Flei/Old draft: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox language
{{list subpages}}
|image = brítz nˀAthághín.png
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' (''nə rhọb {{PAGENAME}}'' from ''*nàh ròpàh qéqèpàh'') is a classical language of ___. It's inspired by Old Irish, Tiberian Hebrew, and Vietnamese.
|imagesize = 250px
|name = Netagin
|nativename = brítz nˀAthághín<br/>{{heb|בְּרִיץ אֲ֬תָגִין}}<br/>ββρείτζ νἈθωγείν
|pronunciation= /bʁitɬ naθɒˈʝin/
|region = [[w:Middle East|Middle East]]
|states = [[w:Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[w:Israel|Israel]], [[w:Palestinian territories|Palestine]], [[w:Lebanon|Lebanon]], [[w:Jordan|Jordan]], [[w:Egypt|Egypt]], [[w:Turkey|Turkey]]
|speakers = 393,000 (At least it's more than Irish, hallelujah)
|date = 2013
|familycolor=Afro-Asiatic
|family=Isolate
|script=[[w:Hebrew alphabet|Hebrew]], [[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Greek alphabet|Greek]], historically [[w:Aramaic alphabet|Aramaic]] and [[w:Arabic script|Arabic]] scripts
|agency=ˀAbhlóchath mBrítzí ˀAthághín {{heb|(אב״א)}}
|iso1=nt
|iso2=nt
|iso3=qnt
|notice=IPA
}}
[[Netagin/Netagin|Qúlátz dí ˀAthághígh: '''Brítz nˀAthághín''']]


[[Netagin/he|דף זה בעברית: '''נתגין''']]
== Phonology ==
b d g għ q = /p t k {{qeth}} ʔ/;


'''Netagin''' is intended to be my "real" jump-on-the-pseudo-Celtic-bandwagon - a morphophonological rather than syntactic imitation of Celtic, specifically within a Semitoid framework. It is an ''a priori'' language intended to have a [[w:Northwest Semitic languages|Northwest Semitic]] and [[w:Irish language|Irish]] aesthetic, (Indeed [[w:Tiberian Hebrew|Tiberian]] [[w:Hebrew language|Hebrew]] and [[w:Aramaic language|Aramaic]] are the most stereotypically "Celtic" of all Semitic languages, with their use of lenition. So much that I was once tempted to make an Irish-looking Semlang. For the curious, it resulted in something like
aspirated stops p t c k kħ;


:'''''A chathabh an séibhear an seabhar ba bhíth an dtóir?'''''
Spirants f θ x xħ ħ = /f θ x χ ħ/
:<small>Q write.3SG.M DEF scribe.ABS.DIR DEF book.ABS.DIR LOC house.CONST.GEN DEF purity.ABS.GEN</small>
:''Did the scribe write the book in the house of purity?''


This project can be considered a compromise between the two aesthetics, bent rather more toward the Semitic side.) and also as a semi-joke, though I'm not sure if it is best understood as laughing with or at Israelis/Modern Hebrew for their mutational challengedness. (So if any of you Semitic speakers and Semiticists are reading this please excuse the language's being in the Semitic-ness uncanny valley; it's part of the humor value.) It employs templatic morphology, animacy hierarchy-based person marking and mutation-triggering proclitics encoding multiple grammatical functions such as topic-prominence, TAM and modality/evidentiality.
m n ŋ; ṁ ṅ ŋ̇ = /m n ŋ; v{{nas}} (lenis n) (lenis ŋ)/


==Background==
x s h = /ɬ ʃ h/
The '''Netagin''' language (Netagin: {{heb|בְּרִיץ אֲ֬תָגִין}} ''ββρείτζ νἈθωγείν'' ''brítz nˀAthághín'' [bʁɨtɬ naθɒˈʝin] "speech in our manner"; Greek: νεθαγίν ''nethayín''; [[User:Ílchőfti Lēmáthīd/Ivris modernis|Modern Hebrew]]: {{heb|נְתָגִין}} ''nesogí&#808;'' or {{heb|נְתָגִינִית}} ''nesoginís''), as its name suggests, is a language isolate autochthonous to Cyprus and spoken in Cyprus and its Middle Eastern environs, including the Holy Land. (There are suspicions, however, that it may be related to Afroasiatic.) It shares with neighboring Greek extensive spirantization, nasal mutation and palatalization. Rather remarkably, however, Netagin additionally grammaticalized some of these sandhi processes, much like the insular Celtic languages and to a lesser extent Tiberian Hebrew. It is a fusional and templatic language utilizing consonantal (mainly triconsonantal) roots, with some agglutinative  characteristics. The language has been small but vigorous up until modern times, and has influenced the local dialects of other languages. Currently the language is suffering from decline in speakers and attrition of its many unique grammatical features. The latter is especially severe in Israel as the marginalized speakers assimilate more Israeli roots, vocabulary and syntax, and omit mutations as in spoken Israeli Hebrew.


==Phonology==
b ƀ đ d y g ǥ = /v b(impl) d(impl) ð j ɣ (Eevo L)/
The Netagin phonemic inventory contains 5 vowels and some 35 consonants, and secondary articulations are quite pronounced in said consonants' realizations. Consequently the phonology of Netagin has been colloquially summarized as "Proto-Semitic > Tiberian Hebrew sound changes applied in the wrong order and spoken in a Russian accent".
===Consonants===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 750px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Netagin consonants'''
|-
! colspan="14"|Consonants
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan= "2"|
! rowspan="2" | Bilabial
! rowspan="2" | Labio-dental
! colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Dental
! colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Alveolar
! rowspan="2" | Retroflex
! rowspan="2" | Palatal
! rowspan="2" | Velar
! rowspan="2" | Uvular
! rowspan="2" | Pharyngeal
! rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
! <small>plain</small>
! <small>pharyngealized</small>
! <small>plain</small>
! <small>pharyngealized</small>
|-
! colspan="2"| Nasals
|'''m, mb''' /mˠ~mʲ/
|
|
|
|'''n, nd, nˀ, nh''' /nˠ~ȵ/
|'''nˤ, nḥ''' /nˤ/
|
|colspan="2"|'''ng''' /ɲ~ŋ/
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2"|Plosives
!<small>voiceless</small>
|'''p''' /pˠ~pʲ/
|
|
|
|'''t''' /tˠ~t͡ɕ/
|'''ṭ''' /tˤ~ɗˤ/
|
|colspan="2"|'''c''' /c~k/
|'''q''' /q/
|
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|'''ˀ''' /ʔ/
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
|'''b, bp''' /bˠ~bʲ/
|
|
|
|'''d, dt''' /dˠ~d͡ʑ/
|'''dṭ''' /dˤ/
|
|colspan="2"|'''g, gc''' /ɟ~g/
|'''gq''' /ɢ/
|
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Fricatives
!<small>voiceless</small>
|
|'''f, ph''' /fˠ~fʲ/
|'''th''' /θ/
|'''ṭh''' /fˤ~θˤ/
|'''s''' /sˠ~ɕ/
|
|'''š''' /ʂˠ~ʃ/
| colspan="2"|'''ch''' /ç~x/
|'''qh''' /χ/
|'''ḥ, fh''' /ħ/
| rowspan="2"|'''h''' /h~ɦ/
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
|
|'''bh''' /vˠ~vʲ/
|'''dh''' /ð/
|
|'''z''' /zˠ~ʑ/
|
|
| colspan="2"|'''gh''' /(j~)ʝ~ɣ/
|'''r''' /ʁ~ʀ/
|'''ˁ''' /ʕ/
|-
!colspan="2" rowspan="1"|Approximants
|'''mh, mhf''' /w~vʲ/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|'''y''' /j(~ʝ)/
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="1"|Lateral app.
|
|
|
|
|'''l''' /ɫ~ʎ/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="1"|Lateral fric.
|
|
|
|
|'''ś''' /ɬ/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="1"|Lateral aff.
|
|
|
|
|'''tz''' /tɬ/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}


The phoneme /tˤ/ is commonly realized as an implosive, [ɗˤ] word-initially.
r l rh /r l (flap)/


In the standard pronunciation (but not in all dialects; notably not in the Ṭašálí dialect) all consonants except /j/, pharyngealized coronals, uvulars, gutturals (pharyngeals and glottals), lateral fricatives and affricates and dental fricatives are strongly palatalized when preceding a front vowel and (especially for coronals) velarized before a back vowel. (Some speakers also velarize and palatalize lateral obstruents /ɬ/ and /tɬ/.) This serves to more clearly distinguish plain consonants from their emphatic counterparts.
hm hn hng hr voiceless resonants


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:650px; text-align:center;"
i ê e a o ô u = /i e ɛ a ɔ o u/; ă = shva na; ĕ = ultrashort e; iê uô
|-
! Phoneme
! /ɣ/
! /x/
! /g/
! /k/
! /ŋ/
! /ʂ/
! /l/
! /z/
! /s/
! /d/
! /t/
! /n/
! /w/
! /v/
! /f/
! /b/
! /p/
! /m/
|-
! Velarized
| [ɣ]
| [x]
| [g]
| [k]
| [ŋ]
| [ʂˠ]
| [ɫ]
| [zˠ]
| [sˠ]
| [dˠ]
| [tˠ]
| [nˠ]
| [w]
| [vˠ]
| [fˠ]
| [bˠ]
| [pˠ]
| [mˠ]
|-
! Palatalized
| [ʝ(~j)]
| [ç]
| [ɟ]
| [c]
| [ɲ]
| [ʃ]
| [ʎ]
| [ʑ]
| [ɕ]
| [d͡ʑ]
| [t͡ɕ]
| [ȵ]
|colspan="2"| [vʲ]
| [fʲ]
| [bʲ]
| [pʲ]
| [mʲ]
|}
''Y'' and slender ''gh'' are merged by many speakers.


