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==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
===Nouns=== | |||
Nouns have 2 genders (masculine, feminine) and 11 cases (nominative, genitive, accusative, dative, locative, exlocative, instrumental, abessive, equative, anti-equative, and vocative). | |||
====Feminine nouns==== | |||
Most nouns are feminine and decline as follows: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! Header text !! Indefinite Singular !! Indefinite Plural !! Definite Singular !! Definite Plural | |||
|- | |||
| Nominative || [nom stem] || [nom stem]+me || [nom stem]+næ || [nom stem]+nø | |||
|- | |||
| Genitive || [gen stem] || [nom stem]+men || [nom stem]+nær || [nom stem]+nør | |||
|- | |||
| Accusative || [acc stem] || [nom stem]+meth || [nom stem]+næth || [nom stem]+nøth | |||
|- | |||
| Dative || æn+[gen stem] || æn+[nom stem]+men || æn+[nom stem]+nær || æn+[nom stem]+nør | |||
|- | |||
| Locative || me+[lenited gen stem] || me+[lenited nom stem]+men || me+[lenited nom stem]+nær || me+[lenited nom stem]+nør | |||
|- | |||
| Exlocative || ow+[lenited gen stem] || ow+[lenited nom stem]+men || ow+[lenited nom stem]+nær || ow+[lenited nom stem]+nør | |||
|- | |||
| Instrumental || rø+[lenited gen stem] || rø+[lenited nom stem]+men || rø+[lenited nom stem]+nær || rø+[lenited nom stem]+nør | |||
|- | |||
| Abessive || tsø+[lenited gen stem] || tsø+[lenited nom stem]+men || tsø+[lenited nom stem]+nær || tsø+[lenited nom stem]+nør | |||
|- | |||
| Equative || λø+[lenited gen stem] || λø+[lenited nom stem]+men || λø+[lenited nom stem]+nær || λø+[lenited nom stem]+nør | |||
|- | |||
| Anti-equative || ød+[lenited gen stem] || ød+[lenited nom stem]+men || ød+[lenited nom stem]+nær || ød+[lenited nom stem]+nør | |||
|- | |||
| Vocative || [lenited nom stem] || [lenited nom stem]+me || [lenited nom stem]+næ || [lenited nom stem]+nø | |||
|} | |||
* [nom stem] is the dictionary form of a noun. | |||
* [gen stem] is the genitive stem, formed by adding -e if the noun ends in a consonant and -n if the noun ends in a vowel. | |||
* [acc stem] is the accusative stem, formed by adding -eth if the noun ends in a consonant and -th if the noun ends in a vowel. | |||
Here are two examples: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! ''erim'' 'tail' !! Indefinite Singular !! Indefinite Plural !! Definite Singular !! Definite Plural | |||
|- | |||
| Nominative || erim || erimme || erimnæ || erimnø | |||
|- | |||
| Genitive || erime || erimmen || erimnær || erimnør | |||
|- | |||
| Accusative || erimeth || erimmeth || erimnæth || erimnøth | |||
|- | |||
| Dative || ænerime || ænerimmen || ænerimnær || ænerimnør | |||
|- | |||
| Locative || menerime || menerimmen || menerimnær || menerimnør | |||
|- | |||
| Exlocative || ownerime || ownerimmen || ownerimnær || ownerimnør | |||
|- | |||
| Instrumental || rønerime || rønerimmen || rønerimnær || rønerimnør | |||
|- | |||
| Abessive || tsønerime || tsønerimmen || tsønerimnær || tsønerimnør | |||
|- | |||
| Equative || λønerime || λønerimmen || λønerimnær || λønerimnør | |||
|- | |||
| Anti-equative || ødnerime || ødnerimmen || ødnerimnær || ødnerimnør | |||
|- | |||
| Vocative || nerim || nerimme || nerimnæ || nerimnø | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! ''neσa'' 'rope' !! Indefinite Singular !! Indefinite Plural !! Definite Singular !! Definite Plural | |||
|- | |||
| Nominative || neσa || neσame || neσanæ || neσanø | |||
|- | |||
| Genitive || neσan || neσamen || neσanær || neσanør | |||
|- | |||
| Accusative || neσath || neσameth || neσanæth || neσanøth | |||
|- | |||
| Dative || ænneσan || ænneσamen || ænneσanær || ænneσanør | |||
|- | |||
| Locative || meneσan || meneσamen || meneσanær || meneσanør | |||
|- | |||
| Exlocative || owneσan || owneσamen || owneσanær || owneσanør | |||
|- | |||
| Instrumental || røneσan || røneσamen || røneσanær || røneσanør | |||
|- | |||
| Abessive || tsøneσan || tsøneσamen || tsøneσanær || tsøneσanør | |||
|- | |||
| Equative || λøneσan || λøneσamen || λøneσanær || λøneσanør | |||
|- | |||
| Anti-equative || ødneσan || ødneσamen || ødneσanær || ødneσanør | |||
|- | |||
| Vocative || neσa || neσame || neσanæ || neσanø | |||
|} | |||
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --> | <!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --> | ||
Revision as of 06:34, 2 October 2015
Introduction
Phonology
Orthography
Consonants
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Lateral | Postalveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Voiceless Stop/Affricate | p /pʰ/ | t /tʰ/ | ts /ts/ | tσ /tɬ/ | tj /tʃ/ | k /kʰ/ | ||
| Voiced Stop/Affricate | b /p~b/ | d /t~d/ | dz /dz/ | dλ /dɮ/ | dj /dʒ/ | g /k~g/ | ||
| Voiceless Fricative | f /f/ | th /θ/ | s /s/ | σ /ɬ/ | sj /ʃ/ | ch /x/ | h /h/ | |
| Voiced Fricative | v /v/ | dh /ð/ | z /z/ | λ /ɮ/ | zj /ʒ/ | gh /ɣ/ | ||
| Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | ng /ŋ/ | |||||
| Approximant | l /ɫ/ | r /ɹ̱/ | y /j/ | w /w/ |
Vowels
| Vowel | IPA |
|---|---|
| a | /a/ |
| æ | /ɛ/ |
| e | /ɘ/ or /ə/ depending on dialect |
| i | /ɪ/ |
| o | /ɔ/ |
| ø | /ɵ/ |
| u | /ʉ/ |
Lenition
| Normal | p | t | ts | s | tσ | σ | tj | sj | k | b | d | dz | z | dλ | λ | dj | zj | g |
| Lenited | f | th | s | h | σ | h | sj | h | ch | v | dh | z | 0 | λ | 0 | zj | 0 | gh |
| Normal | m | n | ng | w | l | r | y |
| Lenited | w | n | w | w | w | r | y |
Prosody
Stress
Stress is on the first syllable, not counting prefixes.
