Natalician

Natalician
Nataldha
Flag of the Natalician Republic
Pronunciation	[na.ta.ld.ja]
Created by	Hazer
Date	2021
Setting	Hazerworld
Native to	Natalicia; Firenia and the Kontamchian Islands
Ethnicity	Natalese
Native speakers	37,123,487 (2021)
Language family	Tinarian Kasenian Upper Kasenian Natalo-Kesperian Old Natalician Natalician
Early form	Old Natalician
Standard form	Standard Central Natalician (Kieneh Rasah Nataldha)
Dialects	Celician Natalician (Selis Nataldha) Northern Natalician (Köpreh Nataldha) Firenic Natalician (Firen Nataldha)
Official status
Official language in	Natalicia
Recognised minority language in	Espidon, Amarania (Dogostania)
Regulated by	The Natalician Academic Council for Linguistics
A map showing the distribution of (native and non-native) speakers of Natalician in Tinaria. Dark blue is native, light blue is secondary language speaker, and cyan is minorities.

Natalician (/nəˈtɑlɪʃən/; endonym: Nataldha [na.ta.ld.ja] or Natal Rettive /na.tal re.tːive/) is a North Kasenian language predominantly spoken in Central East Tinaria, specifically in Natalicia, Firenia, and North-East Nirania. Beyond Natalicia, it holds official status in Budernie, Nirania, and Kannamie, and is recognized as a minority language in East Espidon and within the Dogostanian community in Eastern Amarania. Natalician shares a close linguistic relationship with other North Kasenian languages, such as Espidan and Niranian.

Modern Natalician evolved from Old Natalician, which itself descended from an extinct, unnamed language spoken by the Natalo-Kesperian tribes. Today, Natalician stands as one of the world's most significant languages, boasting the highest number of speakers among the Kasenian languages, both as a native and a second language. Approximately 65 million people worldwide speak Natalician, including 37 million native speakers.

Natalician is characterised by its lack of grammatical cases, absence of grammatical genders, minimal irregularity, and a systematic grammar. Its orthography is straightforward, devoid of digraphs, diphthongs, or similar complexities, making it an accessible language to read and learn.

History

The earliest traces of the Natalician language date back to the year 334, featuring a vocabulary and grammar markedly different from its modern descendant. The history of the Natalician language is divided into three distinct periods: Classic Natalician (334–1203), Old Natalician (1203–1540), and Modern Natalician (1540–present). As of 2021, the language is estimated to be 1,687 years old.

Classic Natalician

Also known as Poetic Natalician or the Natalo-Kesperian Language, the earliest traces of this language are found solely in ancient poetry and inscriptions on recovered artifacts. However, the NACL (Natalician Academy of Classical Languages) considers these remnants insufficient to be deemed a complete or valid representation of the spoken Natalo-Kesperian language, largely due to the dominance of illiteracy in the pre-Killistic era and the overly formal nature of the vocabulary used in these writings.

Classic Natalician's vocabulary contains numerous direct elements from the early Proto-North-Kasenian language, which eventually faded during the migratory era. This decline was influenced by cultural clashes and the increasing incorporation of loanwords.

Unfortunately, no documents from the Classic Natalician period have survived. Consequently, there is no known evidence detailing the development of the language during this primary era.

Old Natalician

Reširi ägsös nör på tånåka if kelševi wez̊en fölsi sös.
“The people have the right to write and say what they please.”

“

”

The first quote from the famous Ulun Cilesli Irkete's 1210 language guide

With the dawn of the Killistic era, the Natalese tribes gained access to invaluable knowledge, brought by the ascension of their proclaimed king, Ribel Zömeri. This period marked a significant rise in literacy rates within the nascent and unified Natalese monarchy, which spanned from 1203 to 1834. During this era, the Natalician language saw its first instances of written records and experienced a flourishing of printed works.

The earliest known book containing written evidence of the Natalician language is titled "Natåltïå kočåculaï orūnza" (Natalician Guide Book). This seminal work was authored and published by the late Ulun Cilesli Irkete in the year 1210. Subsequently, numerous documents have been preserved through generations and are now treasured artifacts housed in the Natalician Grand Museum of Literature and Artifacts in Celicia.

A recovered old copy of Prof. Irkete's Old Natalician guide book

Many historians and literary scholars have debated the relationship between Classic and Old Natalician, with some arguing that they are identical. However, the scarcity of evidence has left these claims unresolved. Scholar Iček Friktinäm posits: "Old Natalician may be the result of the incorporation of new local loanwords, and the diverse dialects might have led to deviations from the Kasenian roots of the standard spoken Natalician of that time."

