syntactic changes in the first half of the first millennium AD, resulting in an entirely new form of Brittonic which subsequently diverged into the languages of Cumbraek, Welsh, Cornish, Breton and (arguably) Pictish.
In the 6th century, the emergent Cumbraek was spoken across much of central Britain between the Forth-Clyde isthmus and the Humber-Mersey line and it was within this linguistic sphere that the ''Priv Verdh'' ("great bards") Aneirin (Cu. ''Aneyrin'') and Taliesin (Cu. ''Talyessin''), among others, composed their great works of literature. But within a relatively short space of time the political advance of English-speaking kingdoms pushed the Cumbraek heartlands back towards the Kingdom of ''Al Clout'' (later Strathclyde), the influence of which waxed and waned over the coming centuries though it remained the strongest pillar of Cumbraek's continued existence. Pressure from the English language to the east and from Gaelic in the north and west eroded at the peripheries but Cumbraek remained very much a living and reasonably thriving language.
In the 11th and 12th centuries Strathclyde was absorbed into Scotland and its southern portion annexed by England, at which time Cumbraek ceased to be a language of law and power but remained vital in the mouths of ordinary people. Events of the following centuries, including the 'Davidian revolution' and wars between Scotland and England, initially threatened Cumbraek's survival but the constant uncertainty of life in the borderlands encouraged the people of that region to disassociate themselves with national politics and to think of themselves as a distinct group. In the west, particularly among the middle-ranking local nobility, the surviving Cumbrian identity and language were used to assert this sense of distinctness and, as a result, Cumbraek was revitalised. The Reiving culture which developed in the borders, based on family ties and cattle raiding, appeared to be reflected in the poetry of the ''Priv Verdh'' and a new but considerably less sophisticated period of the bardic craft developed.
The heroic lifestyle of the Reivers was brought to an end following the Union of the Crowns in 1603 but Cumbraek remained in increasingly limited use up until the end of the 18th century, at which point it ceased to be spoken. However, a number of late texts and antiquarian interest prior to and following its demise meant that Cumbraek was able to be preserved.
====Phonology, Grammar and Lexis====
From the end of the Common Brittonic period (c.6th century AD) to about the 12th century, Cumbraek remained relatively indistinct from its closest relative, Welsh and probably retained considerable intelligibility with Cornish and Breton, though it was isolated from its sister languages from the 8th century.
The main divergences between Cumbraek and Welsh dating from this period are:
* Proto-Brythonic (PBr.) */ɛː/ becomes Cu. /əi̯/, W. /oi/ (''cait'' vs. ''coed'')
* PBr. */ɔː/ remains in Cu. but becomes W. /au/ (''moar'' vs. ''mawr'')
* PBr. */ɔu/ remains in Cu. but becomes W. /əɨ/ ~ /aɨ/ (''cogow'' vs. ''cogau'')
* PBr. */p, t, k/ remain after nasals in Cu. but are assimilated in W. (''hanter'' vs. ''hanner'')
* Word initial PBr. */sC/ remains in Cu. but develops epenthetic /ə/ in W. (''strat'' vs. ''ystrad'')
* Word initial PBr. */l, r/ lose their fortis pronunciation in Cu. but not in Welsh (''lann'' vs. ''llan'', ''ri'' vs. ''rhi'')
* PBr. pretonic /i, u/ remain distinct as Cu. /ʌ, ə/ but merge as W. /ə/ (''Cumbraek'' vs. ''Cymraeg'')
* Internal epenthesis is phonemicised in Cu. but not in W. (''cenedhil'' vs. ''cenedl'')
* Conversely, Cu. syncopates originally unstressed vowels between ''l, r, n, m'' and another consonant (''galnas'' vs. ''galanas'')
* PBr. */lg, rg/ become Cu. /ɫ(ː), r(ː)/ but W. /lV, rV/ (''lorr'' vs. ''llory'', ''dall'' vs. ''dala, daly'')
Also during this early period, Cumbraek is subject to influence (mainly lexical) from Norse, Gaelic and Old English/Scots.
Following this period, Cumbraek diverged considerably from its sister languages, though partly through being more conservative. There was a general trend towards simplification in both grammar and phonology, which resulted to some degree in the loss of distinctions in meaning but since Cumbraek was less a language of government and literature than of everyday communication, a complex literary language was not required.