===Vowels===
Ultrashort vowels cannot carry independent tones
The vowels written with an acute accent can be analyzed as long vowels or tense vowels; one or more of both pronunciations may be realized simultaneously.


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
tones: a á à ả ã ạ (mid~falling high low rising~dipping nga nang)
|+ '''Vowels'''
=== Mutations ===
! style="width: 90px; "|
# Lenition: m n ŋ p t c k kħ s v l r -> ṁ ṅ ŋ̇ b d y g għ h 0 l rh
! style="width: 90px; " |[[w:Front vowel|Front]]
# L-coloring: m n ŋ p t c k kħ s v l r -> m l ŋ ƀ đ ǥ ǥ għ x l l r
! style="width: 90px; " |[[w:Near-front vowel|Near-front]]
# Aspiration: m n ŋ p t c k kħ s v l r -> hm hn hŋ ph th ch kh ħ s ph x hr
! style="width: 90px; " |[[w:Central vowel|Central]]
! style="width: 90px; " |[[w:Near-back vowel|Near-back]]
! style="width: 90px; " |[[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! style="" |[[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| '''í''' /i(ː)/
|
| [ɨ]
|
| '''ú''' /u(ː)/
|-
! style="" |[[w:Near-close vowel|Near-close]]
|
| '''i''' /ɪ/
|
| '''u''' /ʊ/
|
|-
! style="" |[[w:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
| '''é''' /e(ː)/
|
| [ɘ]
|
| '''ó''' /o(ː)/
|-
! style="" |[[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |[[w:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
| '''e''' /ɛ/
|
| [ɜ]
|
| '''o''' /ɔ/
|-
! style="" |[[w:Near-open vowel|Near-open]]
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |[[w:Open vowel|Open]]
|
|
| '''a''' /ä/
|
| '''á''' /ɒ(ː)/
|}


Front vowels /i e ɛ/ are centralized to [ɨ ɘ ɜ] after pharyngealized or uvular consonants.
== Proto-language ==
5 vowels: i e a o u; each mora had high and low tones


Vowels are nasalized before /ʕ/, /ħ/ and /ʁ/.
allowed syllables: CV, CVn, CVh, CVl (CVnC becomes CV(sokuon)C as in Hebrew)


===Stress===
Todo: Stress patterns for construct nouns and dependent verbs
In native words primary stress can only fall on the ultimate, or less commonly the penultimate syllable.


==Orthography==
Consonants: m n ŋ p t c k q 2 s w l r y /m n ŋ p t k q{{adv}} q{{ret}} ʔ ʃ w l r j/
Until recently the Greek alphabet and the Hebrew abjad (especially in Israel or by Jews) were more often used. However, recently the Latin script, especially imprecise renditions thereof, has been spreading to the exclusion of the Hebrew-based orthography.


===Consonants===
Tone reflexes (' denotes stress):
(these occur by moras with long vowels counting as 2 moras): 'á > á; 'à > à; 'á.á > ã; 'á.à > a; 'à.á > ả; 'à.à > ạ (This occurs before syncope)


The ''[[w:dagesh|dagesh]]'' (Netagin: ''tirpálí'') is used to mark historical gemination (''dagesh forte'') that is nowadays realized only as gemination in resonants ''n'', ''l'', and ''r'' and non-lenition for the case of the lenitable letters ''b'', ''g'', ''d'', ''ṭ'', ''c'', ''m'', ''p'', ''q'', and ''t''. The lenitable letters (Netagin: {{Heb|בֵּגָֿ״דֿ וֲּטֵֿכָֿ״םֿ וֻּפֶֿקָֿ״תֿ}} ''béghádh fa-ṭhéchámh fu-phéqháth'' [beˌɣɒð fasˤɘˌxɒw fʊfʲeχɒθ]) are written with a ''dagesh'' when they are not lenited. ''Mémh'', however, often resists lenition after /ɪ/, /i/ or /j/. A word-medial ''dagesh''ed lenitable consonant is not written as double letters in Latin script.
umlaut like in OIr


Syllable/word-final <''ˀ''> and <''h''> are silent. When a word-final ''he'' has a ''mappiq'' (homographic to the ''dagesh'') it is not silent, but is to be pronounced /h/ (Romanized as ''hh'' and Hellenized as a doubled vowel).
== Morphology ==
=== Nouns ===
Nouns fall into 3 genders (human, animate and inanimate) and inflect for number (sg, du, pl) and case (abs erg gen lat loc voc). Possessed forms have unpredictable stems and comes from proto-forms that had a different stress pattern than absolute forms. The appropriate 3rd person possessed forms are used like construct state forms in possessive constructions.


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width:300px; text-align: center;"
The locative is used with prepositions to indicate location and is the default prepositional case; when the lative is used the same prepositions indicate destination, and when the ergative is used they indicate "motion from".
|-
!colspan="5"|Netagin consonant graphemes
|-
! Hebrew !! Name !! Latin !! Greek !! IPA
|-
|{{heb|א}}||''ˀálaph''||''ˀ''|| spiritus lenis ||/ʔ/
|-
|{{heb|בּ}}||''báith''||''b''|| ββ ||/b~bʲ/
|-
|{{heb|גּ}}||''gímhal''||''g''|| γγ || /ɟ~g/
|-
|{{heb|דּ}}||''dálath''||''d''|| δδ ||/d~dʑ/
|-
|{{heb|ה}}||''hé''||''h''|| spiritus asper, vowel doubling (when word-final) ||/h/
|-
|{{heb|וּ}}||''fó''||''f''|| ϝϝ || /f~fʲ/
|-
|{{heb|ז}}||''záin''||''z''|| ζ ||/z~ʑ/
|-
|{{heb|ח}}||''ḥéth''||''ḥ''|| η || /ħ/
|-
|{{heb|טּ}}||''ṭéth''||''ṭ''|| ττ || /tˤ~ɗˤ/
|-
|{{heb|י}}||''yódh''||''y'', ''i'' after a vowel|| ι, ϊ after a vowel ||/j/
|-
|{{heb|כּךּ}}||''cáph''||''c''|| χχ || /c~k/
|-
|{{heb|ל}}||''lámhadh''||''l''|| λ || /ɫ~ʎ/
|-
|{{heb|מּםּ}}||''mémh''||''m''|| μμ || /m~mʲ/
|-
|{{heb|נן}}||''nún''||''n''|| ν || /n/
|-
|{{heb|ס}}||''sámhach''||''s''|| σ, ς || /s~ɕ/
|-
|{{heb|ע}}||''ˁáin''||''ˁ''|| ω || /ʕ/
|-
|{{heb|פּףּ}}||''pé''||''p''|| φφ || /p~pʲ/
|-
|{{heb|צץ}}||''tzádhe''||''tz''|| τζ || /tɬ/
|-
|{{heb|קּ}}||''qóph''||''q''|| κκ || /q/
|-
|{{heb|ר}}||''réš''||''r''|| ρ || /ʁ~ʀ/
|-
|{{heb|ש}}||''šín''||''š''|| σζ || /ʃ/
|-
|{{heb|שֹ}}||''śín''||''ś''|| θζ || /ɬ/
|-
|{{heb|תּ}}||''tó''||''t''|| θθ || /t~tɕ/
|}


Lenition (Netagin: ''taqídháˀ'' 'melting; dissolution') is marked with a lack of a ''dagesh'' in the Hebrew script, or a following ''h'' in the Latin script. The ''rafe'' may be used for improved contrast.
article nă + various mutations (also relativizer)
==== Possessive prefixes ====
===== Type 1 possession =====
Type 1 possession is somewhat like inalienable possession. It is marked by adding possessive prefixes to the ''dependent'' form of the noun.
* sèmpèŋàrán > sệpŋă-N 'body'
* hísèmpèŋàrán > ispŋăr-N 'my body'
* ŋusèmpèŋàrán > ŋùspŋăr-N 'thy body'
* àsèmpèŋàrán > àspŋăr-N (animate)
* ànsèmpèŋàrán > àspŋăr-N (inanimate)
* láhisèmpèŋàrán > lispŋăr-N 'our body'
* númasèmpèŋàrán > nospŋăr-N 'your body'
* àlsèmpèŋàrán > àxpŋăr-N '3pl's body'
===== Type 2 posssession =====
Type 2 possession is the default possessive strategy. It is marked by adding possessive prefixes to the ''independent'' form of the noun.