Old Natalician is characterized by significantly different grammar and vocabulary compared to modern Natalician. The most notable differences include the presence of vowel harmony and grammatical cases. The language featured four types of vowel harmony and three grammatical cases: Nominative, Accusative, and Genitive. Additionally, distinct suffixes and verb conjugations highlight the major grammatical differences.

Modern Natalician

Ťenałr tanakavsai der garla. Ťenałr nameš tanakavsai der ünete.
“History is written by the victor. Our history is written by the people.”

“

”

Zafel Sörät Fortla, founder of the republic

The Natalician language has been continuously evolving since the 15th century with the decline of the monarchy and the rise of Goz Hoz to power the next few centuries. Trades and exchanges between nations has allowed for a path to new loanwords added to the Natalician lexicon. This evolution continued until the establishment of the Republic in 1845 by Zafel Sörät Fortla, when the "Natalician Academic Council for Linguistics" was created and assumed responsibility for tracking the language's development.

Etymology

The name Natalicia, the Natalese and the Natalician language, originates from the Natala tribes of the Natalo-Kesperian community in central east Tinaria. The term derives from the Proto-Kasenian word Nåťåla, meaning "fairness." This evolved into Nåsåla in Old Natalician and eventually became Nasala in Modern Natalician.

Geographical Distribution

Geographical distribution of speakers of the Natalician language in the Natal Koman area

Natalician is spoken in the Natalician republic, the kingdom of Firenia, the northwestern camps of the Nirenian republic and as a minority language in Espidon and Amarania. The popularity of Natalician has increased following the Natalician Dispora program, resulting in an increase of demand for the language to be taught as a foreign language in most of Tinaria and the other three continents.

An exact global number of Natalician speakers is a matter of difference due to the several varieties of Natalician status as separate "languages" or "dialects" is disputed for political and linguistic reasons, including certain forms of Kasperian and Rufeic Natalician. With the inclusion or exclusion of said varieties, the estimate is approximately 40 million people who speak Natalician as a first language, 5 to 15 million speak it as a second language, and 40 to 50 million as a foreign language. This would imply approximately 85 to 105 million Natalician speakers worldwide.

Natalician sociolinguist Mezred Siförtah estimated a number of 150 million Natalician foreign language speakers without clarifying the criteria by which he classified a speaker.

Tinaria

As of 2024, about 40 million people, or 12% of the Tinarian Union's population, spoke Natalician as their mother tongue, making it the fourth-most widely spoken language on the continent after English, Secaltan and Amaranian, the fourth biggest language in terms of overall speakers, as well as the third most spoken native language.

Natal Koman

The area in central east Tinaria where the majority of the population speaks Natalician as a first or second language and has Natalician as a (co-)official language is called the "Natal Koman (Natalician for: 'Natalese World')". Natalician is the official or co-official language of the following countries:

• Natalicia (official)
• Firenia (official)
• The Kontamchian Islands (official)
• Søfrøzkev, Niččišey and Vørkek regions of Nirenia (co-official)
• Province of Trumuyet of Tuggol (co-official)
• The Islands of Kannamay, Binjes and Vurvuda (co-official)

Outside the Natal Koman

Natalician is a recognised minority language in the following countries:

• Espidon (in the provinces of Zafur and Iktišek)
• East of the Federal Dogostanian Republic in Amarania

Phonology

Consonants

Consonant phonemes of Standard Natalician

		Labial	Dental/ Alveolar	Postalveolar	Palatal	Velar		Uvular	Glottal
						plain	labialized
Nasal		m	n
Plosive	voiceless	p	t			k
	voiced	b	d			ɡ
Fricative	voiceless	f	s θ	ʃ					h
	voiced	v	z ð	ʒ				ʁ
Affricate	voiceless			t͡ʃ
	voiceless			d͡ʒ
Approximant	semivowel				j		w
	lateral		l

1. The phoneme /ʒ/ is usually realised as /dʒ/ in many dialects. In the island dialects, it is replaced with /d͡ʒ/ when it occurs word-initially.
2. /l/ can undergo delateralisation in most dialects if preceeded by /i/ - for example, senil ("problem") is pronounced /se.nij/ rather than /se.nil/.

