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Plevian: Difference between revisions

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Plevian (view source)

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*Falling: ''ai, ei, oi, au, eu, ou''
*Falling: ''ai, ei, oi, au, eu, ou''


Note that the glide in falling diphthongs is usually realized as palatalization (in the case of ''-i-'') or labialization (in the case of ''-u-'').
Note that the glide in rising diphthongs is usually realized as palatalization (in the case of ''-i-'') or labialization (in the case of ''-u-'').


===Prosody===
===Prosody===
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Examples:
Examples:
*''a'' "to" + ''America'' > ''ad America''
*''a'' "to" + ''America'' > ''ad America''
*''da'' "away from, out lf" + ''America'' > ''dab America''
*''da'' "away from, out of" + ''America'' > ''dab America''
*''femna'' "woman" + ''alta'' "tall" > ''femnan alta''
*''femna'' "woman" + ''alta'' "tall" > ''femnan alta''
*''ama'' "(s)he loves" + ''arbrex'' "trees" > ''amad arbrex''
*''ama'' "(s)he loves" + ''arbrex'' "trees" > ''amad arbrex''
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|-
|-
! 19
! 19
| nogence(n) || nogendiacmo(n), -a(n) || nogendecmante(n)
| noghence(n) || noghendiacmo(n), -a(n) || noghendecmante(n)
|-
|-
! 20
! 20
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! Agent noun
! Agent noun
| Formed by adding ''-ore(n)'' (m.)/''-(t)rice(n)'' (f.) to the supine stem.
| Formed by adding ''-ore(n)'' (m.)/''-(t)rice(n)'' (f.) to the supine stem.
| ''-(t)-'' is added in the feminine when it is not already present at the end of the past participle stem.
| ''-(t)-'' is added in the feminine when it is not already present at the end of the supine stem.
|-
|-
|}
|}
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**This happens in both types of breaking verbs when the unstressed stem begins in a vowel. In such verbs, ''e-'' and ''o-'' become ''gia-'' and ''gua-'' respectively when stressed.  
**This happens in both types of breaking verbs when the unstressed stem begins in a vowel. In such verbs, ''e-'' and ''o-'' become ''gia-'' and ''gua-'' respectively when stressed.  
*Delabialization of labialized consonants such as ''gu-, qu-, du-'', etc. in the stressed stem.
*Delabialization of labialized consonants such as ''gu-, qu-, du-'', etc. in the stressed stem.
**This happens as a rule in ''e'' > ''ia'' verbs.  
**This happens as a rule in ''e'' > ''ia'' verbs (e.g. unstressed ''gue-'' becomes stressed ''ghia-'' instead of ''*guia-'').  
**In ''o'' > ''ua'' verbs, the two labializations are merged (e.g. unstressed ''guo-'' becomes stressed ''gua-'' and not *''guua-'').
**In ''o'' > ''ua'' verbs, the two labializations are merged (e.g. unstressed ''guo-'' becomes stressed ''gua-'' and not *''guua-'').


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=====Infinitive=====
=====Infinitive=====
Class 3 and 4 verbs whose stems end in certain consonants assimilate the ''-r-'' of the infinitive into the final consonant. The assimilation has one of the following results depending on the stem structure:
Class 3 and 4 verbs whose stems end in certain consonants assimilate the ''-r-'' of the infinitive into the final consonant. The assimilation has one of the following results depending on the stem structure:
*If the stem ends in a single ''-s, -r,'' or ''-l'' preceded by a vowel: ''-r-'' is merged with the consonant causing it to be doubled.
*If the stem ends in a single ''-s, -r,'' ''-l,'' or ''-n'' preceded by a vowel: ''-r-'' is merged with the consonant causing it to be doubled.
*If the stem ends in ''-r'' or ''-l'' that is double or preceded by a consonant: ''-r-'' is dropped.
*If the stem ends in ''-r,'' ''-l,'' or ''-n'' that is double or preceded by a consonant: ''-r-'' is dropped.
Note that ''-r-'' is neither dropped nor assimilated when it occurs after ''-s'' when it is doubled or occurs after a consonant.
Note that ''-r-'' is neither dropped nor assimilated when it occurs after ''-s'' when it is doubled or occurs after a consonant.


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=====Past participle=====
=====Past participle=====
In regular past participles of Class 3 & 4 verbs:
In regular past participles of Class 3 & 4 verbs:
*A voiced stop is devoiced before ''-t-''. Voiced fricatives are also devoiced, but this does not reflect in the orthography except in the case of ''-v-'', which becomes ''-f-''.
*A voiced stop is devoiced (in both pronunciation and writing) before ''-t-''. Voiced fricatives are also devoiced in this position, but this is not reflected in the orthography except in the case of ''-v-'', which becomes ''-f-''.