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width:300px; text-align: center;"
=== Adjectives ===
|-
Adjectives agree with nouns, def adjectives take the def article (bc Hebrew)
!colspan="5"|Lenition
|-
! Hebrew script !! Latin !! Greek !! IPA
|-
|{{heb|ב}}||''bh''|| β || /v~vʲ/
|-
|{{heb|ג}}||''gh''|| γ ||/ʝ~ɣ/
|-
|{{heb|ד}}||''dh''|| δ || /ð/
|-
|{{heb|ו}}||''fh''|| ϝ || /ħ/
|-
|{{heb|ט}}||''ṭh''|| τ || /fˤ~θˤ/
|-
|{{heb|כך}}||''ch''|| χ || /ç~x/
|-
|{{heb|מם}}||''mh''|| μ || /w~vʲ/
|-
|{{heb|פף}}||''ph''|| φ || /f~fʲ/
|-
|{{heb|ק}}||''qh''|| κ || /χ/
|-
|{{heb|ת}}||''th''|| θ || /θ/
|}


Historical nasalization, or eclipsis (Netagin: ''carríṭháˀ'' 'befogging; making turbid'), is marked in the Hebrew script with a ''núní mecharríṭh'' ('befogging little ''nún'''; rendered here as an ''iluy'') in conjunction with a ''dagesh'' for lenitable consonants.
=== Verbs ===
Old Irish-style independent-dependent verbal allomorphy, which includes tone changes


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width:300px; text-align: center;"
P{{PAGENAME}} rò.mátse, láh.ràmátse '3sg saves, 3sg does not save' --> ră:más, la:hrảmhăs
|-
!colspan="4"|Eclipsis
|-
! Hebrew script !! Latin !! Greek !! IPA
|-
|{{heb|א֬, ה֬}}||''nˀ, nh''|| ν- added || /n~nʲ/
|-
|{{heb|בּ֬}}||''mb''|| μβ || /m/
|-
|{{heb|גּ֬}}||''ng''|| νγ || /ɲ~ŋ/
|-
|{{heb|דּ֬}}||''nd''|| νδ || /n~nʲ/
|-
|{{heb|וּ֬}}||''mhf''|| μϝ || /w~vʲ/
|-
|{{heb|ח֬, ע֬}}||''nḥ, nˁ''|| ν- added || /nˤ/
|-
|{{heb|י֬}}||''ny''|| ν- added || /nʲ/
|-
|{{heb|טּ֬}}||''dṭ''|| ντ || /dˤ/
|-
|{{heb|כּ֬}}||''gc''|| γχ || /ɟ~g/
|-
|{{heb|פּ֬}}||''bp''|| μφ || /b/
|-
|{{heb|קּ֬}}||''gq''|| γκ || /gˤ~ɢ/
|-
|{{heb|תּ֬}}||''dt''|| νθ || /d~dʑ/
|}


===Vowels===
productive redup
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width:250px; text-align: center;"
==== Inflection ====
|-
Present tense forms of ''să·kumʰa'' '3sg remembers':
!colspan="5"|Netagin vowel graphemes
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Hebrew !! Latin !! Greek !! IPA (Standard) !! IPA (Țašálí)
|-
|-
|{{heb|אַ, אֲ}}||''a''|| α ||/a/|| /o/
! Person  !! Primitive {{PAGENAME}} !! Underlying form !! {{PAGENAME}} surface form
|-
|-
|{{heb|אָ}}<sup>1</sup>||''á''|| ω || /ɒ/ || /ɒ/
| 1SG || ''so.kúmpa-sa-t(í), .sòkúmpa-sa-t(í)'' || ''să·kommpṡẻ, ·sủgmbẻ'' || ''să·kumʰẻ, ·sủmmẻ''
|-
|{{heb|אֶ, אֱ, אְ}}||''e''|| ε || /ɛ/ || /e/
|-
|{{heb|אֵ}}||''é''|| αι || /e/ || /ej/
|-
|{{heb|אִ}}||''i''|| ι || /ɪ/ || /i/
|-
|{{heb|אִי}}||''í''|| ει || /i/ || /i/
|-
|{{heb|אָ, אֳ}}||''o''|| ο || /ɔ/ || /o/
|-
|{{heb|אֹ, אוֹ}}||''ó''|| αυ || /o/ || /oj/
|-
|{{heb|אֻ}}||''u''|| υ || /ʊ/ || /u/
|-
|{{heb|אֻו}}||''ú''|| ου || /u/ || /uj/
|-
|{{heb|אְ}}
|colspan="4"|Ø
|}
 
===Disambiguation===
In the Latin and Greek scripts interpuncts (·) are used to separate digraph combinations that are to be pronounced as two letters: ''piq·háˀ'' (they dream).
 
===Unvocalized orthography===
In the unvocalized Hebrew-based orthography it is generally accepted to indicate all mutations in addition to writing ''[[w:mater lectionis|matres lectionis]]'' for certain long vowels. The diphthong ''ái'' and sometimes ''éi'' are written with two consecutive ''yódh''.
 
==Morphology==
'''NB.''' Superscript <sup>L</sup> = lenition of the following consonant, <sup>N</sup> = eclipsis, <sup>D</sup> = following consonant is dageshed.
===Nouns and Adjectives===
:''See also: [[Netagin/Declension patterns]].''
 
Nouns and adjectives are inflected for number (singular, paucal and plural), gender (animate, honorific, inanimate and abstract; historically the latter two, being somewhat arbitrary with respect to abstract nouns, had been dubbed "masculine" and "feminine" after the Semitic genders they resemble), and four cases.
 
The mutations that accompany the words only affect other words in the same prosodic phrase or between words of a modifier-modified relationship.
 
====Declensions with sound plurals====
Animate plurals are typically sound (concatenative), while inanimate sound plurals are typically adjectives (and their nounless forms derived from them via the prefix m- if they don't have it already) and abstract/honorifics.
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible " style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | Animate declension: ''qinnáth'' ('stranger')
|-
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Paucal !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
| 2SG || ''so·kúmpa-sa-ŋ(u), ·sòkúmpa-sa-ŋ(u)'' || ''să·kommpṡəŋ, ·sủgmbəŋ'' || ''să·kumʰụ, ·sủmmụ''
|-
|-
! Direct
| 3SG || ''so·kúmpa-sáse, ·sòkúmpa-sáse'' || ''să·kommpṡa, ·sủgmba'' || ''să·kumʰa, ·sủmma''
| ''qinnáth'' || ''qinnáthú'' || ''qinnátháˀ''
|-
|-
! Genitive
| 1PL || ''so·kúmpa-sa-lehi, ·sòkúmpa-sa-lehi'' || ''să·kommpṡlə̣j, ·sủgmblə̣j'' || ''să·kumʰlị, ·sủmlị''
| ''qinnáthím''<sup>N</sup>  || ''qinnáthann''<sup>L</sup> || ''qinnáthín''<sup>N</sup>
|-
|-
! Instrumental
| 2PL || ''so·kúmpa-sa-numa, ·sòkúmpa-sa-numa'' || ''să·kommpṡnăm, ·sủgmbnăm'' || ''să·kumʰnăm, ·sủmnăm''
| ''qinnáthámh'' || ''qinnátháigh'' || ''qinnáthígháˀ''<sup>L</sup>
|-
|-
! Locative
| 3PL || ''so·kúmpa-sa-ro, ·sòkúmpa-sa-ro'' || ''să·kommpṡər, ·sủgmbər'' || ''să·kumʰăr, ·sủmmăr''
| ''qinnáthámh'' || ''qinnáthéim''<sup>N</sup> || ''qinnáthán''
|}
|}


== Syntax ==
VOS, head-initial


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible " style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
question particle să-L
! colspan="4" | Inanimate declension: ''yáréph'' ('wheel')
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Paucal !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Direct
| ''yáréph''<sup>N</sup> ||  ''yiréphú''|| ''yirépháˀ''
|-
! Genitive
| ''yiréphí''<sup>L</sup> || ''yiréphann''<sup>L</sup> || ''yiréphái''<sup>N</sup>
|-
! Instrumental
| ''yiréphégh''<sup>N</sup> || ''yirépháigh'' || ''yiréphgháˀ''<sup>L</sup>
|-
! Locative
| ''yiréphín'' || ''yiréphéim''<sup>N</sup> || ''yiréphán''
|}
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible " style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | Uncountable/honorific declension: ''ˀimáˀ'' ('mother')
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Paucal !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Direct
| ''ˀimáˀ''(<sup>N</sup> if abstract) || ''ˀimáthéi'' || ''ˀimónáˀ''
|-
! Genitive
| ''ˀimath''<sup>N</sup> || ''ˀimáthann''<sup>L</sup> || ''ˀimónái''<sup>N</sup>
|-
! Instrumental
| ''ˀimáthégh''<sup>N</sup> || ''ˀimátháigh'' || ''ˀimóncháˀ''<sup>L</sup>
|-
! Locative
| ''ˀimáthín'' || ''ˀimáthéim''<sup>N</sup> || ''ˀimónín''
|}
 
====Declensions with broken plurals====
Broken plurals are nonconcatenative plurals that take singular case markers (they derive diachronically from collective noun patterns). Broken plurals only occur with (mainly less animate) nouns. Unlike in [[w:Arabic language|Arabic]] broken plurals induce no irregularity in agreement.
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:500px;"
|-
!colspan=3|Broken plural patterns
|-
!Singular
!Plural
!Examples
|-
|rowspan="2"|C<sub>1</sub>əC<sub>2</sub>íC<sub>3</sub>
|C<sub>1</sub>əC<sub>2</sub>úC<sub>3</sub>
|''brítz'' (language) > ''brútz''<br/>''psíph'' (vote) > ''psúph''
|-
|C<sub>1</sub>əC<sub>2</sub>óC<sub>3</sub>
|''fríaˁ'' (arrow, ray) > ''fróaˁ''
|-
|C<sub>1</sub><u>e</u>C<sub>2</sub>[a]C<sub>3</sub>
|rowspan="2"|C<sub>1</sub>əC<sub>2</sub>áC<sub>3</sub>, C<sub>1</sub>əC<sub>2</sub>éC<sub>3</sub>
|''śebhar'' (fish) > ''śbhár''
|-
|C<sub>1</sub><u>é</u>C<sub>2</sub>[a]C<sub>3</sub>
|''létzí'' (sow, contemptible person) > ''letzí''
|-
|C<sub>1</sub><u>ó</u>C<sub>2</sub>[a]C<sub>3</sub>
|C<sub>1</sub>oC<sub>2</sub>áC<sub>3</sub>, C<sub>1</sub>oC<sub>2</sub>éC<sub>3</sub>
|''nódhamh'' (sack) > ''nodhémh''
|-
|C<sub>1</sub>éC<sub>2</sub>óC<sub>3</sub>, C<sub>1</sub>éC<sub>2</sub>áC<sub>3</sub>
|ˀəC<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>íC<sub>3</sub>, ˀəC<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>úC<sub>3</sub>, ˀəC<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>áC<sub>3</sub>
|''céthóaˁ'' (encounter) > ''ˀechtíaˁ''<br/>''léghóaˁ'' (season) > ''ˀelgúaˁ''
|-
|C<sub>1</sub>óC<sub>2</sub>áC<sub>3</sub>
|C<sub>1</sub>əC<sub>2</sub>óC<sub>3</sub>áˀ<sup>N</sup>
|''póḥar'' (island) > ''paḥóráˀ''
|-
|C<sub>1</sub>áC<sub>2</sub>íC<sub>3</sub>
|ˀəC<sub>1</sub>íC<sub>2</sub>úC<sub>3</sub>
|''ˁáríaḥ'' (handle) > ''ˀaˁírúaḥ''
|-
|C<sub>1</sub>áC<sub>2</sub>óC<sub>3</sub>
|C<sub>1</sub>əC<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>éC<sub>3</sub>
|''páthól'' (tree) > ''pitél''
|-
|CəCCVːC
|CəCáCóC, CəCóCéC, CəCáCúC
|''tidhpór'' (grammar) > ''tadháphór''
|-
|CiCCəCáˀ
|CəCCóCáˀ
|''misratzáˀ'' (attention) > ''masrótzáˀ''
|}
 