Vowels

Vowel phonemes of standard Natalician

	Front		Back
	unrounded	rounded	unrounded	rounded
Close	i	y		u
Near-open	æ
Open	e	œ	a	o

The vowels of the Natalician language are, in their alphabetical order, ⟨a⟩, ⟨ä⟩, ⟨e⟩, ⟨i⟩, ⟨o⟩, ⟨ö⟩, ⟨u⟩, ⟨ü⟩. The Natalician vowel system can be considered as being three-dimensional, where vowels are characterised by how and where they are articulated focusing on three key features: front and back, rounded and unrounded and vowel height.

NOTE: When the vowels /i/, /u/ precede or succeed another vowel, they become /j/, /w/ respectively. If both vowels meet one another, only the /i/ will transform into a /j/ while the /u/ remains unchanged.

Orthography

Alphabet

Natalician has a straightforward orthography, meaning regular spelling with (almost) no diphthong or digraph or anything of the sort. In linguistic terms, the writing system is a phonemic orthography.

Standard Natalician alphabet

A Natalician QWERTY computer keyboard layout.

Letter	Name	IPA
Aa	a [a]	/a/
Ää	ä [æ]	/æ/
Bb	be [be]	/b/
Cc	ce [d͡ʒe]	/d͡ʒ/
Čč	če [t͡ʃe]	/t͡ʃ/
Dd	de [de]	/d/
Ďď	ďe [ðe]	/ð/
Ee	e [e]	/ɛ/, /e/
Ff	ef [ɛf]	/f/
Gg	ge [ɡ]	/g/
Hh	ha [ha]	/h/, /j/
Ii	i [i]	/i/, /j/
Jj	je [ʒe]	/ʒ/
Kk	ka [ka]	/k/
Ll	el [ɛl]	/l/
Łł	girbit el [gir.bit ɛl]	/ː/
Mm	em [ɛm]	/m/
Nn	en [ɛn]	/n/
Oo	o [o]	/o/
Öö	ö [œ]	/œ/
Pp	pe [pe]	/p/
Rr	er [ɛr]	/r/
Řř	eř [ɛʁ]	/ʁ/
Ss	es [s]	/s/
Šš	eš [ɛʃ]	/ʃ/
Tt	te [te]	/t/
Ťť	ťe [θe]	/θ/
Uu	u [u]	/u/
Üü	ü [y]	/y/
Vv	ve [ve]	/v/
Ww	wa [wa]	/w/
Zz	ze [ze]	/z/

• The letter that is called Girbit El ("Silent L"), written ⟨Ł⟩ in Natalician orthography, represents vowel lengthening. It never occurs at the beginning of a word or a syllable, always follows a vowel and always preceeds a consonant. The vowel that preceeds it is lengthened.
• The letter ⟨H⟩ in Natalician orthography represents two sounds: The /h/ sound, and the /j/ sound. If the letter ⟨H⟩ is located at the beginning of the (non-compound) word, it takes the /h/ sound, otherwise it takes the /j/ sound. (e.g. Hiloh /hi.loj/ "Hello", Konah /ko.naj/ "Beautiful", Haz /haz/ "This")

Grammar

Consonant harmony

Natalician orthography reflects voice sandhi voicing, a form of consonant mutation with two consonants that meet, and the second is voiced and the first is unvoiced. The first unvoiced consonant [p t f ʃ t͡ʃ θ k s] is voiced to [b d v ʒ d͡ʒ ð ɡ z], but the orthography remains unchanged.

• Kütdüs (you drink) realises the /t/ as a /d/ due to the voiced consonant that follows; hence, it becomes /kydː.ys/.
• Äzäpzik (announcement) realises the /p/ as a /b/; hence, it becomes /æ.zæb.zik/.

NOTE: The only time a voiced consonant gets devoiced is when the voiced-voiceless pairs meet and the voiced consonant preceeds the voiceless one, resulting in a gemination of the voiceless consonant: Lüzševi /lyʃː.e.vi/ - Özse /œsː.e/ - Kodtos /kotːos/

Vowel harmony

Natalician Vowel Harmony	Front Vowels					Back Vowels
	Unrounded			Rounded		Unrounded	Rounded
Vowel	ä	e	i	ö	ü	a	o	u
Type Ĭ (Backness + Rounding)	i			ü		a	u
Type Ĕ (Backness)	e					o

The principle of vowel harmony

1. If the first vowel of a word is a back vowel, any subsequent vowel is also a back vowel; if the first is a front vowel, any subsequent vowel is also a front vowel.
2. If the first vowel is unrounded, so too are subsequent vowels.

