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Makari: Difference between revisions
→Verbs
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Notes : | |||
*/cç/ and /ç/ are pronounced /tʃ/ and /ʃ/ by some speakers | |||
*/kx/ and /x/ are pronounced /qχ/ and /χ/ after back vowels | |||
*Although the traditional pronounciation of <w> is /ʋ/, almost all speakers have shifted to /w/ or /β/ | |||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
| Line 101: | Line 107: | ||
! [[w:Back vowel|Back]] | ! [[w:Back vowel|Back]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]] | |||
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]], [[w:Near-close near-front unrounded vowel|ɪː]] | | [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]], [[w:Near-close near-front unrounded vowel|ɪː]] | ||
| [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]], [[w:Near-close near-back rounded vowel|ʊː]] | | [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]], [[w:Near-close near-back rounded vowel|ʊː]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! [[w:Mid vowel|Mid]] | |||
| colspan="2" | [[w:Mid central vowel|ə]], [[w:Near-open central vowel|ɐː]] | | colspan="2" | [[w:Mid central vowel|ə]], [[w:Near-open central vowel|ɐː]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]] | |||
| [[w:Open central unrounded vowel|ä]] | | [[w:Open central unrounded vowel|ä]] | ||
| [[w:Open back rounded vowel|ɒ]] | | [[w:Open back rounded vowel|ɒ]] | ||
|} | |||
Notes: | |||
*/ɪː/ and /ʊː/ are often realized as /i:/ and /u:/ in stressed syllables | |||
*/ə/ can be lengthened if it is the first component of a diphthong | |||
*/ɒ/ is raised to /ɔ/ by some speakers | |||
===Morphophonology=== | |||
====Apophony==== | |||
As we will talk about later, verbs in Makari have 2 stems, the "normal" stem and the "apophonic" stem. The apophonic stem, as its name implies, is a verbal stem where apophony occured on the two last syllables (apophony is stopped by stress). To know how to deduce that stem, here is a table of vowel alternation : | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Vowel alternation | |||
|- | |||
! Initial !! After apophony | |||
|- | |||
| a || áu | |||
|- | |||
| e || i | |||
|- | |||
| i || ío | |||
|- | |||
| o || ú | |||
|- | |||
| u || o | |||
|- | |||
| á, í, ú || a, i, u | |||
|} | |} | ||
===Phonotactics and Stress=== | ===Phonotactics and Stress=== | ||
====Syllable Shape==== | ====Syllable Shape==== | ||
The maximum syllable shape of Makari is pretty strict, | The maximum syllable shape of Makari is pretty strict, as it is (C)V(C) | ||
====Stress==== | ====Stress==== | ||
Stress falls on the third-to-last syllable (or first syllable is the word has less than three syllables). For | Stress falls on the third-to-last syllable (or first syllable is the word has less than three syllables). For example, "tocája" is pronounced /ˈtɒcçɐjä/ | ||
==Grammar== | |||
===Nouns=== | |||
====Cases==== | |||
Nouns in Makari are inflected using 7 cases : | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:30em" | |||
|+ Makari case system | |||
|- | |||
! Case !! Usage | |||
|- | |||
| Nominative || Subject of a verb (+ predicate) | |||
|- | |||
| Genitive || Alienable possession, subject of verbs of experience | |||
|- | |||
| Dative || Indirect object, direct object of verbs of possession, inalienable possession (with «{{term|já}}»), lative case | |||
|- | |||
| Accusative || Direct object | |||
|- | |||
| Locative || Position in space, movement away from, derivation method | |||
|- | |||
| Vocative || Apostrophe | |||
|- | |||
| Prepositional || Objects of prepositions | |||
|} | |||
====Numbers==== | |||
In Makari, nouns are inflected using two numbers (or three depending on when the word was loaned) : | |||
* Singular | |||
* Paucal (Merged with the plural) | |||
* Plural | |||
====Paradigms==== | |||
{| class="multicol" | |||
|- | |||
| {{template:Makari noun declension|class=V|red1=ár|red2=li|V1=á|1=ári|2=árí|3=áli}} | |||
| {{template:Makari noun declension|class=M|red1=to|red2=cá|V1=o|1=toká|2=toka|3=tocá}} | |||
| {{template:Makari noun declension|class=C|red1=ak|red2=an|V1=a|1=akan|2=akán|3=akat|4=aka}} | |||
|} | |||
===Verbs=== | |||
Verbs in Makari have 2 different stems : the "normal" stem and the "apophonic" stem (see [[Makari#Apophony]] for the stem rules). The apophonic stem is used for the perfect tense, and for the conditional. There are 13 main tenses and 4 compound tenses, 4 moods and 3 numbers. | |||
Certain verb forms use an augment, represented as «e» or «et» depending on the word | |||
Verbs are highly regular, expect for 4 verbs : the copula «ne», the locative copula «ita» , the possessive auxiliary «ru» and the negative auxiliary «á» | |||
{| class="multicol" | |||
|- | |||
| {{template:Makari verb conjugation|class=V|fs=C|1=kira|2=kíoráu}} | |||
| {{template:Makari verb conjugation|class=M|fs=V|1=ánicaúraí|2=ánicáuráu}} | |||
| {{template:Makari verb conjugation|class=C|fs=V|1=eteran|2=etiráun}} | |||
|} | |||
[[Category:Makari]] | [[Category:Makari]] | ||
[[Category:Languages]] | [[Category:Languages]] | ||
[[Category:Conlangs]] | [[Category:Conlangs]] | ||