====Derivational morphology====
=====Patterns=====
*''CáCíC'': quality adjective
*''CúCáC'': resultative adjective
*''CéCóC<sup>N</sup>'': event
*''tiCCúC<sup>N</sup>'': event/place
*''tiCCáC/tiCCéC<sup>N</sup>'': instrument
*''maCCéC/maCCíC'': profession
*''tiCCáCáˀ<sup>N</sup>/tiCCéCáˀ<sup>N</sup>'': process
*''miCCúC<sup>N</sup>'': patient noun
*''miCCóC<sup>N</sup>'': resultative noun
*''CóCáCáˀ<sup>N</sup>'': degree/measure
*''CéCéiC'', ''meCaCCéiC'' (''Hebrew''): wannabe X[-er]
 
=====Affixes=====
*''-ón'': certain nouns, pejorative suffix
*''-úl'': "network"/system of things
*''-í, -íy-'': diminutive; person; (''Semitic'') ''nisba'' adjectival suffix
*''-íth<sup>N</sup>, -úth<sup>N</sup>'' (pl. ''-ínáˀ, -únáˀ'') abstract noun suffix, probably of Semitic origin
 
===Pronouns===
Second person plural pronouns and verbs are used for politeness, and first person paucal is used for humility in very formal situations. Subject and direct object forms are usually omitted, except for topicalization or focusing. The short forms are adpositional object forms, which follow the adposition unlike other NPs.
 
The third person pronouns only refer to animates.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible " style="width: 1000px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="11" | Personal pronouns
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px;" | Case !! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px;" | Zeroth person !! colspan="3" | First person !! colspan="3" | Second person !! colspan="3" | Third person
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Singular !! style="width: 90px;" | Paucal !! style="width: 90px;" | Plural !! style="width: 90px;" | Singular !! style="width: 90px;" | Paucal !! style="width: 90px;" | Plural !! style="width: 90px;" | Singular !! style="width: 90px;" | Paucal !! style="width: 90px;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
|''ˀagáˀ''||''ˀaghd''||''ˀadú''||''ˀadáˀ''||''ˀann''||''ˀannú''||''ˀannáˀ''||''héhh''||''hennú''||''hennáˀ''
|-
! Accusative
|''ˀácháˀ'', ''cháˀ''||''ˀaghtí'', ''tí''||''ˀáthú'', ''thú''||''ˀátháˀ'', ''tháˀ''||''ˀání'', ''ní''||''ˀánú'', ''nú''||''ˀánáˀ'', ''náˀ''||''hethí'', ''hí''||''hethú'', ''hú''||''hetháˀ'', ''háˀ''
|-
! Genitive
|''ˀáchái''<sup>N</sup>, ''chái''<sup>N</sup>||''ˀaghím''<sup>N</sup>, ''ghím''<sup>N</sup>||''ˀáthann''<sup>L</sup>, ''thann''<sup>L</sup>||''ˀáthái''<sup>N</sup>, ''thái''<sup>N</sup>||''ˀaním''<sup>N</sup>, ''ním''<sup>N</sup> ||''ˀánann''<sup>L</sup>, ''nann''<sup>L</sup>||''ˀánái''<sup>N</sup>, ''nái''<sup>N</sup>||''hím''<sup>N</sup>||''hann''<sup>L</sup>||''hái''<sup>N</sup>
|-
! Instrumental
|''ˀáchnáˀ''<sup>L</sup>, ''chnáˀ''<sup>L</sup>||''ˀaghámh'', ''ghámh''||''ˀátháigh'', ''tháigh''||''ˀáthgháˀ''<sup>L</sup>, ''thagháˀ''<sup>L</sup>||''ˀanámh'', ''námh''||''ˀánáigh'', ''náigh''||''ˀán·gháˀ''<sup>L</sup>, ''nagháˀ''<sup>L</sup>||''hámh''||''háigh''||''hagháˀ''<sup>L</sup>
|-
! Locative
|''ˀáchín'', ''chín''||''ˀaghámh'', ''ghámh''||''ˀáthéim''<sup>N</sup>, ''théim''<sup>N</sup>||''ˀáthín'', ''thín''||''ˀanámh'', ''námh''||''ˀánéim''<sup>N</sup>, ''néim''<sup>N</sup>||''ˀánín'', ''nín''||''hámh''||''héim''<sup>N</sup>||''hín''
|}
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible " style="width: 270px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | Interrogative pronouns
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Case !! style="width: 90px;" | 'who' !! style="width: 90px;" | 'what'
|-
! Nominative
| ''mí'' || ''ˀéi<sup>N</sup>''
|-
! Accusative
| ''máˀ'' || ''ˀéi<sup>N</sup>''
|-
! Genitive
| ''méi''<sup>L</sup> || ''ˀayyéi''<sup>L</sup>
|-
! Instrumental
| ''mím'' || ''ˀéigh''
|-
! Locative
| ''mím'' || ''ˀéim''
|}
 
The demonstrative pronoun is used adnominally or pronominally. It may be used as a pronoun for inanimates.
 
Having arisen from historical gemination, the demonstrative pronoun resists mutations.
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible " style="width: 360px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | Demonstrative pronoun
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Case !! style="width: 90px;" | Singular !! style="width: 90px;" | Paucal !! style="width: 90px;" | Plural
|-
! Direct
| ''dí'' || ''lú'' || ''cáˀ''
|-
|-
! Genitive
| ''déi''<sup>L</sup> || ''lann''<sup>L</sup> || ''cái''<sup>N</sup>
|-
! Instrumental
| ''dágh'' || ''léigh'' || ''cagháˀ''
|-
! Locative
| ''dó'' || ''léim''<sup>N</sup> || ''cín''
|}
 
There is another demonstrative pronoun, ''nadí'', meaning 'that other' (similar to "obviative") or 'the former'. As in French or German, demonstratives do not encode distance; a place word (such as ''zán'' 'here', ''rán'' 'there', ''lehalán'' 'the following') is necessary in order to deictize the noun more precisely.
 
===Verbs===
Netagin verbs, perhaps similarly to those of [[w:Biblical Hebrew|Biblical Hebrew]], mark aspect and person, but not tense. (Netagin, rather unusually, renders tense as proclitics on NPs instead.) Non-concatenative morphology figures prominently in conjugation for valence and TAM, much like in Semitic and Proto-Indo-European. However, unlike in Semitic languages verbs can also be derived via derivational "mishqalim" patterns (with a lot of overlap with nominal patterns), so there is not as much skew towards being noun-heavy as in Semitic.
====Primary stems====
:''For inflectional paradigms, please see [[Netagin/Primary stem conjugation]].''
The primary stems inflect with heavy use of transfixes. Comprising about 500 verbs, this class is the counterpart to strong verbs in Germanic. There are up to 4 primary patterns or "binyanim" that a root may take in Netagin:
 
*In the '''Intransitive''' paradigm are verbs denoting intransitive actions ("come"), as well as stative verbs ("be cold"). It is often considered the most basic form. The difference between adjectives and stative verbs is roughly equivalent to the ''ser-estar'' distinction.
*The '''Transitive''' paradigm contains most monotransitive verbs, ("eat") including causativizations of Intransitive verbs ("make happy"). Can also have a telic (desired outcome was reached) meaning.
*The '''Reflexive''' pattern consists of verbs denote reflexive/reciprocal action ("get dressed", "kiss each other"), or change of state ("thicken").
*The '''Causative''' pattern contains causatives of transitive verbs ("feed") (and of some Intransitives and Reflexives). Causatives of statives in the imperfective aspect may denote active maintenance of a state (as opposed to changing a state in the perfective aspect).
 