The second and third rules minimize muscular effort during speech. More specifically, they are related to the phenomenon of labial assimilation: If the lips are rounded (a process that requires muscular effort) for the first vowel they may stay rounded for subsequent vowels. If they are unrounded for the first vowel, the speaker does not make the additional muscular effort to round them subsequently.

Grammatical affixes have "a chameleon-like quality" and obey one of the following patterns of vowel harmony:

• Twofold ĕ (-e/-o): The article, for example, is -(v)e after front vowels and -(v)o after back vowels.
• Fourfold ĭ (-i/-a/-ü/-u): The verb infinitive suffix, for example, is -i or -a after unrounded vowels (front or back respectively); and -ü or -u after the corresponding rounded vowels.
• Type & 'and': The adjectival passive voice suffix, for example, is -t&t, the & being the same vowel as the previous one.

Practically, the twofold pattern (usually referred to as the type Ĕ) means that in the environment where the vowel in the word stem is formed in the front of the mouth, the suffix will take the e form, while if it is formed in the back it will take the o form. The fourfold pattern (also called the type Ĭ) accounts for rounding as well as for front/back. The type & pattern is the reppetition of the same last vowel. The following examples, based on the verbal noun suffix -zĭk, illustrate the principles of type Ĭ vowel harmony in practice: Ähräzik ("Swimming"), Okzuk ("Knowledge"), Ianzak ("Eating"), Nörzük ("Living").

Exceptions to vowel harmony

These are four word-classes that are exceptions to the rules of vowel harmony:

1. Native, non-compound words, e.g. Ela "then", Čela "drink", Ťehozuk "discussion"
2. Native compound words, e.g. Pave "for what"
3. Foreign words, e.g. many English loanwords such as Sertifikäht (certificate), Hospitol (hospital), Kompiułter (computer)
4. Invariable prefixes / suffixes:

Invariable prefix or suffix	Natalician example	Meaning in English	Remarks
–(v)iš	üčiš	"exit"	From üč "leave"
öz-	özhaša	"to return"	From haša "to come"
gik-	gikdönšetet	"uncleaned"	From dönšetet "cleaned"

Note

• A native compound does not obey vowel harmony: Ras+cezil ("city center"—a place name)
• Loanwords also disobeys vowel harmony: Kofi ("Coffee")
• Every grammatical prefix disobeys the vowel harmony aswell.

Parts of speech

There are nine parts of speech (kurzuk felev) in Natalician.

1. noun (iztin "name");
2. pronoun (kahuče from Amaranian kayoûtshéy, or reširnel iztinev "personal names");
3. adjective (oruvaš "quality");
4. verb (öhker from Amaranian eiyiker, or dirzik "action");
5. adverb (randara);
6. postposition (hasah eřči "later addition");
7. conjunction (sedlek übeřre "sentence link");
8. particle (meres);
9. interjection (venzik rimizli "feeling manifester").

Only nouns and verbs are inflected in Natalician. An adjective can usually be treated as a noun, in which case it can also be inflected. Inflection can give a noun features of a verb such as person and tense. With inflection, a verb can become one of the following:

• verbal noun (öhkernel iztin);
• verbal adjective (öhkernel oruvaš);
• verbal adverb (öhkernel randara).

These have peculiarities not shared with other nouns, adjectives or adverbs. For example, some participles take a person the way verbs do. Also, a verbal noun or adverb can take a direct object.

There are two standards for listing verbs in dictionaries. Most dictionaries follow the tradition of spelling out the infinitive form of the verb as the headword of the entry, but others such as the Zeraltan Natalician-English Dictionary are more technical and spell out the stem of the verb instead, that is, they spell out a string of letters that is useful for producing all other verb forms through morphological rules. Similar to the latter, this article follows the stem-as-citeword standard.

• Infinitive: oruvu ("to read")
• Stem: oru- ("read")

In Natalician, the verbal stem is also the second-person singular imperative form. Example:

oru- (stem meaning "read")

Oru! ("Read!")

Many verbs are formed from nouns by addition of -še. For example:

mar – "structure"

maršo – "build / construct"

Most adjectives can be treated as nouns or pronouns. For example, ďen can mean "young", "young person", or "the young person being referred to".

Comparison of adjectives is not done by inflecting adjectives or adverbs, but by other means (described below).

Adjectives can serve as adverbs, sometimes by means of repetition:

danah – "happy"

danah danah – "happily"

Nouns

Inflection

A Natalician noun has no gender. There are seven regular inflectional affixes in Natalician.