Some of the features of later Medieval and Modern Cumbraek are:
* the merger of some diphthongs, triphthongs and vowel sequences into long vowels
* the merger of Cu. /i, ɪ, ə, ɛ/ into /i, ɛ/
* the development of some marginal phonemes such as /ʃ, t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ/, partly through borrowing
* change of word initial /tl/ and /dl/ to /kl/ and /gl/
* simplification of geminate consonants in most environments
* analogical spread of vowel alternation and affection
* loss of the article ''en'' in favour of ''er'' in all environments
* reduction in number of plural endings and increase in the use of certain endings according to semantics
* loss of numerative noun forms
* loss of almost all plural adjective forms
* reduction in verb conjugation, with almost total loss of the subjunctive, plus analogical levelling of inflexions
* increased borrowing from English and the Classical languages
==Phonology and Orthography==
==Phonology and Orthography==
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
Line 539: Line 597:
* Lenition: ''i benn'' "his head", ''de dat'' "your dad", ''i gi'' "his dog", ''er vanon'' "the lady", ''du Dhin Edin'' "to Edinburgh", ''war hat'' "on a road", ''i wrek'' "his wife", ''a vamm!'' "mum!".  
* Lenition: ''i benn'' "his head", ''de dat'' "your dad", ''i gi'' "his dog", ''er vanon'' "the lady", ''du Dhin Edin'' "to Edinburgh", ''war hat'' "on a road", ''i wrek'' "his wife", ''a vamm!'' "mum!".  
* Spirantisation: ''i fenn'' "her head", ''tri that'' "three dads", ''teyr chath'' "three cats".
* Spirantisation: ''i fenn'' "her head", ''tri that'' "three dads", ''teyr chath'' "three cats".
* Nasalisation: ''naw manon'' "nine ladies", ''in Nin Edin'' "in Edinburgh", ''mung ngat'' "my road"
* Nasalisation: ''naw manon'' "nine ladies", ''in Nin Edin'' "in Edinburgh", ''mu ngat'' "my road"
* Aspiration: ''i h'ewidir'' "her uncle", ''an h'oungorn'' "our unicorn".  
* Aspiration: ''i h'ewidir'' "her uncle", ''an h'oungorn'' "our unicorn".  


Line 677: Line 735:
| ''yohwav''
| ''yohwav''
|}
|}
===Numerals===
====Cardinals====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:left;"
! style="width: 90px; " |
! style="width: 250px; text-align:center;" |Masculine
! style="width: 250px; text-align:center;" |Feminine
|-
! 1
| ''oun'' ___
| ''oun<small><sup>L</sup></small>'' ___
|-
! 2
| ''dow<small><sup>L</sup></small>'' ___
| ''duw<small><sup>L</sup></small>'' ___
|-
! 3
| ''tri<small><sup>S</sup></small>'' ___
| ''teyr<small><sup>L</sup></small>'' ___
|-
! 4
| ''pedwar'' ___
| ''peder'' ___
|-
! 5
| colspan="2;" | ''pimp'' ___
|-
! 6
| colspan="2;" | ''hwech'' ___
|-
! 7
| colspan="2;" | ''seyth<small><sup>N</sup></small>'' ___
|-
! 8
| colspan="2;" | ''ooth'' ___
|-
! 9
| colspan="2;" | ''naw<small><sup>N</sup></small>'' ___
|-
! 10
| colspan="2;" | ''dek<small><sup>N</sup></small>'' ___
|-
! 11
| ''oun'' ___ ''ar dhek''
| ''oun<small><sup>L</sup></small> ___ ar dhek''
|-
! 12
| colspan="2;" | ''dowdhek<small><sup>N</sup></small>'' ___
|-
! 13
| ''tri<small><sup>S</sup></small> ___ ar dhek''
| ''teyr<small><sup>L</sup></small> ___ ar dhek''
|-
! 14
| ''pedwar'' ___ ''ar dhek''
| ''peder'' ___ ''ar dhek''
|-
! 15
| colspan="2;" | ''pimthek'' ___
|-
! 16
| ''oun'' ___ ''ar bimthek''
| ''oun<small><sup>L</sup></small> ___ ar bimthek''
|-
! 17
| ''dow<small><sup>L</sup></small>___ ar bimthek''
| ''duw<small><sup>L</sup></small> ___ ar bimthek''
|-
! 18
| ''tri<small><sup>S</sup></small> ___ ar bimthek''
| ''teyr<small><sup>L</sup></small> ___ ar bimthek''
|-
! 19
| ''pedwar'' ___ ''ar bimthek''
| ''peder'' ___ ''ar bimthek''
|-
! 20
| colspan="2;" | ''ougent'' ___
|}
Notes:
* Numerals 1-4 have both masculine and feminine forms that must agree with the following noun (e.g. ''dow wur'' "two men", ''duw wrek'' "two women").