Note that there is no passive in Netagin - this function is mainly served by zeroth person in transitive verbs or with Reflexive verbs, or simply topicalization of the patient.
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
! !! Perfective !! Imperfective !! Participle !! Action noun
|-
! Intransitive
| ''C<sub>1</sub>aC<sub>2</sub>aC<sub>3</sub>'' || ''C<sub>1</sub>iC<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>aC<sub>3</sub>'' || ''C<sub>1</sub>óC<sub>2</sub>éC<sub>3</sub>'' || ''C<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>íC<sub>3</sub><sup>N</sup>''
|-
! Transitive
| ''C<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>óC<sub>3</sub>'' || ''C<sub>1</sub>aC<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>í<sup>1</sup>C<sub>3</sub>'' || ''meC<sub>1</sub>aC<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>íC<sub>3</sub>'' || ''C<sub>1</sub>aC<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>íC<sub>3</sub>áˀ<sup>N</sup>''
|-
! Reflexive
| ''ˀiC<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>é<sup>1</sup>C<sub>3</sub>'' || ''niC<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>é<sup>1</sup>C<sub>3</sub>'' || ''mi<sup>N</sup>C<sub>1</sub>úC<sub>2</sub>áC<sub>3</sub>'' || ''ˀaC<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>óC<sub>3</sub>ath<sup>N</sup>''
|-
! Causative
| ''ˀaC<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>aC<sub>3</sub>'' || ''<sup>N</sup>C<sub>1</sub>éC<sub>2</sub>aC<sub>3</sub>'' || ''maC<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>áC<sub>3</sub>'' || ''ˀaC<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>úC<sub>3</sub>áˀ<sup>N</sup>''
|}
<sup>1</sup> Attenuates to ''a'' before a stressed suffix beginning with a consonant.
 
Suffixes beginning with a vowel cause the vowel between C<sub>2</sub> and C<sub>3</sub> to be elided.
 
The ''infinitive'' ({{sc|inf}}) is formed by leniting the first letter of the bare stem of the verb, or if said first letter is a guttural or ''n'', adding ''fa-''.
 
The ''participle'' is an agent noun or an adjective. Adverbializing it yields manner of action "as if to X".
 
The ''action noun'' ({{sc|axn}}) or ''gerund'' is used in action noun constructions, which are of the form SUBJECT-{{sc|gen}} AXN OBJECT-{{sc|acc}}. It is of importance in forming relative clauses, for Netagin does not have a relativizer.
:{{heb|בֶּן אָתַןּ גְדִיב כַּ֬וֵּה וַּתַּתֵּ֬לַם.}}
:'''''Ben ˀáthann ghedhíbh gcaféh fatedtélamh.'''''
:{{small|FUT<nowiki>=</nowiki>1PC.GEN drink.AXN.SG.DIR coffee.SG.DIR INV-(1,3)-awaken/CAUS.IPFV}}
:''Our drinking coffee will keep us alert.''
 
====Derived stems====
The derived conjugation generates the bulk of new verbs in Netagin. The inflection, incorporating various concatenative formatives from the primary inflection, is almost entirely linear.
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
! !! Perfective !! Imperfective !! Participle !! Action noun
|-
! Intransitive
| ''ˀe[STEM]'' || ''[STEM]'' || ''mi<sup>N</sup>[STEM]'' || ''ˀa[STEM]íth<sup>N</sup>''
|-
! Transitive
| ''ˀa[STEM]'' || ''ˀi<sup>N</sup>[STEM]'' || ''mə[STEM]'' || ''[STEM]íyáˀ<sup>N</sup>''
|}
 
The infinitive is formed in the same manner as for the primary stems.
 
=====Patterns=====
Many (nowadays, most) derived verb patterns are verbalized noun patterns.
 
====Affixes====
 
=====Unipersonal (suffix) conjugation=====
The suffix conjugation is used for inherently intransitive (unaccusative) or reflexive verbs, and imperatives. Unipersonal verbs are negated in the optative/imperative by ''núr<sup>N</sup>''.
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Unipersonal verb structure'''
!0!!1!!2
|-
||'''Stem'''/Voice/Aspect||Personal suffix||Imperative or Polarity/Focus
|}
 
In the indicative the personal suffixes represent the subject; in the imperative they indicate the object.
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 250px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="4"|Unipersonal suffixes
|-
!Person!!Singular!!Paucal!!Plural
|-
!0
|colspan="3"|''-c[h]<sup>1</sup>áˀ''
|-
!1
||''-d(i)/-gh(i)''<sup>1</sup>/''-t[h]<sup>1</sup>í''<sup>3</sup>||''-t[h]<sup>1</sup>ú''||''-t[h]<sup>1</sup>áˀ''
|-
!2
||''-ann''||''-nú''||''-náˀ''
|-
!3
||-''(a)''<sup>2</sup>/''-í''<sup>3</sup>||''-ú''||''-áˀ''
|}
The 0th, 1st and 2nd person forms are penultimately stressed; the 3rd person forms are ultimately stressed.
 
<sup>1</sup>After vowels or ''mh''.<br/>
<sup>2</sup>As indicative subject; not expressed without another suffix<br/>
<sup>3</sup>As imperative object.
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 200px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="2"|Slot 2 suffixes
|-
! Netagin !! Gloss
|-
| ''-n'' || Imperative ({{sc|imp}})
|-
| ''-chú'' || Affirmative focus ({{sc|aff.foc}})
|-
| ''-hí'' || Negative ({{sc|neg}})
|-
| ''-náˀ/-cháˀ*'' || Negative focus ({{sc|neg.foc}})
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki>In second person forms.
 
=====Bipersonal (prefix) conjugation=====
The prefix conjugation is used for non-imperative transitive verbs (verbs that can take an agent and a patient).
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Bipersonal verb structure'''
!&minus;2!!&minus;1!!0!!1!!2
|-
|Inverse prefix||Bipersonal prefix||'''Transitive stem'''/Voice/Aspect||Polarity/Focus||Pluractionality suffix
|}
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 200px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="2"|Inverse prefix
|-
! Netagin !! Gloss
|-
| ''fa''<sup>D</sup>- || Inverse ({{sc|inv}})
|}
 
The inverse prefix is called ''fó mágham'' ('flipping/inverting ''fó''') in Netagin. Note that the inverse prefix geminates/de-lenites the personal prefix consonant.
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 200px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="2"|Personal prefixes
|-
! Netagin !! Gloss
|-
| ''b-'' || (2,0)
|-
| ''c-'' || (1,0)
|-
| ''h-'' || (1,2)
|-
| ''l-'' || (0,3)
|-
| ''n-'' || (2,3)
|-
| ''t-'' || (1,3)
|-
| ''y-'' || (3,3)
|}
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 200px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="2"|Polarity/focus suffixes
|-
! Netagin !! Gloss
|-
| ''-(a)'' || Affirmative ({{sc|aff}})
|-
| ''-cú'' || Affirmative focus ({{sc|aff.foc}})
|-
| ''-hí'' || Negative ({{sc|neg}})
|-
| ''-náˀ'' || Negative focus ({{sc|neg.foc}})
|}
All of the above suffixes are stressed. The focused suffixes emphasize the truth value and are therefore used to answer yes/no questions.
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 200px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="2"|Pluractionality suffix
|-
! Netagin !! Gloss
|-
| ''-nn'' || Pluractional ({{sc|plax}})
|}
The pluractionality suffix never affects the thematic vowel in irregular verbs, unlike other suffixes beginning with a consonant.
 
===Numerals===
Numerals are essentially ordinary adjectives (below 100) or nouns (for 100 and higher units). Units larger than 100 turn their heads into the genitive case.
 
The collective and reciprocal is archaic for numerals above 3. Numerals exceeding ten only have periphrastic distributives, collectives and reciprocals (''ḥáchúbh fa-hálódh mbúrégh'' '11 at a time'; ''ˀaˁathómhath tzúbhál nḥachúbháˀ'' 'a group of 30'; ''hálódh méˀath'' '1/100').
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="6"|Netagin numerals
|-
!style="width: 60px; "|
!style="width: 120px; "|''n''
!style="width: 120px; "|''n''th
!style="width: 120px; "|''n'' each/at a time
!style="width: 120px; "|''n''-fold; ''n''-ad
!style="width: 120px; "|1/''n''
|-
|0
|''séphar''
|''*mesáphúr''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|1
|''hálódh''
|''mehálúdh''
|''halúdhládh''
|''halálédh''
|''-''
|-
|2
|''gáḥéz''
|''megáḥúz''
|''gaḥuzḥáz''
|''gaḥáḥéz''
|''géḥáz''
|-
|3
|''tzúbhál''
|''metzábhúl''
|''tzebhulbál''
|''tzebhábhél''
|''tzibál''
|-
|4
|''méqhátz''
|''memháqhútz''
|''meqhutzqátz''
|''meqháqhétz''
|''miqátz''
|-
|5
|''pazzím''
|''mepházúmh''
|''pezumhzámh''
|''pezázémh''
|''pizzámh''
|-
|6
|''ˀalbán''
|''melábhún''
|''lebhunbán''
|''lebhábhén''
|''libán''
|-
|7
|''qátzídh''
|''meqhátzúdh''
|''qetzudhtzádh''
|''qetzátzédh''
|''qittzádh''
|-
|8
|''cóˁáš''
|''mecháˁúš''
|''ceˁušˁáš''
|''ceˁáˁéš''
|''céˁáš''
|-
|9
|''ripúi''
|''merápheh''
|''rephuipheh''
|''rephápheh''
|''ripeh''
|-
|10
|''ḥachúbh''
|''meḥáchúbh''
|''ḥachubhcábh''
|''ḥacháchébh''
|''ḥicábh''
|-
|11
|''ḥáchúbh fa-hálódh''
|''ḥáchúbh mehálúdh''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|20
|''gáḥéz nḥachúbh''
|''megháḥúz nḥachúbh''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|21
|''gáḥéz nḥachúbh hálódh''
|''gáḥéz nḥachúbh mehálúdh''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|100
|''méˀáˀ''
|''maˀáthí''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|1000
|''ˀelaph''
|''ˀalphí''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|10^6
|''ˀecatomíryó, ˀecat'''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|10^9
|''disecatomíryó, disec'''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|}
 
==Grammar==
===Word order===
The constituent order defaults to SXVO/SVOX, but topicalization may promote a constituent to first position. Adjectives and genitives usually follow the noun unless they are topicalized, focalized or used to form appositional collocations. Genitive/possessive pronouns always precede the possessed NP.
 
