User:IlL/Spare pages 1/73: Difference between revisions

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{{list subpages}}
{{list subpages}}
'''Ciêng''' (''nă rhọb Chiểng'' from ''*nàh ròpàh cècéŋàh'') is a classical language of Thengkhoverse.
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' (''nə rhọb {{PAGENAME}}'' from ''*nàh ròpàh qéqèpàh'') is a classical language of ___. It's inspired by Old Irish, Tiberian Hebrew, and Vietnamese.
 
Inspirations: Vietnamese, Old Irish, Tiberian Hebrew, Naeng


== Phonology ==
== Phonology ==
b d g ɢ għ q = /p t k q {{qeth}} ʔ/;  
b d g għ q = /p t k {{qeth}} ʔ/;  


aspirated stops p t c k kħ;  
aspirated stops p t c k kħ;  
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Spirants f θ x xħ ħ = /f θ x χ ħ/
Spirants f θ x xħ ħ = /f θ x χ ħ/


m n ng; mh nh ngh = /m n ŋ; v{{nas}} (lenis n) (lenis ŋ)/
m n ŋ; ṁ ṅ ŋ̇ = /m n ŋ; v{{nas}} (lenis n) (lenis ŋ)/


x s h = /ɬ ʃ h/
x s h = /ɬ ʃ h/
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tones: a á à ả ã ạ (mid~falling high low rising~dipping nga nang)
tones: a á à ả ã ạ (mid~falling high low rising~dipping nga nang)
=== Mutations ===
=== Mutations ===
# Lenition: m n ng p t c k kħ s v l r -> mh ng ngh b d y g għ h 0 l rh
# Lenition: m n ŋ p t c k kħ s v l r -> ṁ ṅ ŋ̇ b d y g għ h 0 l rh
# L-coloring: m n ng p t c k kħ s v l r -> m l ng ƀ đ ǥ ǥ għ x l l r
# L-coloring: m n ŋ p t c k kħ s v l r -> m l ŋ ƀ đ ǥ ǥ għ x l l r
# Aspiration: m n ng p t c k kħ s v l r -> hm hn hng ph th ch kh ħ s ph x hr
# Aspiration: m n ŋ p t c k kħ s v l r -> hm hn hŋ ph th ch kh ħ s ph x hr


== Proto-language ==
== Proto-language ==
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article nă + various mutations (also relativizer)
article nă + various mutations (also relativizer)
==== Possessive prefixes ====
==== Possessive prefixes ====
* sèmpèngàrán > sệpngă-N 'garment'
===== Type 1 possession =====
* hísèmpèngàrán > ispngăr-N 'my garment'
Type 1 possession is somewhat like inalienable possession. It is marked by adding possessive prefixes to the ''dependent'' form of the noun.
* ngusèmpèngàrán > ngùspngăr-N 'thy garment'
* sèmpèŋàrán > sệpŋă-N 'body'
* àsèmpèngàrán > àspngăr-N (animate)
* hísèmpèŋàrán > ispŋăr-N 'my body'
* ànsèmpèngàrán > àspngăr-N (inanimate)
* ŋusèmpèŋàrán > ŋùspŋăr-N 'thy body'
* láhisèmpèngàrán > lispngăr-N 'our garment'
* àsèmpèŋàrán > àspŋăr-N (animate)
* númasèmpèngàrán > nospngăr-N 'your garment'
* ànsèmpèŋàrán > àspŋăr-N (inanimate)
* àlsèmpèngàrán > àxpngăr-N '3pl's garment'
* láhisèmpèŋàrán > lispŋăr-N 'our body'
* númasèmpèŋàrán > nospŋăr-N 'your body'
* àlsèmpèŋàrán > àxpŋăr-N '3pl's body'
===== Type 2 posssession =====
Type 2 possession is the default possessive strategy. It is marked by adding possessive prefixes to the ''independent'' form of the noun.