Inflectional affixes in English

Affix	Grammatical category	Mark	Part of speech
-(v)ev/-(v)ov	Number	plural	nouns
-'(ĭ)n	Case	genitive	nouns and noun phrases, pronouns
-tĕs	Aspect	progressive	gerunds or participles
-ed/-t	Tense	past (simple)	verbs
-s	Person, number, aspect, tense	3rd person singular present indicative	verbs
-er	Degree of comparison	comparative	adjectives and adverbs
-est	Degree of comparison	superlative	adjectives and adverbs

Through its presence or absence, the plural ending shows distinctions of number.

Number

A noun is made plural by addition of -ler or -lar (depending on the vowel harmony). When a numeral is used with a noun, however, the plural suffix is usually not used:

baş	"head"
başlar	"[some] heads"
beş baş	"five head(s)", but
Beşevler	"Five Houses" (district of Bursa)

The plural ending also allows a family (living in one house) to be designated by a single member:

Aliler	"Ali and his family"
teyze	"maternal aunt"
teyzem	"my maternal aunt"
teyzemler	"my maternal aunt and her family"

In the last example, the first-person singular suffix of possession comes before the plural ending; this is an exception to the order of suffixes given above. In the usual order, we have:

teyzelerim "my maternal aunts"

Nouns are pluralized in standard temporal greetings.

gün ("day") – İyi günler! ("Good day!")

yıl ("year") – Mutlu yıllar! ("Happy new year!")

Possession

As noted earlier, the suffixes of possession give the person (and number) of the possessor of what is named by the noun:

Suffixes of Possession (iyelik ekleri)

	1st	2nd	3rd
singular	-(i)m	-(i)n	-(s)i
plural	-(i)miz	-(i)niz	-leri

When a word takes one of the endings of possession, the word becomes the name of something possessed, not possessing. The word for the possessor, if present, takes the genitive case ending.

Examples with teyze ("maternal aunt")

Example	Composition	Translation
teyzen	teyze "maternal aunt" + -n "belonging to you (singular)"	"your maternal aunt"
teyzeniz	teyze "maternal aunt" + -niz "belonging to you (plural)"	"your maternal aunt"
teyzelerin	teyze "maternal aunt" + -ler- (plural suffix) + -in "belonging to you (singular)"	"your maternal aunts"
teyzeleriniz	teyze "maternal aunt" + -ler- (plural suffix) + -iniz "belonging to you (plural)"	"your maternal aunts"

The plural ending will not be attached twice to the same word; therefore ambiguity is possible:

fikir	"idea"
fikirleri	"their idea" or "their ideas" or "his/her ideas"

Ambiguity can be resolved with pronouns.

Verbal nouns

The infinitive, formed with -mek as noted earlier, does not take a suffix of possession, or the genitive case-ending. It does take all other case-endings. In particular, the progressive characteristic given earlier is the infinitive ending with the locative ending:

Konuşmaktayız – "We are in (the act of) speaking."

Savaşmaktayız – "We are in warmaking", that is, "We are at war."

The verbal noun in -me is called a gerund above, since it corresponds roughly to the English gerund.

bekle "wait" → bekleme "waiting": bekleme odası "waiting room"

The verbal noun can take a suffix of possession and any case-ending:

Beklemeniz

your-waiting

lâzım.

necessary

Beklemeniz lâzım.

your-waiting necessary

"You have to wait."

Sesini

your-voice-ACC

duymayı

hearing-ACC

seviyorum.

I-love

Sesini duymayı seviyorum.

your-voice-ACC hearing-ACC I-love

"I like to hear your voice."

The dative form of a Turkish gerund can correspond precisely to an English infinitive with to:

Ülkemizde

In-our-country

nano

nano

teknolojik

technological

ürünler

products

üretilmeye

to-be-produced

başlandı.

began

Ülkemizde nano teknolojik ürünler üretilmeye başlandı.

In-our-country nano technological products to-be-produced began

"Nano-technological products began to be produced in our country."

The suffix -iş can also be used to create verbal nouns:

Verb	Noun
yürü- "walk"	yürüyüş "walk, walking"
yağ- "rain"	yağış "rain"
al- "take" + ver- "give/spend"	alışveriş "shopping"
yara- "be of use", yaratıl- "be created"	yaratılış "creation"

The verb et- "make, do" can be considered as an auxiliary verb, since for example it is often used with verbal nouns borrowed from other languages, such as Arabic:

kabul et- "accept" (kabul "[an] accepting");
reddet- "reject" (ret "[a] rejecting");
ziyaret et- "visit"  (ziyaret "[a] visiting").