Two types of function words can be recognized in Netagin: ''proclitics'' (coordinating conjunctions, topic/focus, etc.), which attach to the host or to another clitic and form what counts as one word, and ''relators'' (prepositions and subordinating conjunctions) which occupy second position (a.k.a. Wackernagel's position) in their dependent noun phrases or clauses.
 
===Number===
There exist three numbers in Netagin: singular ({{sc|sg}}) representing one object, paucal ({{sc|pc}}) for a few, and plural ({{sc|pl}}) for many. The paucal form usually denotes two to nine items, but the boundary between paucal and plural is quite fluid; a paucal could be used for a larger number for contrast with a much larger number of things. The plural number in pronouns also serves as an honorific; complementarily, using paucal pronouns where a plural is expected entails a "dishonorific", humble or pejorative meaning.
 
====Nominal number====
Nouns are declined for all three numbers.
 
====Verbal number====
''Pluractionality'' denotes that an action is performed a plural (as opposed to singular or paucal) number of times or places, or the number of objects is plural. Pluractionality with a second person object, or lack of pluractionality with a first person object, may also be used to indicate politeness.
 
===Politeness/Honorific===
Honorific suffixes on nouns indicate that the speaker raises the referent. The second person honorific is above the first person in the animacy hierarchy while the second person familiar is below first person. Pluractionality is used for honorific objects.
 
:{{heb|הַבֲּ֬תֻורָא תִּרֵּנַפַןּ.}}
:'''''Ἁ-μΒαθουρώ θθιρραιρναφάνν.'''''
:'''''Ha-mBathúráˀ tirrénaphann.'''''
:{{small|ha-N báthúr-{{blue|áˀ}} t-[r-n-p]/ˀaCCaC-{{blue|ann}}}}
:<small>FOC=deity-{{blue|HON}}.DIR (1,3)-serve/CAUS.IPFV-{{blue|PLAX}}</small>
:''It is God I/we serve.''
 
===Cases===
All cases have adpositions that govern them. High-register language relies more on case and less on adpositions.
====Direct====
The direct case ({{sc|dir}}) marks a core argument of a verb, either subject or direct object. It should be noted that Netagin marks the ''recipient'' (usually the more animate patient), rather than the ''theme'' (the less animate patient), of most ditransitive verbs with the direct case; Netagin is thus a dechticaetiative language. Pronouns, unlike nouns, distinguish nominative ({{sc|nom}}) and accusative ({{sc|acc}}). The direct/accusative case is the case governed by prepositions that originate from verbs.
 
====Genitive====
The genitive case ({{sc|gen}}) indicates possession, origin, cause, or concern. It is used also appositionally (in the order {{sc|genitive-noun}}), where English would use a compound. The genitive case also has partitive uses.
 
Possessor-less genitives are possible and, by corollary, headless relative clauses.
 
====Instrumental====
The instrumental ({{sc|ins}}) indicates instrument/means or comitation (with certain prepositions; the bare instrumental can optionally be used as a comitative for pronouns). What is considered the direct object of ditransitive constructions in dative languages is most often cast in the instrumental in Netagin. (Netagin, although a dechticaetiative language, does not have a dedicated dechticaetiative case.)
 
The inanimate instrumental singular is used as an adverb for adjectives.
 
====Locative====
The locative or allative case ({{sc|loc}}) marks location or destination (often with locational prepositions), spatial, temporal or abstract. Some ditransitive verbs cause their themes to take the locative.
 
===Hierarchy===
Person, animacy and social status are all factors in the hierarchical person marking. The hierarchy is:
 
2.honorific > 1 > 2.familiar > 3.human > 3.other animate > 0 > 3.inanimate
 
By default the direction of transitivity is assumed to be from higher to lower animacy. Generally when a less animate participant acts on a more animate one, the verb is required to take an inverse-marking affix.
 
If neither participant outranks the other, then the priority is settled with degree of obviation: if the action proceeds from a more obviate to a more proximate one, the verb carries the inverse prefix.
 
===Topic and focus particles===
The topic marker, which is also the vocative marker, marks what the sentence is about. It is used frequently (at least to the same degree as in Japanese), but there can be at most one topic in a clause. Topic markers are usually absent in subordinate clauses (always in relative clauses).
 
The focus is used for new information or contrastive emphasis. The latter sense can be emphasized by fronting the focused constituent in front of the verb.
====Nominal/Adjectival predication====
Netagin is entirely devoid of copulas. Instead one uses the topic particle ''ha-''<sup>L</sup> with the subject, and the focus particle ''ha-''<sup>N</sup> on the predicate nominal.
:{{heb|הֲזְמָלִ אֶלָּא הַגַּ֬שֻּודָא.}}
:'''''Ἁ-ζεμώλ ἐλλώ ἁ-νγασζζουδώ.'''''
:'''''Ha-zemhál ˀelláˀ ha-ngaššúdháˀ.'''''
:<small>TOP=person.PL.DIR NEG FOC=thing-INAN.PL.DIR</small>
:''People are not objects.''
 
Sentences of this form are not always predication (although the following case could be analyzed as an eclipsed form of "As for me, it's this big one that I get...").
 
:{{heb|הֲאַגְדּ, הַמְּטָלֵם זָן; הֲאַןּ, הַמְּרָשִיחַ רָן.}}
:'''''Ἁ-ἄγδδ, ἁ-μμετωλαίμ ζών, ἁ-ἀνν, ἁ-μμερωσζείαη ρών.'''''
:'''''Ha-ˀaghd, ha-meṭhálémh zán; ha-ˀann, ha-merášíaḥ rán.'''''
:<small>TOP=1SG.NOM, FOC=NOMZ-big.INAN.SG.DIR here; TOP=2SG.NOM, FOC=NOMZ-small.INAN.SG.DIR there</small>
:''Me, this big one; you, that small one.''
 
====Predication of possession====
Predicative possession is constructed similarly to the dative construction in many languages, but the possessor is topicalized.
 
:{{heb|הֲאַגְדְּ חֵמָא חִצָּא אַקְדֻּול.}}
:'''''Ἁ-ἄγδδ ηαιμώ ηιτζζώ ἀκδδούλ.'''''
:'''''Ha-ˀaghd ḥémháˀ ḥittzáˀ ˀaqhdúl.'''''
:{{small|TOP-1SG.NOM exist.IPFV-3PL excess.PL.DIR coin.PL.DIR}}
:''I have too many coins. (lit. Me-wise, there are excess coins.)''
 
====Other dative-like uses of the topic marker====
The topic marker also has absorbed many other functions of the dative in European languages, such as dative of interest or ethical dative. This use of the topic marker is more felicitous and predominant in subordinate clauses.
 
:{{heb|הֲאַגְדְּ אֵי נַנְעַש?}}
:'''''Ἁ-ἄγδδ ἀίϊ νανωάσζ;'''''
:'''''Ha-ˀaghd ˀéi nanˁaš?'''''
:<small>TOP=1SG.DIR what.DIR (2,3)-discuss.PFV</small>
:''What did you talk about (that is relevant to me)?''
 
:{{heb|הֲאַגְדּ לְהֵהּ הַסָבִיעַ.}}
:'''''Ἁ-ἄγδδ λε-ἁίι ἁ-σώβείαω.'''''
:'''''Ha-ˀaghd le-héhh ha-sábhíaˁ.'''''
:<small>TOP=1SG.DIR RECENT_PAST=3SG(AN).DIR FOC=tender.SG.AN.DIR</small>
:''Towards me/In my opinion she was a warm person.''
 
===Focus affixes===
Focus affixes mark the utterance as an answer to a question. Focused verbs are the usual response to polar questions.
 
:''"ˁAnnú?" "ˁAdtúnáˀ."''
:''"Are you coming?" "No."
 
Focused verbs are also used for discourse functions.
 
:{{heb|כַּזַגְדִּכֻו רַקּ, נַג מטִּיג, נַג וַבִּיץ, נַג פַרְשִין מַּהְּבִּינִי תֻּובָסָא.}}
:'''''Χχαζαγδδίχου ράκκ, ναγ ματτείγ, ναγ ϝαββείτζ, ναγ φαρσζείν μααβεινεί ντουβωσώ.'''''
:'''''Cazaghdi{{blue|chú}} raq, nagh mhaṭígh, nagh fhabítz, nagh pharšín mahhbíní dtúbhásáˀ.'''''
:<small>be_embittered-1SG-{{blue|AFF.FOC}} INF.write/IPFV, again INF/tranliterate/IPFV, again INF/vocalize/IPFV, again INF/decode/IPFV example-SG.GEN utterance-PL.DIR</small>
:''I'm just sick of having to write, AND transliterate, AND vocalize, AND gloss example sentences.''
 
===Relative clauses===
Netagin uses deranked relative clauses that employ a possessive construction using the action noun of the verb. Resumptive pronouns are required as oblique arguments in the RC, and may be used in subject/DO positions as well. The position of tense particles in the RC is useful for reconstructing the aspect of the clause; they are found on the most patient-like argument when the verb is perfective and the most agentive argument when the verb is imperfective. Relative clauses are negated with the prefix ''míl-'' ('un-, lack of') which is hyphenated to the verb.
 