* Most nouns follow the numeral in the singular form, except singulatives in ''-inn, -enn'' which lose this ending (e.g. ''naw ngolow'' "nine lights").
* The line ___ indicates the position of the noun in each case. Numerals above 11 are generally formed by compounds and the noun always follows the first element (e.g. ''teyr chath ar dhek'' "13 cats").
* Numerals 21-29 are formed from the unit + ''ar hougent'' (e.g. ''pimp ci ar hougent'' "25 dogs").
* The decades are ''trigunt'' "30", ''dowgent'' "40", ''pimpunt'' "50", ''triwgent'' "60", ''seythunt'' "70", ''pedwargent'' "80", ''nawunt'' "90", ''cant'' "100".
* Above 30 units follow the pattern unit + ''a<sup><small>S</small></sup>'' + decade (e.g. ''teyr chastell a thrigunt'' "33 castles").
====Ordinals====
The ordinals from 1-10 are ''centav, él<sup><small>L</small></sup>, tredidh'' (m.)/''trededh'' (f.), ''pedweridh'' (m.)/''pedwaredh'' (f.), ''pimpet, hwechet, seythvet, oothvet, nawvet, degvet''. These are placed before the noun with only ''él'' causing lenition.* The numerals for "3rd" and "4th" have masculine and feminine forms, which must agree with the following noun (e.g. ''er pedweridh gur'' "the fourth man", er bedwaredh gath. ''Centav'' is an ordinary superlative adjective and may also follow the noun in the normal order (undergoing any mutations as necessary) meaning "earliest, soonest". As an ordinal is generally precedes.
<small>*NB: under certain circumstances, such as following the feminine singular article or in construction with the number "2", both the ordinal and the following noun will undergo lenition (e.g. ''er bimpet verch'' "the fifth girl", ''er gentav dhow wur'' "the first two men").</small>
For ordinals 11 and above, the pattern follows that for cardinals replacing the unit with the equivalent ordinal. In these compound ordinals, ''centav'' "first" is replaced by ''ounvet'' (e.g. ''ounvet ar dhek'' "11th"). As with the cardinals any noun must follow the first element (e.g. ''er pedweridh ti ar dhek'' "the 14th house"). Special forms to note are ''dowdhegvet'' "12th" and ''pimthegvet'' "15th". The decades are formed from the cardinal plus the suffix ''-vet'' (e.g. ''ougentvet'' "20th", ''triwgentvet'' "60th").


===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===
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|-  
|-  
| style="text-align:left;" | follows a focussed subject or object
| style="text-align:left;" | follows a focussed subject or object
| style="text-align:left;" | ''Ei ath gar'' ''''I''' love you'
| style="text-align:left;" | ''Mi ath gar'' ''''I''' love you'
|-
|-
! ''ru''<small><sup><small>SL</small></sup></small>
! ''ru''<small><sup><small>SL</small></sup></small>
Line 1,242: Line 1,394:


===Subordination===
===Subordination===
====Relative Clauses====
Relative clauses are formed in much the same way as focussed sentences, with the particles ''a''<small><sup>L</sup></small> or ''e(dh)''.
Where the antecedent to the relative clause is the '''subject''' of the sentence, the word order is [Antecedent] + ''a''<small><sup>L</sup></small> + [3sg Verb] + [Rest of Sentence]. The clause that follows the relative particle is in the normal word order and must begin with a 3sg verb.