Considered as units, these are transitive verbs; but the nouns in them can also, by themselves, take direct objects:

Antalya'yı ziyaret "visit to Antalya".

What looks like an ablative gerund is usually an adverb; the ending -meden usually has the sense of "without". See #Adverbs below.

An infinitive in the absolute case can be the object of a verb such as iste- "want":

Kimi

some-of-them

eğitime

towards-education

devam

continuation

etmek,

make

kimi

some-of-them

de

also

çalışmak

work

istiyor.

want

Kimi eğitime devam etmek, kimi de çalışmak istiyor.

some-of-them towards-education continuation make some-of-them also work want

Some want to continue their education, and some want to work" (source: Cumhuriyet Pazar Dergi, 14 August 2005, p. 1.)

Note here that the compound verb devam et- "continue, last" does not take a direct object, but is complemented by a dative noun.

Another way to express obligation (besides with lâzım as in the earlier example) is by means of zor "trouble, compulsion" and an infinitive:

Gitmek zoru "Go compulsion",
Gitmek zorundayız "We must go".

(Source: same as the last example.)

Both an infinitive and a gerund are objects of the postposition için "for" in the third sentence of the quotation within the following quotation:

A free translation is:

The facility authorities said: "The people of this district [namely Edremit, Van] are generally conservative. They cannot enter the lake comfortably, because the shore areas are near the road. So we are using a screen, both to close off the view of passersby on the road, and so that men will not cause discomfort." However, children cannot be prevented from spying on the other side through gaps in the screen.

Pronouns

Natalician pronouns

			personal pronouns
			subjective	objective
first person	singular		nei	in
	plural		namše	nameš
second person	singular		on	un
	plural		daš	daša
third person	singular		sü	süs
	plural		so	soz

Natalician possessive pronouns

			possessive pronouns
			possessive determiner	possessive pronoun
first person	singular		in	ini
	plural		nameš	nameše
second person	singular		un	onu
	plural		daša	dašo
third person	singular		süs	süzü
	plural		soz	sozun

The possessive determiners are the same as the objective personal pronouns. The possessive pronouns always succeed the subject/object (Haz ensei ert in - This is my father | Huron süs unasai - His dog is sleeping).

Verbs

Stems of verbs

Many stems in the dictionary are indivisible; others consist of endings attached to a root.

Verb-stems from nouns

Many verbs are formed from nouns or adjectives with -šĕ:

Noun	Verb
ergem "negativity"	ergemše- "negate"
an "one"	anšo- "unite"
kel "word"	kelše- "say"

Voice

A verbal root, or a verb-stem in -šĕ, can be lengthened with certain extensions. If present, they appear in the following order, and they indicate distinctions of voice:

Extensions for voice

Voice	Ending	Example
Reflexive	-(ĭ)r;	kark (wash); karkar ([take a] shower)
Reciprocal	-cĕ;	dol (send); dolco (exchange)
Causative	-(&)z;	ian (eat); ianaz (feed)
Passive	-(ĭ)v;	artan (help); artanav (be helped)

These endings might seem to be inflectional in the sense of the Template:Section link above, but their meanings are not always clear from their particular names, and dictionaries do generally give the resulting forms, so in this sense they are constructive endings.

The causative extension makes an intransitive verb transitive, and a transitive verb factitive. Together, the reciprocal and causative extension make the repetitive extension -cĕz.

Verb Root/Stem	New Verb	Voice
dol "send"	dolco "exchange"	-co (reciprocal)
	doluv "be sent"	-uv (passive)
ver "Fix (something)"	verir "fix oneself"	-ir (reflexive)
	verce "correct each other"	-ce (reciprocal)
fäs "die"	fäsäz "kill"	-äz (causative)
küt "drink"	kütde "do not drink"	-de (negative)

Questions

The interrogative particle a precedes the verb in the interrogative form:

A hašzar? "Are you coming?"

A haštaz? "Did you come?"

