Rencadian

Phonology

Consonants

	Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Lateral	Postalveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Voiceless Stop/Affricate	p /pʰ/	t /tʰ/	ts /ts/	tσ /tɬ/	tj /tʃ/		k /kʰ/
Voiced Stop/Affricate	b /p~b/	d /t~d/	dz /dz/	dλ /dɮ/	dj /dʒ/		g /k~g/
Voiceless Fricative	f /f/	th /θ/	s /s/	σ /ɬ/	sj /ʃ/		ch /x/	h /h/
Voiced Fricative	v /v/	dh /ð/	z /z/	λ /ɮ/	zj /ʒ/		gh /ɣ/
Nasal	m /m/	n /n/					ng /ŋ/
Approximant				l /ɫ/	r /ɹ̱/	y /j/	w /w/

Vowels

Vowel	IPA
a	/a/
æ	/ɛ/
e	/ɘ/ or /ə/ depending on dialect
i	/ɪ/
o	/ɔ/
ø	/ɵ/
u	/ʉ/

Lenition

Normal

p

t

ts

s

tσ

σ

tj

sj

k

b

d

dz

z

dλ

λ

dj

zj

g

Lenited

f

th

s

h

σ

h

sj

h

ch

v

dh

z

0

λ

0

zj

0

gh

Normal	m	n	ng	w	l	r	y
Lenited	w	n	w	w	w	r	y

Prosody

Stress

Stress is on the first syllable, not counting prefixes.

Morphology

Nouns

Nouns have 2 genders (masculine, feminine) and 11 cases (nominative, genitive, accusative, dative, locative, exlocative, instrumental, abessive, equative, anti-equative, and vocative).

Noun stems often get lenited. