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'''Riukish''' ([[w:endonym|autoglossonym]]: Ribnú; <small>Riukish : </small>[[w:ipa chart|[riβnʉː]]]) is a minority language spoken in Lincai (<small>Riukish :</small> Ricda [[w:ipa chart|[ricð̞ä]]]), province in which the majority language is [[Makari]]. Riukish is a language isolate, as it is not related to any languages known in the Ragian subcontinent, place where the Proto-Kinavel language evolved. One of the hypothesis about the provenance of Riukish is that merchants from Kalari brought their language to Lincai, around 900 years ago.
'''Riukish''' ([[w:endonym|autoglossonym]]: Ribnú; <small>Riukish : </small>[[w:ipa chart|[riβnʉː]]]) is a minority language spoken in Lincai (<small>Riukish :</small> Ricda [[w:ipa chart|[ricð̞ä]]]), province in which the majority language is [[Makari]]. Riukish is a language isolate, as it is not related to any languages known in the Ragian subcontinent, place where the Proto-Kinavel language evolved. One of the hypothesis about the provenance of Riukish is that merchants from Kalari brought their language to Lincai, around 900 years ago.
Gramatically speaking, Riukish is a [[w:Fusional lanuage|fusional]] language, even though verbs can be considered as [[w:Agglutinative_language|agglutinative]]. It has a split-ergative alignment, with case depending entirely on verb voices, a concept that Riukish makes extensive use of.


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==Etymology==
==Etymology==


Following the previous hypothesis, the language name could come from the Early Kalari word «Rŭivnĭu» /rʷiβnʲu/ which, at that time, meant "story, novel"
Following the previous hypothesis, the language name could come from the Early Kalari word «Rŭivnĭu» /rʷiβnʲu/ which, at that time, meant "story, novel". In the now extinct Kalari language, that word became «Ruivnu», and meant "tongue"
 
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
The following table is Riukish consonant inventory. It is composed of 19 phonemes, 5 of which being approximants and 5 of them being fricatives according to the traditional pronunciation.
 
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 30em; text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="4" | Consonants
|-
!
! Labials
! Alveolars
! Dorsals
|-
! Nasals
| '''m''' /m/
| '''n''' /n/
| '''ng''' /ŋ/
|-
! Plosives
| '''p''' /p/
| '''t''' /t/
| '''c''' /c/, '''k''' /k/
|-
! Fricatives
| '''f''' /ɸ/
| '''s''' /s/
| '''z''' /ç/, '''x''' /x/, '''h''' /h/
|-
! Approximants
| '''v''' /β̞/
| '''d''' /ð̞/, '''l''' /l/
| '''g''' /ɰ/, '''w''' /w/
|-
! Trills
| '''b''' /ʙ̥/
| '''r''' /r/
| style="background-color:#999999; color:#9b9b9b;" |
|}
 
Notes :
*In the "neo-phonology", the approximants /β̞/, /ð̞/ and /ɰ/ are pronounced /β/, /ð/ and /ɣ/
*/c/ and /ç/ can be pronounced /kʲ/ and /ʃʲ/
 
===Vowels===
There are 9 vowels in Riukish, 8 of which form short-long pairs :
 
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 20em; text-align:center;"
|-
! !! Front !! Central !! Back
|-
! Close
| '''i,í''' /iː/ || '''ú''' /ʉː/ || '''u''' /u/
|-
! Mid
| '''e''' /e̞/, '''é''' /ɛ̝:/  || || '''o''' /o̞/
|-
! Open
| '''á''' /æ:/ || '''a''' /ä/ || '''ó''' /ɒ:/
|}
 
==Morphology==
Riukish nominal morphology is [[w:Fusional lanuage|fusional]], whereas verbal morphology is [[w:Agglutinative lanuage|agglutinative]]. Inflections are mainly suffixes, even though circumfixes are often used.
 
===Verbal===
Riukish verbs are inflected with 5 moods, 3 tenses, 2 aspects and 9 voices. Each voice is conveyed using an affix, glued to the verb root before the inflection.
There are also are 2 non-finite forms :
*The participle, which serves the role of indicating the agent of an action
*The transgressive, which serves to indicate concurrent actions
 
====Active voice====
The active voice is the initial form of the verb, which indicates that the subject is the one who does the action. The arguments of the verb must be in the Nominative/Accusative case
 
Here is the active voice paradigm :
{{template:Riukish verb conjugation|meaning=to live|1=nírú}}
 
====Middle voice====
The middle voice indicates that the subject is both the one who does the action and the one who is undergoing change. The arguments of the verb must be in the Ergative/Absolutive case
 
It is formed by prefixing "da-" to the main root
 
====Passive voice====
The passive voice indicates that the subject is the patient of the actions. The arguments of the verb must be in the Nominative/Accusative case. It's subdivided into 2 different voices :
 
:; Dynamic passive
::The dynamic passive (or eventive passive) is a passive action that was/is/will be taking place.
::It is formed using the suffix "-noí" to the verb root
 
:; Static passive
::The static passive (or stative passive) is a passive action that was/is/will be done to the subject that did/does/will result in a state in the time focused upon
::It is formed using the suffix "-té" to the verb root
 
====Adjutative====
The adjutative voice conveys the information that the subject is helping the agent.
 