Optative mood

Usually, in the optative (öštüküh), there is one series of endings to express something wished for:

Optative Moods

Number	Person	Ending	Example	English Translation
Singular	1st	-deriz	Nörderiz	"May I live"
	2nd	-derid	Nörderid	"May you live"
	3rd	-deris	Nörderis	"May [her/him/it] live"
Plural	1st	-derizis	Nörderizis	"May we live"
	2nd	-deridis	Nörderidis	"May you live"
	3rd	-derisis'	Nörderisis	"May they live"

Compound bases

• Past tenses:
  • continuous past: Entiz hašzai or Haštazar "I was coming";
  • aorist past: Entiz haštaz "I used to come";
  • future past: Entiz hašvaz "I was going to come";
  • necessitative past: Entiz ekin hašzai "I had to come";
  • conditional past: Nu ulan haštaz "If only I had come."
• Inferential tenses:
  • continuous inferential: Enzei hašlozu "It seems (they say) I am coming";
  • future inferential: Ekin hašlovuz "It seems I shall come";
  • aorist inferential: Hašlozu "It seems I come";
  • necessitative inferential: Ekin hašlozu "They say I must come."

Vocabulary

Phrasebook

Natalician common words and phrases useful for learners.

Communication Phrasebook 1 Natalician English IPA Hiloh Sohon Hello [hi.loj] [so.jon] Čikel anda Good day [t͡ʃi.kɛl an.da] Čikel sehan Good morning [t͡ʃi.kɛl se.jan] Čikel kehan Good afternoon [t͡ʃi.kɛl ke.han] Čikel nuz Good evening [t͡ʃi.kɛl nuz] Nis iztenirdi? informal / s Nis iztenirdis? formal / pl What is your name? [nis iz.tɛ.nir.di] [nis iz.tɛ.nir.dis] Iztenirzi [...] My name is [...] [iz.tɛ.nir.zi ⸨...⸩] Nenbu endei? informal / s Nenbu endaus? formal / pl Where are you from? [nɛnbu en.dɛj] [nɛnbu en.daws] Enzei nen [...] I am from [...] [en.zɛj nɛn ⸨...⸩] Čikel haša Welcome [t͡ʃi.kɛl ha.ʃa] Adelšetet pa rimcevi! Pleased to meet you! [a.dɛl.ʃɛ.tɛt pa rim.d͡ʒe.vi] Nis endei? informal / s Nis endaus? formal / pl How are you? [nis en.dɛj] [nis en.daws] Čikel Denil Good Bad [t͡ʃi.kɛl] [de.nil] Nei teni Me too [nɛj te.ni] Sunałh Please [su.naːj] Azlakšo vin informal / s Azlakšod in formal / pl Excuse me [az.lak.ʃo vin] [az.lak.ʃod in] Büder Thank you [by.dɛr] Del senil Äg dana No problem You are welcome [dɛl se.nil] [æg da.na] Eš gun gelnok Likewise [eʃ gun gel.nok] A ačan kursui Nataldha? Does anyone here speak Natalician? [a a.t͡ʃan kur.suj na.tald.ja] A kurdui Nataldha? Do you speak Natalician? [a kur.duj na.tald.ja] Eha Ada / Mel Kelševsi Yes No Maybe [e.ja] [ada] [mɛl] [kɛl.ʃɛv.si] Nis lümekdi kel ha? How do you pronounce this word? [nis ly.mɛg.di kɛl ha] Nis kelševi [...] eš Nataldha? How to say [...] in Natalician? [nis kɛl.ʃɛ.vi ⸨...⸩ eʃ na.tald.ja] Kuzda nen rettivev kursui? How many languages do you speak? [kuz.da nɛn re.tːi.vɛv kur.suj] Sunałh, kur kortom Please, speak slower [su.naːj kur kor.tom] Sunałh, özše har Please, repeat that [su.naːj œ.ʃːe har] Sunałh, tanak har Please, write that down [su.naːj ta.nak har] A göndüi? informal / s A göndüs? formal / pl Do you understand? [a gœn.dyj] [a gœn.dys] Gönzüi Gönzüide I understand I don’t understand [gœn.zyj] [gœn.zyj.de] Del konru No idea [dɛl kon.ru]

Emergencies Phrasebook 2 Natalician English IPA Artanzak Help [ar.tan.zak] Ensei ďehoron It is an emergency [en.sɛj ðe.jo.ron]ˈ Kelirte kutzuk ödek Call the fire department [ke.lir.te kud.zuk œdɛk] Kelirte polise Call the police [ke.lir.te po.lise] Kelirte ämbieläns Call an ambulance [ke.lir.te æmb.jɛ.læns]

Farewelling Phrasebook 3 Natalician English IPA Čikel nero Good night [t͡ʃi.kɛl ne.ro] Una danahso informal / s Unad danahso formal / pl Sleep well [u.na da.naj.so] Etel etel Zlerim Bye [e.tɛl e.tɛl] [zle.rim] Ze özrimcevi Özrimcevizis See you soon [ze œz.rim.d͡ʒe.vi] [œz.rim.d͡ʒe.vi.zis] Derne iuderenzikev Safe travels [der.ne ju.de.ren.zik.ɛv]