* ''Hunn iw er din a warot er ci'' <br /> "This is the man who saved the dog"
* ''Mi adoynav rewoun a lavur Goodhelek'' <br /> "I know someone who speaks Irish"
If the antecedent is the '''direct object''' of the verb, the word order is [Antecedent] + ''a''<small><sup>L</sup></small> + [Personal Verb] + [Rest of Sentence]. Here the verb expresses or agrees with the subject.
* ''Honn iw er wrek a dhewedhies'' <br /> "This is the woman (whom) I married"
* ''Yoan iw er ci a warot er din'' <br /> "The dog that the man saved is fine"
As with focussed sentences, there may be some ambiguity where both the object and subject are nouns or 3rd person pronouns. The last example might also be interpreted as "The dog that saved the man is fine". This ambiguity can be resolved by using an infixed object pronoun agreeing with a preceding object:
*''Yoan iw er ci ay gwarot er din'' <br /> "The dog that the man saved is fine"
Where the antecedent is an ''indirect object'', governed by a preposition, Cumbraek uses a normal object relative sentence then uses a personal preposition to refer back to the antecedent. The word order is therefore [Antecedent] + ''a''<small><sup>L</sup></small> + [Personal Verb] + [Rest of Sentence] + [Personal Pronoun].
* ''Hunn iw er ti a duvun indho'' <br /> "This is the house in which I grew up" (lit. "This is the house which I grew up in it")
* ''Hi gwelas er wrek a rodhas-hi er get dudhy'' <br /> "She saw the woman to whom she gave the present" (lit. "She saw the woman who she gave the present to her")
Again there is potential for ambiguity in the last example. The most basic sentence ''Hi gwelas er wrek a rodhas er get dudhy'' could mean either "She saw the woman who gave the present to her" or "She saw the woman to whom she gave the present". The use of auxiliary ''-hi'' is the only means to signal that the "she" is the subject of the relative clause.
Cumbraek does not have a specific '''possessive relative''' akin to English "whose", so sentences of this type are constructed with an object relative sentence, followed by a possessive pronoun referring back to the antecedent and the relevant object of possession. The word order is [Antecedent] + ''a''<small><sup>L</sup></small> + [Personal Verb] + [Possessive Pronoun] + [Object of Possession].
* ''Hunn iw er din a dhewedhies i verch'' <br /> "This is the man whose daughter I married" (lit. "This is the man who I married his daughter")
* ''E carav er wrek a gahas-ev i h'archenn o widir'' <br /> "He loves the woman whose glass slipper he found" (lit. "He loves the woman who he found her glass slipper")
All of these types of relative clause may be '''negated''' by replacing ''a''<small><sup>L</sup></small> with ''ne''<small><sup>SL</sup></small>.
* ''Mi adoynav rewoun ne lavur Goodhelek'' <br /> "I know someone who does not speak Irish"
* ''Honn iw er wrek ne dhewedhies'' <br /> "This is the woman I did not marry"
* ''Hi trige gant din n'ankas o'r Nazis i dat'' <br /> "She lived with a man whose father did not escape from the Nazis"
====Indirect Clauses====


==Derivation==
==Derivation==
===Prefixes===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! style="width: 100px;" | Prefix
! style="width: 70px;" | Mutation
! style="width: 200px;" | Meaning
! style="width: 300px;" | Examples
|-
| ''ad-''
| <small>L</small>
| re-, second, again
| style="text-align:left;" | ''adverth'' "he recovered"
|-
| ''an-''
| <small>N</small>
| un-
| style="text-align:left;" | ''anvoon'' "unkind"
|-
| ''ced-''
| <small>L</small>
| together, common, co-
| style="text-align:left;" | ''cedvridya'' "agree"
|-
| ''cuv-''
| <small>L</small>
| equal, with
| style="text-align:left;" | ''cuvalht'' "join"
