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==Introduction==
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==Phonology==
===Orthography===
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!  !! Labial !! Dental !! Alveolar !! Lateral !! Postalveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal
|-
| Voiceless Stop/Affricate || p /pʰ/ || t /tʰ/ || ts /ts/ || tσ /tɬ/ || tj /tʃ/ ||  || k /kʰ/ || 
|-
| Voiced Stop/Affricate || b /p~b/ || d /t~d/ || dz /dz/ || dλ /dɮ/ || dj /dʒ/|| || g /k~g/||
|-
| Voiceless Fricative || f /f/ || th /θ/|| s /s/ || σ /ɬ/|| sj /ʃ/ || || ch /x/ || h /h/
|-
| Voiced Fricative || v /v/ || dh /ð/|| z /z/|| λ /ɮ/ || zj /ʒ/|| || gh /ɣ/||
|-
| Nasal || m /m/|| n /n/|| || || || || ng /ŋ/ ||
|-
| Approximant ||  || || || l /ɫ/|| r /ɹ̱/|| y /j/|| w /w/||
|}
===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Vowel !! IPA
|-
| a|| /a/
|-
| æ|| /ɛ/
|-
| e|| /ɘ/ or /ə/ depending on dialect
|-
| i|| /ɪ/
|-
| o|| /ɔ/
|-
| ø|| /ɵ/
|-
| u|| /ʉ/
|}
===Lenition===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| '''Normal''' || p || t || ts || s || tσ || σ || tj || sj || k || b || d || dz || z || dλ || λ || dj || zj || g
|-
| '''Lenited''' || f || th || s || h || σ || h || sj || h || ch || v || dh || z || 0 || λ || 0 || zj || 0 || gh
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| '''Normal''' || m || n || ng || w || l || r || y
|-
| '''Lenited''' || w || n || w || w || w || r || y
|}
===Prosody===
====Stress====
Stress is on the first syllable, not counting prefixes.
====Intonation====
===Phonotactics===
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
===Morphophonology===
==Morphology==
===Nouns===
Nouns have 2 genders (masculine and feminine) and 11 cases (nominative, genitive, accusative, dative, locative, exlocative, instrumental, abessive, equative, anti-equative, and vocative).
Noun stems often get lenited. Lenition works as follows:
* When the noun begins with a lenitable consonant (any consonant besides f, v, th, dh, ch and gh), the first consonant gets lenited. If the first consonant is z, λ or zj and there's a prefix before the lenited stem, an epenthetic -n- is inserted between the prefix and the stem.
* When the noun begins with a vowel, an n- is inserted before the stem.
* When the noun begins with a nonlenitable consonant (f, v, th, dh, ch or gh), an n- is inserted before the stem if there's a prefix before the stem that ends in a vowel. Otherwise, ne- is inserted before the stem.
For example:
# bær 'leaf' → vær
# rasj 'spouse' → rasj
# zaweth 'ant' → aweth
# zawesj 'ant' (genitive) → awesz, '''ʙᴜᴛ''':
# λø + lenited form of zawesj 'like an ant' → λønawesj
# ensæ 'fruit' → nensæ
# farnathe 'speech' (genitive) → nefarnathe, '''ʙᴜᴛ''':
# me + lenited form of farnathe 'speaking' → menfarnathe
# ow + lenited form of farnathe 'not speaking' → ownefarnathe
====Feminine nouns====
Most nouns are feminine and decline as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Case !! Indefinite Singular !! Indefinite Plural !! Definite Singular !! Definite Plural
|-
| Nominative || [nom stem] || [nom stem]+me || [nom stem]+næ || [nom stem]+nø
|-
| Genitive || [gen stem] || [nom stem]+men || [nom stem]+nær || [nom stem]+nør
|-
| Accusative || [acc stem] || [nom stem]+meth || [nom stem]+næth || [nom stem]+nøth
|-
| Dative || æn+[gen stem] || æn+[nom stem]+men || æn+[nom stem]+nær || æn+[nom stem]+nør
|-
| Locative || me+[lenited gen stem] || me+[lenited nom stem]+men || me+[lenited nom stem]+nær || me+[lenited nom stem]+nør
|-
| Exlocative || ow+[lenited gen stem] || ow+[lenited nom stem]+men || ow+[lenited nom stem]+nær || ow+[lenited nom stem]+nør
|-
| Instrumental || rø+[lenited gen stem] || rø+[lenited nom stem]+men || rø+[lenited nom stem]+nær || rø+[lenited nom stem]+nør
|-
| Abessive || tsø+[lenited gen stem] || tsø+[lenited nom stem]+men || tsø+[lenited nom stem]+nær || tsø+[lenited nom stem]+nør
|-
| Equative || λø+[lenited gen stem] || λø+[lenited nom stem]+men || λø+[lenited nom stem]+nær || λø+[lenited nom stem]+nør
|-
| Anti-equative || ød+[lenited gen stem] || ød+[lenited nom stem]+men || ød+[lenited nom stem]+nær || ød+[lenited nom stem]+nør
|-
| Vocative || [lenited nom stem] || [lenited nom stem]+me || [lenited nom stem]+næ || [lenited nom stem]+nø
|}
* [nom stem] is the dictionary form of a noun.