:{{heb|הַוָרָשֹ לְאָ֬תָי דַ֬סִּילַת?}}
:'''''Ἁ-ϝωρώθζ λε-ὠθώϊ νδασσειλάθ;'''''
:'''''Ha-fháráś le-ˀáthái ndassílath?'''''
:<small>TOP=silver.SG.DIR RECENT_PAST=1PL.GEN earn/AXN-SG.GEN</small>
:''What of the money we've been earning? [lit. as for the money of past-our earning]''
 
Using the plural form of the verbal noun indicates pluractionality, which is required for plural absolutive NPs in relative clauses as well as for plural actions.
 
:{{heb|כֳּלָל וְּטֻונָא}}
:'''''χχολώλ ϝϝτουνώ'''''
:'''''colál fṭhúnáˀ'''''
:<small>bird.PL.DIR migrate/AXN.PL-GEN</small>
:''birds that migrate''
 
:{{heb|שְֹבָר אֲ֬גִיםּ שַֹבִּירוֹנָי}}
:'''''θζβώρ νἀγείμμ θζαββειραυνώϊ'''''
:'''''śbhár nˀaghím śabírónái'''''
:<small>fish.SG.DIR 1SG.GEN fish/AXN-PL.GEN</small>
:''the fish I catch''
 
RCs of the form "which is NP" can be rendered with apposition (FOC=[predicate NP]-INS).
 
:{{heb|אֲגִיםּ חָ֬שִי, הַמִּזְרֵגָם דְּיוֹם}}
:'''''ἀγείμμ νηωσζεί, ἁ-μμιζραιγώμ δδιαύμ'''''
:'''''ˀaghím nḥáší, ha-mizréghámh dyómh'''''
:<small>1SG.GEN sister.SG.DIR FOC=student.SG.INS still</small>
:''my sister, who is still a student''
 
Relative clauses may occur before the noun in poetry.
===Instrument clauses===
The sense of "by X-ing/having X do Y" is conveyed by an isomorphic construction, but the action noun occurs in the instrumental case.
 
:{{heb|אַנְעֻונִיָּתֵג גֶּשְלִין צְבָבֵל}}
:'''''ἀνωουνειιωθαίγ γγεσζλείν τζεβωβαίλ'''''
:'''''ˀanˁúníyáthégh gešlín tzebhábhél'''''
:<small>AXN-press-AXN-INS button-LOC three/times</small>
:''by pressing the button thrice''
 
===Complement clauses===
Complement clauses can be formed in two ways. The first is more common in literary usage, and makes use of [[w:Raising (linguistics)|raising]]:
:{{heb|נְרַמִּיץ הֶתִי דַנּיא לְטַּזְטֵּזֵג.}}
:'''''Νεραμμείτζ ἑθί δαννεί λετταζτταιζαίγ.'''''
:'''''Neramítz hethí dhanníˀ leṭazṭézégh.'''''
:<small>(2,3)-know.IPFV 3SG.ACC INF/cook mediocre-ADV</small>
:''You know him/her to be a mediocre cook.''
 
The second is more active in more common speech and uses a complementizer ''ṭú''.
:{{heb|רִמַּצַןּ הֵהּ טֻּו לְדַנִּיא לְטַּזְטֵּזֵג.}}
:'''''Ριμματζανν ἁίι ττού λεδαννεί λετταζτταιζαίγ.'''''
:'''''Rimatzann héhh ṭú ledhanníˀ leṭazṭézégh.'''''
:<small>be.aware.IPFV-2SG 3SG.NOM COMP (0,3)-cook mediocre-ADV</small>
:''You know s/he's not the best cook.''
 
===Questions===
Questions do not use a question particle (except e.g. ''hén'' in leading "tag" questions), nor is there normally a change in word order.
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 200px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="2"|Interrogatives
|-
! Netagin !! Gloss
|-
| ''mí'' || who
|-
| ''ˀéi<sup>N</sup>'' || what
|-
| ''mah'' || what (determiner)
|-
| ''léimáˀ'' || which one
|-
| ''mánabh'' || where
|-
| ''mór''<br/>''ˀášéináˀ'' || when
|-
| ''ˀamínáˀ'' || how
|-
| ''michlím'' || how much/many
|-
| ''ˀellú''<br/>''céináˀ'' || why
|}
 
<!--
:{{|}}
:
:
:<small></small>
:''Are you looking for a lute?''
 
:{{|}}
:
:
:<small></small>
:''''
-->
 
===Clitics===
Clitics serve a diversity of functions in Netagin. The order of pre-NP clitics is as follows: epistemic-tense-topic/focus.
====Inpositional====
Netagin adpositions come in second position (cf. the Latin phrase ''magna '''cum''' laude'') unless the object is pronominal, in which case they are prepositional.
 
:{{heb|קִּב כִיםּ}}
:'''''γκιβ χειμμ'''''
:'''''qibh chím'''''
:{{small|for 1SG.GEN}}
:''for me''
 
:{{heb|תִּפְלוֹן אָ֬נָי תַּ֬ל אִ֬מַּת}}
:'''''θθιφλαύν νὠνώϊ νθαλ νἰμμάθ'''''
:'''''tiphlón nˀánái dtal nˀimath'''''
:{{small|letter.INAN.DIR 2PL.GEN from mother-HON.GEN}}
:''a letter from your mother''
 
The following lists common adpositions. If two cases are listed, the accusative case denotes movement to the position.
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 300px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="3"|Adpositions
|-
!Adposition!!Case!!Gloss
|-
||''tal''<sup>N</sup>||genitive||from
|-
||''qibh''<sup>L</sup>||genitive||for the sake of
|-
||''cí''<sup>L</sup>||genitive||in order that
|-
||''qrúth''<sup>N</sup>||genitive||lest, in order that... not
|-
||''ˁar''<sup>N</sup>||instrumental||with (accompanying)
|-
||''ˀel''<sup>N</sup>||instrumental||without
|-
||''déráˀ''<sup>L</sup>||accusative||because of
|-
||''hídh''<sup>L</sup>||accusative||towards
|-
||''maš''<sup>N</sup>||locative, accusative||in, within
|-
||''cel''<sup>N</sup>||locative, accusative||above, over
|-
||''dón''<sup>L</sup>||genitive, accusative||on, about
|-
||''nótz''<sup>L</sup>||genitive, accusative||before, in front of
|-
||''cad''<sup>L</sup>||locative||when
|-
||''tar''<sup>N</sup>||locative, accusative||after, behind, for (locative)
|-
||''meṭáˀ''<sup>L</sup>||locative, accusative||over, beyond, through
|-
||''bach''<sup>N</sup>||locative, accusative||below, under
|-
||''ferr''<sup>N</sup>||genitive, accusative||between, among
|-
||''yirin''<sup>L</sup>||genitive||instead of
|}
=====Usage of ''cí/qrúth/cad/nótz/tar''=====
Purpose clauses and time clauses have a [[w:Balancing and deranking|different structure]] than independent clauses. The subject is declined in the appropriate case and occupies first position, and the infinitive form is used for the verb.
 
:{{heb|מִּבְלוֹקִי קְרֻות תַקַם צָּפִיחַ}}
:'''''Μμιβλαυκεί κρούθ θακαμ τζωφείαη'''''
:'''''Mibhlóqhí qhrúth thaqhamh tzáphíaḥ'''''
:{{small|ice-SG.GEN lest INF-melt.PFV early}}
:''lest the ice melt prematurely''
 
Pronominal subjects follow the conjunction:
 
:{{heb|תַּר נֻו לָט!}}
:'''''Θθαρ νου λώτ!'''''
:'''''Tar nú láṭh!'''''
:{{small|after 2PC.ACC INF.die.PFV}}
:''After you die! (hostile response to a command/request)''
 
====Discourse====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 200px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="2"|Discourse particles
|-
||''ha-''<sup>L</sup>||topic, vocative
|-
||''ha-''<sup>N</sup>||focus, new information
|-
||''dé''<sup>L</sup>||after all
|-
||''ˀéibháˁ''||don't you know?
|-
||''hén''||tag question
|}
 
====Epistemic====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 200px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="2"|Epistemic modal particles
|-
||''ṭim''||"probably"
|-
||''qáš''||"must"
|-
||''ca-''<sup>L</sup>||"can/might"
|-
||''hégh''||"I doubt that..."
|}
 
====Tense====
Tense marking can be omitted or shifted depending on the context; narrative texts, for instance, will record tense relative to the present time of the story. Tense is marked on the most patientive argument available if the verb is perfective, and on the most agentive argument if the verb is imperfective.
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 200px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="2"|Tense particles
|-
!| Netagin !! Gloss
|-
||''l-''|| recent past
|-
||''š-''||historical, >20 years ago
|-
||''ben''||future
|}
 
====Attitudinal====
Attitudinal clitics typically precede the verb.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 200px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="2"|Attitudinal particles
|-
!| Netagin !! Gloss
|-
||''nac''<sup>L</sup> ||happiness, excitement
|-
||''šú''<sup>N</sup> || entreaty for empathy, "so"
|-
||''ˀich''<sup>L</sup> || optative
|-
||''dim''<sup>L</sup> || hope
|-
||''qrúth''<sup>N</sup> || fear/warning, 'lest'
|}
 
 
:{{heb|דִּיתִיב שֹֻו רַצַמְגְ!}}
:'''''Δδειθείβ θζού ρατζάμγ!'''''
:'''''Díthíbh śú ratzamhgh!'''''
:<small>today so be_saggy/PFV-1SG</small>
:''I've been so exhausted today!''
 
=====Jussive=====
:{{heb|וָּחִין בַּר וֲּעָן!}}
:'''''Ϝϝωηείν ββαρ ϝϝαωών!'''''
:'''''Fáḥín bar faˁán!'''''
:<small>order.PFV-3SG then INF-come.PFV</small>
:''Let her come then! (lit. tell her to come)''
 
===Conjunctions===
Subordinating conjunctions always come in second position.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 200px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="2"|Conjunctions
|-
!colspan="2"|Coordinating
|-
!|Netagin
!|Gloss
|-
||''fa-'' (''fu-'' / _C[+labial])|| and (nominal/adjectival)
|-
||''ˀis''|| and (sentential)
|-
||''mó''|| or
|-
||''ˀach''|| but
|-
||''ˀóth''|| but/rather
|-
!colspan="2"|Subordinating
|-
!|Netagin
!|Gloss
|-
||''ṭú<sup>L</sup>''|| that [complement clause]
|-
||''haṭhú<sup>L</sup>''|| if
|-
||''ˀaph''|| although, even if
|-
||''bar<sup>L</sup>''|| then
|-
||''gún<sup>N</sup>''|| because
|-
||''habhráˀ<sup>L</sup>''|| so, therefore
|}
 
==Loanwords==
Netagin has many loanwords from various sources such as Greek, Aramaic, Arabic, Turkish, and Hebrew (ancient and modern).
 
===from Israeli===
Note that [[User:Ílchőfti Lēmáthīd/Ivris modernis|Modern Hebrew]] words use (a derivative of) the Ashkenazi vocalization, as the revivers of Hebrew adopted Ashkenazi Hebrew for its being superior representation of the structure of Tiberian Hebrew in comparison to Sephardi Hebrew. Some adaptations are made:
*the Hebrew feminine ending ''-o'' is rendered as ''-áˀ''.
*the Hebrew vowel /ø/ is mapped to ''é''.
*the nasal vowels of Hebrew are mapped to VC[+nasal +homorganic] / _C and to V''n'', V''mh'' or V / _#.
*Hebrew consonantal values may be either orthographically or phonetically mapped, within Netagin constraints.
 
===Diachronics from loanwords===
Netagin's long history of borrowing allows reconstruction of much of the diachronic history of the language, by looking at the sound changes that have happened between the source word and the modenr recorded form.
 
Examples:
:''targūm'' (Aramaic 'translation') > ''tirgúmh'' ('translation')
 
==Poetry==
Netagin poetry may use meters ranging from Arabic/Turkish-like quantitative meters (leading to resemblance to Hebrew [[w:Piyyut|''piyyutim'']]) to more Greek- and Italian-influenced qualitative meters (the latter being altered to fit the predominantly iambic words of Netagin).
 
The following equivalences are considered rhyming ([[w:modulo (jargon)|modulo]] homophony, e.g. ''-ú'' = ''-úmh''):
*sharing a stressed -VC,
*sharing a stressed -CH ("mutations mutandis", e.g. ''-tann'' = ''-thann''),
*sharing a -H(CVC), where the first syllable is stressed. The C beginning the second syllable may be discounted in less serious contexts. (H is a heavy rime of the form -VV(C) or -VC(C), where VV is a long vowel)
 
To conform to meter or rhyme patterns initial consonant clusters may be broken: ''*bláth'' > ''beláth'', or syllables may be elided.
 
Note that rhyming is often not [[w:transitive property|transitive]] when initial mutations are considered; namely it is strongly discouraged to traverse both homophony and mutation (and is absolutely impermissible to do so simultaneously) in a given rhyme.
===Sample===
 
==Featured banner==
{{heb|לַבְרִיץ דִּי לַצְבַּש נוֹצִין.}}<br/>
''Λα-βρείτζ δδεί λατζββάσζ ναυτζείν.''<br/>
''La-bhrítz dí latzbaš nótzín.''<br/>
This language has been featured [lit. shown in front].
 
{{heb|דִּי הַגּ֬וֹזָבִי, הַמַּעֲמוֹרָתִי, וֲּהַמֵּיגָת תְּ֬קֻוסֵג, לִפְסוֹף הַבְרָא וַּאַצְבָּש.}}<br/>
''Δδεί ἁ-νγαυζωβεί, ἁ-μμαωαμαυρωθεί, ϝϝαἁ-μμαιγάθ νθεκουσαίγ, λιφσαύφ ἁβρώ ϝϝαἀτζββάσζ.''<br/>
''Dí ha-ngózábhí, ha-maˁamhóráthí, faha-méghath dteqhúségh, liphsóph habhráˀ faˀatzbaš.''<br/>
It is useful/usable, natural, and well-done, hence it has been elected to be featured.
 
==Dictionary==
''Please see [[Netagin/Dictionary]].''
 
[[Category:Conlangs]] [[Category:A priori]]

Latest revision as of 23:28, 30 October 2024

Pages with the prefix 'Flei/Old draft' in the and 'Talk' namespaces:

Talk:

Flei/Old draft (nə rhọb Flei/Old draft from *nàh ròpàh qéqèpàh) is a classical language of ___. It's inspired by Old Irish, Tiberian Hebrew, and Vietnamese.

Phonology

b d g għ q = /p t k ʡ ʔ/;

aspirated stops p t c k kħ;

Spirants f θ x xħ ħ = /f θ x χ ħ/

m n ŋ; ṁ ṅ ŋ̇ = /m n ŋ; ṽ (lenis n) (lenis ŋ)/

x s h = /ɬ ʃ h/

b ƀ đ d y g ǥ = /v b(impl) d(impl) ð j ɣ (Eevo L)/

r l rh /r l (flap)/

hm hn hng hr voiceless resonants

i ê e a o ô u = /i e ɛ a ɔ o u/; ă = shva na; ĕ = ultrashort e; iê uô

Ultrashort vowels cannot carry independent tones

tones: a á à ả ã ạ (mid~falling high low rising~dipping nga nang)

Mutations

  1. Lenition: m n ŋ p t c k kħ s v l r -> ṁ ṅ ŋ̇ b d y g għ h 0 l rh
  2. L-coloring: m n ŋ p t c k kħ s v l r -> m l ŋ ƀ đ ǥ ǥ għ x l l r
  3. Aspiration: m n ŋ p t c k kħ s v l r -> hm hn hŋ ph th ch kh ħ s ph x hr

Proto-language

5 vowels: i e a o u; each mora had high and low tones

allowed syllables: CV, CVn, CVh, CVl (CVnC becomes CV(sokuon)C as in Hebrew)

Todo: Stress patterns for construct nouns and dependent verbs

Consonants: m n ŋ p t c k q 2 s w l r y /m n ŋ p t k q̟ q̠ ʔ ʃ w l r j/

Tone reflexes (' denotes stress): (these occur by moras with long vowels counting as 2 moras): 'á > á; 'à > à; 'á.á > ã; 'á.à > a; 'à.á > ả; 'à.à > ạ (This occurs before syncope)

umlaut like in OIr

Morphology

Nouns

Nouns fall into 3 genders (human, animate and inanimate) and inflect for number (sg, du, pl) and case (abs erg gen lat loc voc). Possessed forms have unpredictable stems and comes from proto-forms that had a different stress pattern than absolute forms. The appropriate 3rd person possessed forms are used like construct state forms in possessive constructions.

The locative is used with prepositions to indicate location and is the default prepositional case; when the lative is used the same prepositions indicate destination, and when the ergative is used they indicate "motion from".

article nă + various mutations (also relativizer)

Possessive prefixes

Type 1 possession

Type 1 possession is somewhat like inalienable possession. It is marked by adding possessive prefixes to the dependent form of the noun.

  • sèmpèŋàrán > sệpŋă-N 'body'
  • hísèmpèŋàrán > ispŋăr-N 'my body'
  • ŋusèmpèŋàrán > ŋùspŋăr-N 'thy body'
  • àsèmpèŋàrán > àspŋăr-N (animate)
  • ànsèmpèŋàrán > àspŋăr-N (inanimate)
  • láhisèmpèŋàrán > lispŋăr-N 'our body'
  • númasèmpèŋàrán > nospŋăr-N 'your body'
  • àlsèmpèŋàrán > àxpŋăr-N '3pl's body'
Type 2 posssession

Type 2 possession is the default possessive strategy. It is marked by adding possessive prefixes to the independent form of the noun.

Adjectives

Adjectives agree with nouns, def adjectives take the def article (bc Hebrew)

Verbs

Old Irish-style independent-dependent verbal allomorphy, which includes tone changes

PFlei/Old draft rò.mátse, láh.ràmátse '3sg saves, 3sg does not save' --> ră:más, la:hrảmhăs

productive redup

Inflection

Present tense forms of să·kumʰa '3sg remembers':

Person Primitive Flei/Old draft Underlying form Flei/Old draft surface form
1SG so.kúmpa-sa-t(í), .sòkúmpa-sa-t(í) să·kommpṡẻ, ·sủgmbẻ să·kumʰẻ, ·sủmmẻ
2SG so·kúmpa-sa-ŋ(u), ·sòkúmpa-sa-ŋ(u) să·kommpṡəŋ, ·sủgmbəŋ să·kumʰụ, ·sủmmụ
3SG so·kúmpa-sáse, ·sòkúmpa-sáse să·kommpṡa, ·sủgmba să·kumʰa, ·sủmma
1PL so·kúmpa-sa-lehi, ·sòkúmpa-sa-lehi să·kommpṡlə̣j, ·sủgmblə̣j să·kumʰlị, ·sủmlị
2PL so·kúmpa-sa-numa, ·sòkúmpa-sa-numa să·kommpṡnăm, ·sủgmbnăm să·kumʰnăm, ·sủmnăm
3PL so·kúmpa-sa-ro, ·sòkúmpa-sa-ro să·kommpṡər, ·sủgmbər să·kumʰăr, ·sủmmăr

Syntax

VOS, head-initial

question particle să-L

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