=== Adjectives ===
=== Adjectives ===
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Old Irish-style independent-dependent verbal allomorphy, which includes tone changes
Old Irish-style independent-dependent verbal allomorphy, which includes tone changes


PCiêng lò.mátse, ráh.làmátse '3sg saves, 3sg does not save' --> lă:más, ra:xảmhăs
P{{PAGENAME}} rò.mátse, láh.ràmátse '3sg saves, 3sg does not save' --> ră:más, la:hrảmhăs


productive redup
productive redup
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{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! Person  !! Primitive Ciêng !! Underlying form !! Ciêng surface form
! Person  !! Primitive {{PAGENAME}} !! Underlying form !! {{PAGENAME}} surface form
|-
|-
| 1SG || ''so.kúmpasat(í), .sòkúmpasat(í)'' || ''să·kommpṡẻ, ·sủgmbẻ'' || ''să·kumʰẻ, ·sủmmẻ''
| 1SG || ''so.kúmpa-sa-t(í), .sòkúmpa-sa-t(í)'' || ''să·kommpṡẻ, ·sủgmbẻ'' || ''să·kumʰẻ, ·sủmmẻ''
|-
|-
| 2SG || ''so·kúmpasaŋ(u), ·sòkúmpasaŋ(u)'' || ''să·kommpṡəŋ, ·sủgmbəŋ'' || ''să·kumʰụ, ·sủmmụ''
| 2SG || ''so·kúmpa-sa-ŋ(u), ·sòkúmpa-sa-ŋ(u)'' || ''să·kommpṡəŋ, ·sủgmbəŋ'' || ''să·kumʰụ, ·sủmmụ''
|-
|-
| 3SG || ''so·kúmpasáse, ·sòkúmpasáse'' || ''să·kommpṡa, ·sủgmba'' || ''să·kumʰa, ·sủmma''
| 3SG || ''so·kúmpa-sáse, ·sòkúmpa-sáse'' || ''să·kommpṡa, ·sủgmba'' || ''să·kumʰa, ·sủmma''
|-
|-
| 1PL || ''so·kúmpasalehi, ·sòkúmpasalehi'' || ''să·kommpṡlə̣j, ·sủgmblə̣j'' || ''să·kumʰlị, ·sủmlị''
| 1PL || ''so·kúmpa-sa-lehi, ·sòkúmpa-sa-lehi'' || ''să·kommpṡlə̣j, ·sủgmblə̣j'' || ''să·kumʰlị, ·sủmlị''
|-
|-
| 2PL || ''so·kúmpasanuma, ·sòkúmpasanuma'' || ''să·kommpṡnăm, ·sủgmbnăm'' || ''să·kumʰnăm, ·sủmnăm''
| 2PL || ''so·kúmpa-sa-numa, ·sòkúmpa-sa-numa'' || ''să·kommpṡnăm, ·sủgmbnăm'' || ''să·kumʰnăm, ·sủmnăm''
|-
|-
| 3PL || ''so·kúmpasaro, ·sòkúmpasaro'' || ''să·kommpṡər, ·sủgmbər'' || ''să·kumʰăr, ·sủmmăr''
| 3PL || ''so·kúmpa-sa-ro, ·sòkúmpa-sa-ro'' || ''să·kommpṡər, ·sủgmbər'' || ''să·kumʰăr, ·sủmmăr''
|}
|}


== Syntax ==
== Syntax ==
VOS
VOS, head-initial


question particle să-L
question particle să-L

Latest revision as of 18:45, 25 October 2024

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IlL/Spare pages 1/73 (nə rhọb IlL/Spare pages 1/73 from *nàh ròpàh qéqèpàh) is a classical language of ___. It's inspired by Old Irish, Tiberian Hebrew, and Vietnamese.

Phonology

b d g għ q = /p t k ʡ ʔ/;

aspirated stops p t c k kħ;

Spirants f θ x xħ ħ = /f θ x χ ħ/

m n ŋ; ṁ ṅ ŋ̇ = /m n ŋ; ṽ (lenis n) (lenis ŋ)/

x s h = /ɬ ʃ h/

b ƀ đ d y g ǥ = /v b(impl) d(impl) ð j ɣ (Eevo L)/

r l rh /r l (flap)/

hm hn hng hr voiceless resonants

i ê e a o ô u = /i e ɛ a ɔ o u/; ă = shva na; ĕ = ultrashort e; iê uô

Ultrashort vowels cannot carry independent tones

tones: a á à ả ã ạ (mid~falling high low rising~dipping nga nang)