|-
| ''dad-''
| <small>L</small>
| un-, dis-
| style="text-align:left;" | ''dadwreyth'' "undo"
|-
| ''di-''
| <small>L</small>
| without, -less
| style="text-align:left;" |  ''digour'' "careless"
|-
| ''emm-''
| <small>L</small>
| reflexive, mutual
| style="text-align:left;" | ''emmeskousso'' "excuse oneself"
|-
| ''go-''
| <small>L</small>
| sub-, hypo-, under
| style="text-align:left;" | ''goredek'' "jog, canter"
|-
| ''gor-''
| <small>S/L</small>
| super-, hyper-, over
| style="text-align:left;" | ''gorlivo'' "overflow"
|-
| ''gurth-''
| <small>L</small>
| against, opposite, contra-, anti-, counter-
| style="text-align:left;" | ''gurthdroidh'' "rebel"
|-
| ''idr-''
| <small>L</small>
| between, inter-, intra-
| style="text-align:left;" | ''idrhilol'' "interracial"
|-
| ''led-''
| <small>L</small>
| half, semi-
| style="text-align:left;" | ''ledlumm'' "half naked"
|-
|}
===Suffixes===
====Nouns====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! style="width: 100px;" | Suffix
! style="width: 300px;" | Meaning
! style="width: 70px;" | Gender
! style="width: 90px;" | Plural
! style="width: 200px;" | Examples
|-
| ''-adour'' || agent, tool ← noun, verb || masc. || ''-adouron'' || ''marchadour'' "merchant"
|-
| ''-an'' || diminutive ← noun || masc/fem. || ''-anot'' || ''maban'' "baby"
|-
| ''-ant'' || abstract noun ← verb || masc. || ''-antow'' || ''gadant'' "permission"
|-
| ''-as'' || abstract noun ← noun || fem. || ''-assow'' || ''poblas'' "republic"
|-
| ''-at'' || abstract noun ← verb || masc. || ''-adow'' || ''provat'' "test"
|-
| ''-der'' || abstract noun ← adjective || masc. || || ''ouchelder'' "height"
|-
| ''-dot'' || abstract noun ← adjective || masc. || ''-dodow'' || ''oundot'' "union"
|-
| ''-dy'' || place, building ← noun, adjective, verb || masc. || ''-dei'' || ''cofidy'' "café"
|-
| ''-ek'' || language name ← people, place || fem. || || ''Cumbraek''
|-
| ''-ell'' || tool ← noun || fem. || ''-ellow'' || ''padell'' "pan"
|-
| ''-es'' || "-ess" || fem. || ''-essow'' || ''mayles'' "princess"
|-
| ''-et'' || "-ful" || masc/fem. || ''-ededh'' || ''genowet'' "mouthful"
|-
| ''-eth'' || "-logy, -ism", abstract noun ← noun || fem. || || ''Marxeth'' "Marxism"
|-
| ''-he'' || agent, seeker of ← noun || masc. || ''-heyon'' || ''anterhe'' "adventurer"
|-
| ''-idh'' || agent, "-ist", "-er" ← noun, verb || masc. || ''-idhon'' || ''reolidh'' "ruler"
|-
| ''-ik'' || diminutive ← noun || fem. || ''-igot'' || ''skovernik'' "tab, label"
|-
| ''-le'' || place ← noun, adjective || masc. || ''-leedh'' || ''cedle'' "junction"
|-
| ''-ny'' || abstract noun ← noun, adjective || masc. || || ''fougny'' "forgery"
|-
| rowspan="2;" | ''-ok'' || title, position ← noun, verb || masc/fem. || ''-ogyon'' || ''marchok'' "knight"
|-
| diminutive ← adjective || masc. || ''-ogyon'' || ''draenok'' "hedgehog"
|-
| ''-olgeth'' || "-ology" || fem. || || ''biwolgeth'' "biology"
|-
| ''olgidh'' || "-ologist" || masc/fem. || ''-olgidhon'' || ''biwolgidh'' "biologist"
|-
| ''-or'' || agent ← noun || masc/fem. || ''-oryon'' || ''porthor'' "janitor"
|-
| ''-ret'' || abstract noun ← verb, noun || masc. || || ''gweythret'' "activity"
|-
| ''-ur'' || "-man", "-er", agent ← noun, verb || masc. || ''-wir'' || ''caredhur'' "criminal"
|-
| ''-us'' || inhabitants of ← place || plural || || ''Eftus'' "Egyptians"
|-
| ''-va'' || place, verb noun ← verb || fem. || ''-vei'' || ''devodva'' "entrance"
|-
| ''-wrek'' || "-woman" ← noun, verb || fem. || ''-wragedh'' || ''magwrek'' "nanny"
|-
| ''-yat'' || agent ← verb || masc. || ''-yet'' || ''goolyat'' "guard"
|}
====Adjectives====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! style="width: 100px;" | Suffix