Food Phrasebook 4 Natalician English IPA Sunałh, a förkzüi rimzi meniuvo? Please, could I see the menu? [su.naːj a fœrg.zyj rimzi men.ju.vo] Sunałh, a äg daša meniu eš Nataldha? Please, do you have a menu in Luthic? [su.naːj a æg daʃa men.ju eʃ na.tald.ja] A iantad? Have you eaten? [a jan.tad] Konah änemil Bon appetit [ko.naj æ.ne.mil] Sunałh, lezez in fuzdovo Please, pass the salt [su.naːj le.zez in fuz.do.vo] Im veganu m sg Im vegana f sg Ismos vegani m pl Ismos vegane f pl I am vegan m sg I am vegan f sg We are vegans m pl We are vegans f pl [im veˈɡa.nu] m sg [im veˈɡa.nɐ] f sg [ˈiz.mos veˈɡa.ni] m pl [ˈiz.mos veˈɡa.ne] f pl Aggio allergia I am allergic [ˈad.d͡ʒo ɐl.lerˈd͡ʒi.ɐ]

Health Phrasebook 5 Luthic English IPA Stais betizu nu? m sg Stais betiza nu? f sg States betizi nu? m pl States betize nu? f pl Are you feeling better? [ˈstajs beˈtid.d͡zu nu] m sg [ˈstajs beˈtid.d͡zɐ nu] f sg [ˈsta.tes beˈtid.d͡zi nu] m pl [ˈsta.tes beˈtid.d͡ze nu] f pl Betizâ preste Get well soon [be.θidˈd͡za.p‿ˈprɛs.te] Curâ sg Curate pl Take care of yourself sg Take care of yourselves [k̠uˈra] sg [k̠uˈra.θe] pl Veglio ganare al toeletta I want to go to the toilet [vɛʎ.ʎo ɡɐˈna.re ɐl to.ɛˈlɛt.tɐ] Þaurvo aeno dottore I need a doctor [ˈθɔr.βo ˈɛ.no dotˈto.re]

Love Phrasebook 6 Luthic English IPA Köššezi vun I like you [mis ˈpja.t͡ʃis] Neršezi vun I love you [ˈfrɛ.d͡ʒo θux] Piaceresti salire mis? Would you like to go out with me? [pjɐ.t͡ʃeˈres.ti sɐˈli.re mis] Is ciaelibe? Are you single? [is ˈt͡ʃɛ.li.βe] Is coniugatu? Are you married? [is ko.njuˈɡa.θu] m [is ko.njuˈɡa.θɐ] f Is scaunu Is scauna Would you like to marry me? [is ˈsk̠ɔ.nu] [is ˈsk̠ɔ.nɐ]

Travel Phrasebook 7 Luthic English IPA Ce arrivo al loftoporto? How do I get to the airport? [t͡ʃe ɐrˈri.βo ɐl ˌlof.toˈpor.to] Ce arrivo all’aütostazione? How do I get to the bus station? [t͡ʃe ɐrˈri.βo ɐlˈlɐw.θo.stɐtˈt͡sjo.ne] Ce arrivo al ferroviaria How do I get to the train station? [t͡ʃe ɐrˈri.βo ɐl fer.ro.viˈa.rjɐ] Canto þatha costat? How much does it cost? [ˈkan.to θɐ.tɐ ˈk̠os.tɐθ] Stô fralosnatu m Stô fralosnata f I am lost [ˈsto frɐ.lozˈna.θu] m [ˈsto frɐ.lozˈna.θɐ] f Begio, al sinistra Begio, al destra Please, turn left Please, turn right [ˈbe.d͡ʒo｜ɐl siˈnis.trɐ] [ˈbe.d͡ʒo｜ɐl ˈdes.trɐ] Stoppau lo vagnio Stop the car [stopˈpɔ.l‿lo ˈvaɲ.ɲo] Car puosso begetare aeno hotele? Where can I find a hotel? [kɐr ˈpwɔs.so be.d͡ʒeˈta.re ˈɛ.no oˈtɛ.le] Car puosso begetare aena drogheria? Where can I find a grocery store? [kɐr ˈpwɔs.so be.d͡ʒeˈta.re ˈɛ.nɐ droˈɡe.rjɐ]