It is formed by adding "-róu" to the verb root


[[Category:Riukish]]
[[Category:Riukish]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Latest revision as of 09:47, 8 November 2024

Riukish
Ribnú
Pronunciation[riβnʉː]
Created byAenil2
Date2024
SettingConworld
Native speakersL1 : 600 (1872 CC)
L2 : 3200
Isolate
  • Riukish
Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-2brn

Riukish (autoglossonym: Ribnú; Riukish : [riβnʉː]) is a minority language spoken in Lincai (Riukish : Ricda [ricð̞ä]), province in which the majority language is Makari. Riukish is a language isolate, as it is not related to any languages known in the Ragian subcontinent, place where the Proto-Kinavel language evolved. One of the hypothesis about the provenance of Riukish is that merchants from Kalari brought their language to Lincai, around 900 years ago.

Gramatically speaking, Riukish is a fusional language, even though verbs can be considered as agglutinative. It has a split-ergative alignment, with case depending entirely on verb voices, a concept that Riukish makes extensive use of.

Etymology

Following the previous hypothesis, the language name could come from the Early Kalari word «Rŭivnĭu» /rʷiβnʲu/ which, at that time, meant "story, novel". In the now extinct Kalari language, that word became «Ruivnu», and meant "tongue"

Phonology

Consonants

The following table is Riukish consonant inventory. It is composed of 19 phonemes, 5 of which being approximants and 5 of them being fricatives according to the traditional pronunciation.

Consonants
Labials Alveolars Dorsals
Nasals m /m/ n /n/ ng /ŋ/
Plosives p /p/ t /t/ c /c/, k /k/
Fricatives f /ɸ/ s /s/ z /ç/, x /x/, h /h/
Approximants v /β̞/ d /ð̞/, l /l/ g /ɰ/, w /w/
Trills b /ʙ̥/ r /r/

Notes :

  • In the "neo-phonology", the approximants /β̞/, /ð̞/ and /ɰ/ are pronounced /β/, /ð/ and /ɣ/
  • /c/ and /ç/ can be pronounced /kʲ/ and /ʃʲ/

Vowels

There are 9 vowels in Riukish, 8 of which form short-long pairs :

Front Central Back
Close i,í /iː/ ú /ʉː/ u /u/
Mid e /e̞/, é /ɛ̝:/ o /o̞/
Open á /æ:/ a /ä/ ó /ɒ:/

Morphology

Riukish nominal morphology is fusional, whereas verbal morphology is agglutinative. Inflections are mainly suffixes, even though circumfixes are often used.

Verbal

Riukish verbs are inflected with 5 moods, 3 tenses, 2 aspects and 9 voices. Each voice is conveyed using an affix, glued to the verb root before the inflection. There are also are 2 non-finite forms :

  • The participle, which serves the role of indicating the agent of an action
  • The transgressive, which serves to indicate concurrent actions

Active voice

The active voice is the initial form of the verb, which indicates that the subject is the one who does the action. The arguments of the verb must be in the Nominative/Accusative case

Here is the active voice paradigm :

nírú - to live
Non-finite forms
Participle nírúnire
Transgressive nunírúti
Finite forms
Indicative Conditional Jussive Potential Optative
Absolute Past anírú anírúne anírúta anírúldo anírúru
Present nírú nírúne nírúta nírúldo nírúru
Future inírú inírúne inírúta inírúldo inírúru
Relative Past anírúte anírúva anírúgú ánírúngo ánírúgi
Present nírúte nírúva nírúgú énírúngo énírúgi
Future inírúte inírúva inírúgú ínírúngo ínírúgi

Middle voice

The middle voice indicates that the subject is both the one who does the action and the one who is undergoing change. The arguments of the verb must be in the Ergative/Absolutive case

It is formed by prefixing "da-" to the main root

Passive voice

The passive voice indicates that the subject is the patient of the actions. The arguments of the verb must be in the Nominative/Accusative case. It's subdivided into 2 different voices :

Dynamic passive
The dynamic passive (or eventive passive) is a passive action that was/is/will be taking place.
It is formed using the suffix "-noí" to the verb root
Static passive
The static passive (or stative passive) is a passive action that was/is/will be done to the subject that did/does/will result in a state in the time focused upon
It is formed using the suffix "-té" to the verb root

Adjutative

The adjutative voice conveys the information that the subject is helping the agent.

It is formed by adding "-róu" to the verb root

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