! style="width: 300px;" | Meaning
! style="width: 200px;" | Examples
|-
| ''-ediw'' || "-able", "-ible", "-worthy" ← verb || ''covyediw'' "memorable"
|-
| ''-ik'' || ← noun, adjective || ''ounik'' "only"
|-
| ''-in'' || made of, like (material) ← noun || ''prennin'' "wooden"
|-
| ''-lit'' || covered with ← noun || ''goydlit'' "bloody"
|-
| ''-lon'' || "-ful" ← noun || ''fidhlon'' "faithful"
|-
| ''-ok'' || ← noun, adjective || ''argelok'' "hidden"
|-
| ''-ol'' || ← noun, adjective, verb || ''gohanol'' "separate"
|-
| ''-ot'' || past participle ← verb || ''pobot'' "baked"
|-
| ''-ous'' || ← noun, verb || ''periglous'' "dangerous"
|}
====Verbs====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! style="width: 100px;" | Suffix
! style="width: 300px;" | Meaning
! style="width: 200px;" | Examples
|-
| ''-et'' || verb noun ← verb stem || ''cusket'' "sleep"
|-
| ''-hei'' || making, becoming ← adjective (stem ''-ha-'') || ''moyhei'' "increase"
|-
| ''-i'' || verb noun ← verb stem || ''pebi'' "bake"
|-
| ''-o'' || verb noun ← verb stem || ''talo'' "pay"
|-
| ''-ya'' || verb noun ← noun || ''hoolya'' "sail"
|}
===Compounds===
==Example Texts==
==Example Texts==
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights===
''Is ganot pop din en ridh a gant barch a chuvreythyow custadhul. Ema resun a dirbooll dudho a gli poap emdhoon du'y gilidh in spirit brodoreth.''
"All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood."
===The Tower of Babel===
('''Genesis 11: 1-9''')
# ''A lavre er oll vit oun yeth ag er oun lavrant.'' <br> And the whole earth was of one language and of one speech.
# ''A pann deythyent dhiamm er dooren, oo cassant wostat in tir Shinar a thrigent enayth.'' <br>  And it came to pass, as they journeyed from the east, that they found a plain in the land of Shinar; and they dwelt there.
# ''A gwoat poap du'y gilidh "Dowit, gwraem bridhveyn ag ow pebi in tan". Ag aidh pridhveyn in'le meyn a fik in'le morhtell.'' <br /> And they said one to another, Go to, let us make brick, and burn them thoroughly. And they had brick for stone, and slime had they for mortar.
# ''A gwedent "Dowit, adeylem dhin a thur a estinn i benn du'r nev; a chuhaitthem an anuw rak an skaro truw oll diredh er bit.'' <br />  And they said, Go to, let us build us a city and a tower, whose top may reach unto heaven; and let us make us a name, lest we be scattered abroad upon the face of the whole earth.
# ''A diskennas er Reen du welet er dhin a'r tur a adeylent vebyon Adhav.'' <br /> And the Lord came down to see the city and the tower, which the children of men built.
# ''A gwoat "Sleman! Edh int oun bobul ag ema oun yeth dudhou; a ru chuhwinnsant i wreyth a ne difegyant ow emchen cuhit e cuwlheir ow gweyth."'' <br /> And the Lord said, Behold, the people is one, and they have all one language; and this they begin to do: and now nothing will be restrained from them, which they have imagined to do.
# '' "Dowit, diskennen ag adrisso ow yeth mal nar jalht poap lavrant i gilidh."'' <br /> Go to, let us go down, and there confound their language, that they may not understand one another's speech.
# ''Mal hunn es skaras er Reen o'r le hunnedh truw oll diredh er bit; a difegsant adeylet er dhin.'' <br /> So the Lord scattered them abroad from thence upon the face of all the earth: and they left off to build the city.
# ''Mal hunn edh aidh Babel i hanuw, in'edrip edh adrissas er Reen yeth er oll vit ag o'r le hunnedh es skaras er Reen troas enep pop wladedh.'' <br> Therefore is the name of it called Babel; because the Lord did there confound the language of all the earth: and from thence did the Lord scatter them abroad upon the face of all the earth.