Mutations

  1. Lenition: m n ŋ p t c k kħ s v l r -> ṁ ṅ ŋ̇ b d y g għ h 0 l rh
  2. L-coloring: m n ŋ p t c k kħ s v l r -> m l ŋ ƀ đ ǥ ǥ għ x l l r
  3. Aspiration: m n ŋ p t c k kħ s v l r -> hm hn hŋ ph th ch kh ħ s ph x hr

Proto-language

5 vowels: i e a o u; each mora had high and low tones

allowed syllables: CV, CVn, CVh, CVl (CVnC becomes CV(sokuon)C as in Hebrew)

Todo: Stress patterns for construct nouns and dependent verbs

Consonants: m n ŋ p t c k q 2 s w l r y /m n ŋ p t k q̟ q̠ ʔ ʃ w l r j/

Tone reflexes (' denotes stress): (these occur by moras with long vowels counting as 2 moras): 'á > á; 'à > à; 'á.á > ã; 'á.à > a; 'à.á > ả; 'à.à > ạ (This occurs before syncope)

umlaut like in OIr

Morphology

Nouns

Nouns fall into 3 genders (human, animate and inanimate) and inflect for number (sg, du, pl) and case (abs erg gen lat loc voc). Possessed forms have unpredictable stems and comes from proto-forms that had a different stress pattern than absolute forms. The appropriate 3rd person possessed forms are used like construct state forms in possessive constructions.

The locative is used with prepositions to indicate location and is the default prepositional case; when the lative is used the same prepositions indicate destination, and when the ergative is used they indicate "motion from".

article nă + various mutations (also relativizer)

Possessive prefixes

Type 1 possession

Type 1 possession is somewhat like inalienable possession. It is marked by adding possessive prefixes to the dependent form of the noun.

  • sèmpèŋàrán > sệpŋă-N 'body'
  • hísèmpèŋàrán > ispŋăr-N 'my body'
  • ŋusèmpèŋàrán > ŋùspŋăr-N 'thy body'
  • àsèmpèŋàrán > àspŋăr-N (animate)
  • ànsèmpèŋàrán > àspŋăr-N (inanimate)
  • láhisèmpèŋàrán > lispŋăr-N 'our body'
  • númasèmpèŋàrán > nospŋăr-N 'your body'
  • àlsèmpèŋàrán > àxpŋăr-N '3pl's body'
Type 2 posssession

Type 2 possession is the default possessive strategy. It is marked by adding possessive prefixes to the independent form of the noun.

Adjectives

Adjectives agree with nouns, def adjectives take the def article (bc Hebrew)

Verbs

Old Irish-style independent-dependent verbal allomorphy, which includes tone changes

PIlL/Spare pages 1/73 rò.mátse, láh.ràmátse '3sg saves, 3sg does not save' --> ră:más, la:hrảmhăs

productive redup

Inflection

Present tense forms of să·kumʰa '3sg remembers':

Person Primitive IlL/Spare pages 1/73 Underlying form IlL/Spare pages 1/73 surface form
1SG so.kúmpa-sa-t(í), .sòkúmpa-sa-t(í) să·kommpṡẻ, ·sủgmbẻ să·kumʰẻ, ·sủmmẻ
2SG so·kúmpa-sa-ŋ(u), ·sòkúmpa-sa-ŋ(u) să·kommpṡəŋ, ·sủgmbəŋ să·kumʰụ, ·sủmmụ
3SG so·kúmpa-sáse, ·sòkúmpa-sáse să·kommpṡa, ·sủgmba să·kumʰa, ·sủmma
1PL so·kúmpa-sa-lehi, ·sòkúmpa-sa-lehi să·kommpṡlə̣j, ·sủgmblə̣j să·kumʰlị, ·sủmlị
2PL so·kúmpa-sa-numa, ·sòkúmpa-sa-numa să·kommpṡnăm, ·sủgmbnăm să·kumʰnăm, ·sủmnăm
3PL so·kúmpa-sa-ro, ·sòkúmpa-sa-ro să·kommpṡər, ·sủgmbər să·kumʰăr, ·sủmmăr

Syntax

VOS, head-initial

question particle să-L

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