* [gen stem] is the genitive stem, formed by adding -e if the noun ends in a consonant and -n if the noun ends in a vowel.
* [acc stem] is the accusative stem, formed by adding -eth if the noun ends in a consonant and -th if the noun ends in a vowel.
Here are two examples:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ''erim'' 'tail' !! Indefinite Singular !! Indefinite Plural !! Definite Singular !! Definite Plural
|-
| Nominative || erim || erimme || erimnæ || erimnø
|-
| Genitive || erime || erimmen || erimnær || erimnør
|-
| Accusative || erimeth || erimmeth || erimnæth || erimnøth
|-
| Dative || ænerime || ænerimmen || ænerimnær || ænerimnør
|-
| Locative || menerime || menerimmen || menerimnær || menerimnør
|-
| Exlocative || ownerime || ownerimmen || ownerimnær || ownerimnør
|-
| Instrumental || rønerime || rønerimmen || rønerimnær || rønerimnør
|-
| Abessive || tsønerime || tsønerimmen || tsønerimnær || tsønerimnør
|-
| Equative || λønerime || λønerimmen || λønerimnær || λønerimnør
|-
| Anti-equative || ødnerime || ødnerimmen || ødnerimnær || ødnerimnør
|-
| Vocative || nerim || nerimme || nerimnæ || nerimnø
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ''neσa'' 'rope' !! Indefinite Singular !! Indefinite Plural !! Definite Singular !! Definite Plural
|-
| Nominative || neσa || neσame || neσanæ || neσanø
|-
| Genitive || neσan || neσamen || neσanær || neσanør
|-
| Accusative || neσath || neσameth || neσanæth || neσanøth
|-
| Dative || ænneσan || ænneσamen || ænneσanær || ænneσanør
|-
| Locative || meneσan || meneσamen || meneσanær || meneσanør
|-
| Exlocative || owneσan || owneσamen || owneσanær || owneσanør
|-
| Instrumental || røneσan || røneσamen || røneσanær || røneσanør
|-
| Abessive || tsøneσan || tsøneσamen || tsøneσanær || tsøneσanør
|-
| Equative || λøneσan || λøneσamen || λøneσanær || λøneσanør
|-
| Anti-equative || ødneσan || ødneσamen || ødneσanær || ødneσanør
|-
| Vocative || neσa || neσame || neσanæ || neσanø
|}
====Masculine nouns====
=====First declension=====
First declension masculine nouns end in consonants and the genitive stem is identical to the nominative stem, unless the final consonant is th, dh, s or z, in which case this final consonant is replaced with sj, zj, sj or zj respectively. The accusative stem is formed from the nominative stem as follows:
* If the final consonant is th or dh, it's replaced with t or d respectively.
* If the final consonant is a voiced fricative that is not dh, -dh is suffixed.
* Otherwise, -th is suffixed.
The paradigm is:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Case  !! Indefinite Singular !! Indefinite Plural !! Definite Singular !! Definite Plural
|-
| Nominative || [nom stem] || [nom stem]+me || [nom stem]+æ || [nom stem]+ø
|-
| Genitive || [gen stem] || [nom stem]+men || [nom stem]+ær || [nom stem]+ør
|-
| Accusative || [acc stem] || [nom stem]+meth || [nom stem]+æth || [nom stem]+øth
|-
| Dative || æn+[gen stem] || æn+[nom stem]+men || æn+[nom stem]+ær || æn+[nom stem]+ør
|-
| Locative || me+[lenited gen stem] || me+[lenited nom stem]+men || me+[lenited nom stem]+ær || me+[lenited nom stem]+ør
|-
| Exlocative || ow+[lenited gen stem] || ow+[lenited nom stem]+men || ow+[lenited nom stem]+ær || ow+[lenited nom stem]+ør
|-
| Instrumental || rø+[lenited gen stem] || rø+[lenited nom stem]+men || rø+[lenited nom stem]+ær || rø+[lenited nom stem]+ør
|-
| Abessive || tsø+[lenited gen stem] || tsø+[lenited nom stem]+men || tsø+[lenited nom stem]+ær || tsø+[lenited nom stem]+ør
|-
| Equative || λø+[lenited gen stem] || λø+[lenited nom stem]+men || λø+[lenited nom stem]+ær || λø+[lenited nom stem]+ør
|-
| Anti-equative || ød+[lenited gen stem] || ød+[lenited nom stem]+men || ød+[lenited nom stem]+ær || ød+[lenited nom stem]+ør
|-