===Comparison of the Brythonic Languages===
'''The Lord's Prayer'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; width:100%"
! style="width: 20%" | Cumbraek
! style="width: 20%" | Welsh
! style="width: 20%" | Cornish
! style="width: 20%" | Breton
! style="width: 20%" | English
|-
| <small>An Tat essidh in er Nev <br /> Bit seyth de anuw <br /> Dowet de diarnas <br /> Bit gwrayth de vodh <br /> War dhaer mal in er Nev <br /> Ridh an bara pownidhol dun hedhiw <br /> A madhow an gleedow <br /> Mal e madhowen an gleedwir <br /> A na thuwis ni du dentot <br /> Eythir gwaret ni rak maloonder <br /> Is tow er Diarnas <br /> Er cuvoyth ag er gogonyant <br /> In ais aissow <br /> Amen</small>
| <small>Ein Tad, yn y nefoedd <br /> Sancteiddier dy Enw <br /> Deled dy deyrnas <br /> Gwneler dy ewyllys <br /> Ar y Ddaear, fel yn y nef <br /> Dyro i ni heddiw ein bara beunyddiol <br /> A maddau i ni ein troseddau <br /> Fel maddeuwn rhai a droseddwyd yn ein herbyn <br />  A phaid a’n dwyn y brawf <br /> Ond gwared ni rhag drwg <br /> Oherwydd eiddo ti yw’r deyrnas <br /> Y nerth a’r gogoniant <br /> Am fyth ac am fyth <br /> Amen</small>
| <small>Agan Tas ni, usi y’n nev <br /> Bennigys re bo dha Hanow <br /> Re dheffo dha Wlaskor <br /> Dha vodh re bo gwrys  <br /> Y’n nor kepar hag y’n nev <br /> Ro dhyn ni hedhyw agan bara pub dydh oll <br /> Ha gav dhyn agan kammweyth <br /> Kepar dell avyn nyni <br /> Dhe’n re na usi ow kammwul er agan pynn ni <br /> Ha na wra agan gorra yn temptyans <br /> Mes deliver ni a-dhiworth drog <br /> Rag dhiso jy yw an wlaskor <br /> Ha’n galloes ha’n gordhyans <br /> Bys vykken ha bynari <br /> Amen</small>
| <small>Hon tad a zo en neñv <br /> Hoc’h anv bezet santelaet <br /> Ho rouantelezh deuet dimp <br /> Ho polontez bezet graet <br /> War an douar evel en Neñv <br /> Roit dimp hiziv hor bara pemdeziek <br /> Pardonit dimp hor pec’hedoù <br /> Evel ma pardonomp d’ar re <br /> O deu manket ouzhimp <br /> Ha n’hon lezit ket da gouezhañ en tempadur <br /> Met hon diwallit diouzh an droug <br /> Evel-se bezet graet! <br /> Amen</small>
| <small>Our Father who art in Heaven <br /> Hallowed be thy name <br /> Thy kingdom come <br /> Thy will be done <br /> On Earth as it is in Heaven <br /> Give us this day our daily bread <br /> And forgive us our trespasses <br /> As we forgive those who trespass against us <br /> Lead us not into temptation <br /> But deliver us from evil <br /> Thine is the kingdom <br /> The power and the glory <br /> Forever and ever <br /> Amen </small>
|}
==Vocabulary==
{{swadesh
|nativename        = Cumbraek
|language          = Cumbric
|I                = mi
|you (singular)    = ti
|he                = ev
|we                = ni
|you (plural)      = hwi
|they              = oo
|this              = hunn, honn
|that              = hunnedh, honnedh
|here              = eman
|there            = enayth
|who              = puw
|what              = peth
|where            = cu
|when              = p'oar
|how              = pe dhel'
|not              = ne
|all              = oll
|many              = lawer
|some              = rew
|few              = buchot
|other            = arall
|one              = oun
|two              = dow, duw
|three            = tri, teyr
|four              = pedwar, peder
|five              = pimp
|big              = moar
|long              = hir
|wide              = ledan
|thick            = tew
|heavy            = trumm
|small            = bechan
|short            = berr
|narrow            = coul
|thin              = tenow
|woman            = gwrek
|man (adult male)  = gur
|man (human being) = din
|child            = gweridh
|wife              = gwrek
|husband          = gur
|mother            = mamm
|father            = tat
|animal            = mil
|fish              = pisk
|bird              = edhin
|dog              = ci
|louse            = lowenn
|snake            = nedir
|worm              = priv
|tree              = gwidhenn
|forest            = cait
|stick            = lorr
|fruit            = frooth
|seed              = hedinn
|leaf              = delenn
|root              = gwredhinn
|bark              = risk
|flower            = blodinn
|grass            = gwelht
|rope              = lovan