=====Finite forms=====
=====Finite forms=====
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! English !! Plevian
! English !! Plevian
|-
|-
| spring || guere
| spring || guere(n)
|-
|-
| summer || estate
| summer || estate(n)
|-
|-
| fall || optombro
| fall || optombro(n)
|-
|-
| winter || xiame
| winter || xiame(n)
|-
|-
|}
|}
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! English !! Plevian
! English !! Plevian
|-
|-
| January || gianguario
| January || gianguario(n)
|-
|-
| February || fevrario
| February || fevrario(n)
|-
|-
| March || marzo
| March || marzo(n)
|-
|-
| April || aprile
| April || aprile(n)
|-
|-
| May || magio
| May || magio(n)
|-
|-
| June || giunio
| June || giunio(n)
|-
|-
| July || giulio (quemptili)
| July || giulio(n); quemptili(n)
|-
|-
| August || ogosto (sestili)
| August || ogosto(n); sestili(n)
|-
|-
| September || septiambre
| September || septiambre(n)
|-
|-
| October || optombre
| October || optombre(n)
|-
|-
| November || noghiambre
| November || noghiambre(n)
|-
|-
| December || deciambre
| December || deciambre(n)
|-
|-
|}
|}
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! English !! Plevian
! English !! Plevian
|-
|-
| Sunday || soldi
| Sunday || soldi(n)
|-
|-
| Monday || lundi
| Monday || lundi(n)
|-
|-
| Tuesday || mardi
| Tuesday || mardi(n)
|-
|-
| Wednesday || mérchedi
| Wednesday || mérchedi(n)
|-
|-
| Thursday || giuadi
| Thursday || giuadi(n)
|-
|-
| Friday || ghiandi
| Friday || ghiandi(n)
|-
|-
| Saturday || satordi
| Saturday || satordi(n)
|-
|-
|}
|}
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! English !! Plevian
! English !! Plevian
|-  
|-  
| day || di
| day || di(n)
|-
|-
| dawn || orora
| dawn || orora(n)
|-
|-
| morning || mattino
| morning || mattino(n)
|-
|-
| noon || meridi
| noon || meridi(n)
|-
|-
| afternoon || pomeridi
| afternoon || pomeridi(n)
|-
|-
| evening || guespra
| evening || guespra(n)
|-
|-
| dusk || crepro
| dusk || crepro(n)
|-
|-
| night || nuapte
| night || nuapte(n)
|-
|-
| midnight || merinuapte
| midnight || merinuapte(n)
|}
|}


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! English !! Plevian
! English !! Plevian
|-  
|-  
| second || secondo
| second || secondo(n)
|-
|-
| minute || minuta
| minute || minuta(n)
|-
|-
| hour || hora
| hour || hora(n)
|-
|-
| day || di
| day || di(n)
|-
|-
| week || xiabma
| week || xiabma(n)
|-
|-
| month || mese
| month || mese(n)
|-
|-
| season || tempestate
| season || tempestate(n)
|-
|-
| year || anno
| year || anno(n)
|-
|-
|}
|}
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| then || ton
| then || ton
|-
|-
| recently, a short time ago || nupre(d/G), nupriox, nuperme(d/G)
| recently, a short time ago || nupre(d/G), nupriox, nuperme(d/G); dudo
|-
|-
| earlier || pre(d/G), priox, prime(d/G)
| earlier || pre(d/G), priox, prime(d/G)
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| already || gian
| already || gian
|-
|-
| today || huagie(d/G)
| today || huaddze(d/G)
|-
|-
| tonight || huanapte(d)
| tonight || huannapte(d/G)
|-
|-
| yesterday || xiare(d/G)
| yesterday || xiare(d/G)
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| tomorrow || crax
| tomorrow || crax
|-
|-
| tomorrow night || crax nuapte
| tomorrow night || crax nuapte(n)
|-
|-
| before yesterday || prexiare(d/G)
| before yesterday || prexiare(d/G)
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| two nights ago || prexiare nnuapte(n)
| two nights ago || prexiare nnuapte(n)
|-
|-
| after tomorrow || poscrax
| after tomorrow || periandze(d/G)
|-
|-
| this week || xe xxiabma(n)
| this week || xe xxiabma(n)
|-
|-
| last week || sa xiabma guentura(n)
| last week || sa xiabma noghesma(n)
|-
|-
| next week || sa xiabma noghesma(n)
| next week || sa xiabma guentura(n)
|-
|-
| this year || horno(d/G)
|-
| last year || son anno noghesmo(n)
|-
| next year || son anno guenturo(n)
|}
|}


===Colours - ''Sox colorex''===
===Colours - ''Sox colorex''===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Colours - '' ''
|+ Colours - ''Sox colorex''
! English !! Plevian
! English !! Plevian
|-
|-
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| brown || badzo, badzore, badzesmo
| brown || badzo, badzore, badzesmo
|-
|-
| yellow || xelgo, xelghiore, xelghesml
| yellow || xelgo, xelghiore, xelghesmo
|-
|-
| green || galbo, galbiore, galbesmo
| green || galbo, galbiore, galbesmo
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<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. -->
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. -->
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)===
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)===
====Modern Plevian====
Guabrix xiamnex grascon luebrox ed equox en degretaten e ggiorex. Son dotatox de razonen e cconscianza, e ddevent agre enter se seco ffratrex.
'''IPA (broad):''' /ˈɡwabriʃ ˈʃamneʃ ˈɡraskon ˈlwebroʃ ed ekwoʃ en ˌdeɡreˈtaten e ˈdʒːoreʃ ‖ son doˈtatoʃ de raˈtsonen e kːonˈstʃantsa | e ˈdːevent ˈaɡre ˈenter se ˈseko ˈfːratreʃ/