Intonation
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Morphology
Nouns
Nouns have 2 genders (masculine, feminine) and 11 cases (nominative, genitive, accusative, dative, locative, exlocative, instrumental, abessive, equative, anti-equative, and vocative).
Feminine nouns
Most nouns are feminine and decline as follows:
| Header text | Indefinite Singular | Indefinite Plural | Definite Singular | Definite Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | [nom stem] | [nom stem]+me | [nom stem]+næ | [nom stem]+nø |
| Genitive | [gen stem] | [nom stem]+men | [nom stem]+nær | [nom stem]+nør |
| Accusative | [acc stem] | [nom stem]+meth | [nom stem]+næth | [nom stem]+nøth |
| Dative | æn+[gen stem] | æn+[nom stem]+men | æn+[nom stem]+nær | æn+[nom stem]+nør |
| Locative | me+[lenited gen stem] | me+[lenited nom stem]+men | me+[lenited nom stem]+nær | me+[lenited nom stem]+nør |
| Exlocative | ow+[lenited gen stem] | ow+[lenited nom stem]+men | ow+[lenited nom stem]+nær | ow+[lenited nom stem]+nør |
| Instrumental | rø+[lenited gen stem] | rø+[lenited nom stem]+men | rø+[lenited nom stem]+nær | rø+[lenited nom stem]+nør |
| Abessive | tsø+[lenited gen stem] | tsø+[lenited nom stem]+men | tsø+[lenited nom stem]+nær | tsø+[lenited nom stem]+nør |
| Equative | λø+[lenited gen stem] | λø+[lenited nom stem]+men | λø+[lenited nom stem]+nær | λø+[lenited nom stem]+nør |
| Anti-equative | ød+[lenited gen stem] | ød+[lenited nom stem]+men | ød+[lenited nom stem]+nær | ød+[lenited nom stem]+nør |
| Vocative | [lenited nom stem] | [lenited nom stem]+me | [lenited nom stem]+næ | [lenited nom stem]+nø |
- [nom stem] is the dictionary form of a noun.
- [gen stem] is the genitive stem, formed by adding -e if the noun ends in a consonant and -n if the noun ends in a vowel.
- [acc stem] is the accusative stem, formed by adding -eth if the noun ends in a consonant and -th if the noun ends in a vowel.
Here are two examples:
| erim 'tail' | Indefinite Singular | Indefinite Plural | Definite Singular | Definite Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | erim | erimme | erimnæ | erimnø |
| Genitive | erime | erimmen | erimnær | erimnør |
| Accusative | erimeth | erimmeth | erimnæth | erimnøth |
| Dative | ænerime | ænerimmen | ænerimnær | ænerimnør |
| Locative | menerime | menerimmen | menerimnær | menerimnør |
| Exlocative | ownerime | ownerimmen | ownerimnær | ownerimnør |
| Instrumental | rønerime | rønerimmen | rønerimnær | rønerimnør |
| Abessive | tsønerime | tsønerimmen | tsønerimnær | tsønerimnør |
| Equative | λønerime | λønerimmen | λønerimnær | λønerimnør |
| Anti-equative | ødnerime | ødnerimmen | ødnerimnær | ødnerimnør |
| Vocative | nerim | nerimme | nerimnæ | nerimnø |
| neσa 'rope' | Indefinite Singular | Indefinite Plural | Definite Singular | Definite Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | neσa | neσame | neσanæ | neσanø |
| Genitive | neσan | neσamen | neσanær | neσanør |
| Accusative | neσath | neσameth | neσanæth | neσanøth |
| Dative | ænneσan | ænneσamen | ænneσanær | ænneσanør |
| Locative | meneσan | meneσamen | meneσanær | meneσanør |
| Exlocative | owneσan | owneσamen | owneσanær | owneσanør |
| Instrumental | røneσan | røneσamen | røneσanær | røneσanør |
| Abessive | tsøneσan | tsøneσamen | tsøneσanær | tsøneσanør |
| Equative | λøneσan | λøneσamen | λøneσanær | λøneσanør |
| Anti-equative | ødneσan | ødneσamen | ødneσanær | ødneσanør |
| Vocative | neσa | neσame | neσanæ | neσanø |