|skin              = croyn
|meat              = cik
|blood            = goyt
|bone              = askurn
|fat              = blonek
|egg              = oy
|horn              = corn
|tail              = lost
|feather          = plouvenn
|hair              = gwalht
|head              = penn
|ear              = cloust
|eye              = lugat
|nose              = troon
|mouth            = genow
|tooth            = dent
|tongue            = tavot
|fingernail        = ewin
|foot              = troet
|leg              = coys
|knee              = glin
|hand              = loav
|wing              = aden
|belly            = boll
|guts              = coloudhyon
|neck              = gudhuw
|back              = cevin
|breast            = bronn
|heart            = calonn
|liver            = avou
|drink            = evet
|eat              = esset
|bite              = bratho
|suck              = sougno
|spit              = heliwi
|vomit            = hwedo
|blow              = hwetho-
|breathe          = anadhlo
|laugh            = hwerthin
|see              = gwelet
|hear              = cluwet
|know              = goobot
|think            = medhulya
|smell            = cluwet
|fear              = bot own war
|sleep            = cusget
|live              = aissi
|die              = maruw
|kill              = ladh
|fight            = emwano
|hunt              = hello
|hit              = tarwo
|cut              = trucho
|split            = helhti
|stab              = gwano
|scratch          = cravo
|dig              = clodhi
|swim              = novya
|fly              = echedek
|walk              = cerdhet
|come              = duvot
|lie              = gorwedh
|sit              = estedh
|stand            = sevil
|turn              = trei
|fall              = edi
|give              = redhi
|hold              = dall
|squeeze          = gwasko
|rub              = slipo
|wash              = gwalchet
|wipe              = secho
|pull              = tenno
|push              = hurdho
|throw            = tawlo
|tie              = culummya
|sew              = gwriet
|count            = erivo
|say              = gwedo
|sing              = cano
|play              = gware
|float            = novya
|flow              = bero
|freeze            = rewi
|swell            = hoodho
|sun              = howl
|moon              = loyr
|star              = serenn
|water            = duwr
|rain              = glaw
|river            = avon
|lake              = linn
|sea              = mor
|salt              = haloon
|stone            = mayn
|sand              = tewot
|dust              = pulur
|earth            = pridh
|cloud            = cummul
|fog              = niwl
|sky              = oobur
|wind              = gwint
|snow              = err
|ice              = ya
|smoke            = muk
|fire              = tan
|ash              = louduw
|burn              = leski
|road              = gat
|mountain          = munidh
|red              = roudh
|green            = glas
|yellow            = melin
|white            = gwinn
|black            = douv
|night            = nos
|day              = didh
|year              = bloodhin
|warm              = toomm
|cold              = yen
|full              = loan
|new              = newidh
|old              = hen
|good              = da
|bad              = druk
|rotten            = brayn
|dirty            = halok
|straight          = sith
|round            = crunn
|sharp            = egir
|dull              = pul
|smooth            = livin
|wet              = gwlip
|dry              = sich
|correct          = cuwir
|near              = agos
|far              = pell
|right            = dechow
|left              = cledh
|at                = wurth
|in                = in
|with              = gant
|and              = a
|if                = o
|because          = in'edrip e
|name              = anuw
|languagecount    = 1}}


[[Category:Conlangs]] [[Category:A posteriori]] [[Category:Celtic languages]] [[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Brythonic Celtic languages]]
[[Category:Languages]] [[Category:A posteriori]] [[Category:Celtic languages]] [[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Brythonic Celtic languages]]
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