Guabrix xiamnex grascon luebrox ed equox en degretaten e ggiorex. Son dotatox de razonen e cconscienza, e ddevent agre enter se seco ffratrex.
'''IPA (narrow, with lenition):''' [ˈɡʷaː.βriʃ ˈʃam.neʒ ˈɡɾaː.skon ˈlʷeː.βro.ʒ‿eˈð‿eː.xʷo.ʒ‿en ˌde.ɣɾe.ˈθaː.θe.n‿e‿ʒ.ˈʒoː.reʃ ‖ ˈson do.ˈθaː.θoʒ de ra.ˈsoː.ne.n‿e‿k.kon.ˈʃːan.tsa | e‿d.ˈdeː.ven.ˈt‿aː.ɣɾe ˈen.ter ˈseː ˈzeː.xo‿f.ˈfɾaː.θɾeʃ]


'''IPA (broad):''' /ˈɡwabriʃ ˈʃamneʃ ˈɡraskon ˈlwebroʃ ed ekwoʃ en ˌdeɡreˈtaten e ˈdʒːoreʃ ‖ son doˈtatoʃ de raˈtsonen e kːonˈstʃentsa | e ˈdːevent ˈaɡre ˈenter se ˈseko ˈfːratreʃ/
'''IPA (narrow, without lenition):''' [ˈɡʷaː.briʃ ˈʃam.neʒ ˈɡɾaː.skon ˈlʷeː.bro.ʒ‿eˈd‿eː.kʷo.ʒ‿en ˌde.ɡɾe.ˈtaː.te.n‿e‿dʒ.ˈʒoː.reʃ ‖ ˈson do.ˈtaː.toʒ de ra.ˈtsoː.ne.n‿e‿k.kon.ˈʃːan.tsa | e‿d.ˈdeː.ven.ˈt‿aː.ɡɾe ˈen.ter ˈseː ˈseː.ko‿f.ˈfɾaː.tɾeʃ]


'''IPA (narrow, with lenition):''' [ˈɡʷaː.βriʃ ˈʃam.neʒ ˈɡɾaː.skon ˈlʷeː.βro.ʃ‿eˈð‿eː.xʷo.ʒ‿en ˌde.ɣɾe.ˈθaː.θe.n‿e‿ʒ.ˈʒoː.reʃ ‖ ˈson do.ˈθaː.θoʒ de ra.ˈsoː.ne.n‿e‿k.kon.ˈʃːen.tsa | e‿d.ˈdeː.ven.ˈt‿aː.ɣɾe ˈen.ter ˈseː ˈzeː.xo‿f.ˈfɾaː.θɾeʃ]
all-PL people they_are_born free-PL and equal-PL in dignity and rights. they_are endowed of reason and conscience, and they_must act among themselves like brothers.


'''IPA (narrow, without lenition):''' [ˈɡʷaː.briʃ ˈʃam.neʒ ˈɡɾaː.skon ˈlʷeː.bro.ʃ‿eˈd‿eː.kʷo.ʒ‿en ˌde.ɡɾe.ˈtaː.te.n‿e‿dʒ.ˈʒoː.reʃ ‖ ˈson do.ˈtaː.toʒ de ra.ˈtsoː.ne.n‿e‿k.kon.ˈʃːen.tsa | e‿d.ˈdeː.ven.ˈt‿aː.ɡɾe ˈen.ter ˈseː ˈseː.ko‿f.ˈfɾaː.tɾeʃ]
====Old Plevian====


all-PL people they_are_born free-PL and equal-PL in dignitt and rights. they_are endowed of reason and conscience, and they_must act among themselves like brothers.
Obnēs hemones loeberē et aequē in degnetāte et jōribos gnāscuntor. Dōtātē dē rātiōne et conscientiae sunt, et sēcut frātres inter sē agere dēbent.
<!--
'''Old Plevian:'''


Obrēs hemones loeberī et aequī en degnitāte et jōribis gnascuntur. Dōtātī dē rātiōne et conscientiae sunt, et sēcut frātres inter sē agere dēbent.-->
'''IPA:''' /ˈɔbneːs ˈxɛmɔnɛs ˈloe̯bɛreː ɛt ˈae̯kʷeː ɪn ˌdɛɡnɛˈtaːte ɛt ˈjoːrɪbɔs ɡnaːˈskʊntɔr ‖ doːtaːteː deː raːtiˈoːne ɛt kɔnskiˈɛntiae̯ sʊnt | ɛt seːkʊt fraːtrɛs ˈɪntɛr seː ˈaɡɛre ˈdeːbɛnt/


==Other resources==
==Other resources==
Shariifka
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