| Vocative || [lenited nom stem] || [lenited nom stem]+me || [lenited nom stem]+æ || [lenited nom stem]+ø
|}
Here's an example:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ''newæth'' 'root' !! Indefinite Singular !! Indefinite Plural !! Definite Singular !! Definite Plural
|-
| Nominative || newæth || newæthme || newæthæ || newæthø
|-
| Genitive || newæsj || newæthmen || newæthær || newæthør
|-
| Accusative || newæt || newæthmeth || newæthæth || newæthøth
|-
| Dative || ænnewæsj || ænnewæthmen || ænnewæthær || ænnewæthør
|-
| Locative || menewæsj || menewæthmen || menewæthær || menewæthør
|-
| Exlocative || ownewæsj || ownewæthmen || ownewæthær || ownewæthør
|-
| Instrumental || rønewæsj || rønewæthmen || rønewæthær || rønewæthør
|-
| Abessive || tsønewæsj || tsønewæthmen || tsønewæthær || tsønewæthør
|-
| Equative || λønewæsj || λønewæthmen || λønewæthær || λønewæthør
|-
| Anti-equative || ødnewæsj || ødnewæthmen || ødnewæthær || ødnewæthør
|-
| Vocative || newæth || newæthme || newæthnæ || newæthnø
|}
=====Second declension=====
Second declension masculine nouns end in vowels. The genitive stem is formed by:
* suffixing -r if the last vowel is preceded immediately by a consonant cluster ending in a consonant that's not p, t, k, b, d, g, f, th, ch, v, dh or gh;
* otherwise, replacing the last vowel with -r.
The paradigm is as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Case !! Indefinite Singular !! Indefinite Plural !! Definite Singular !! Definite Plural
|-
| Nominative || [nom stem] || [gen stem]+em || [gen stem]+æ || [gen stem]+ø
|-
| Genitive || [gen stem]+e || [gen stem]+emen || [gen stem]+ær || [gen stem]+ør
|-
| Accusative || [gen stem]+th || [gen stem]+emeth || [gen stem]+æth || [gen stem]+øth
|-
| Dative || æn+[gen stem]+e || æn+[gen stem]+emen || æn+[gen stem]+ær || æn+[gen stem]+ør
|-
| Locative || me+[lenited gen stem]+e || me+[lenited gen stem]+emen || me+[lenited gen stem]+ær || me+[lenited gen stem]+ør
|-
| Exlocative || ow+[lenited gen stem]+e || ow+[lenited gen stem]+emen || ow+[lenited gen stem]+ær || ow+[lenited gen stem]+ør
|-
| Instrumental || rø+[lenited gen stem]+e || rø+[lenited gen stem]+emen || rø+[lenited gen stem]+ær || rø+[lenited gen stem]+ør
|-
| Abessive || tsø+[lenited gen stem]+e || tsø+[lenited gen stem]+emen || tsø+[lenited gen stem]+ær || tsø+[lenited gen stem]+ør
|-
| Equative || λø+[lenited gen stem]+e || λø+[lenited gen stem]+emen || λø+[lenited gen stem]+ær || λø+[lenited gen stem]+ør
|-
| Anti-equative || ød+[lenited gen stem]+e || ød+[lenited gen stem]+emen || ød+[lenited gen stem]+ær || ød+[lenited gen stem]+ør
|-
| Vocative || [lenited nom stem] || [lenited gen stem]+em || [lenited gen stem]+æ || [lenited gen stem]+ø
|}
An example:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ''meλnø'' 'love' !! Indefinite Singular !! Indefinite Plural !! Definite Singular !! Definite Plural
|-
| Nominative || meλnø || meλnørem || meλnøræ || meλnørø
|-
| Genitive || meλnøre || meλnøremen || meλnørær || meλnørør
|-
| Accusative || meλnørth || meλnøremeth || meλnøræth || meλnørøth
|-
| Dative || ænmeλnøre || ænmeλnøremen || ænmeλnørær || ænmeλnørør
|-
| Locative || meweλnøre || meweλnøremen || meweλnørær || meweλnørør
|-
| Exlocative || owweλnøre || owweλnøremen || owweλnørær || owweλnørør
|-
| Instrumental || røweλnøre || røweλnøremen || røweλnørær || røweλnørør
|-
| Abessive || tsøweλnøre || tsøweλnøremen || tsøweλnørær || tsøweλnørør
|-
| Equative || λøweλnøre || λøweλnøremen || λøweλnørær || λøweλnørør
|-
| Anti-equative || ødweλnøre || ødweλnøremen || ødweλnørær || ødweλnørør
|-
| Vocative || weλnø || weλnørem || weλnøræ || weλnørø
|}
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Latest revision as of 06:41, 30 November 2024

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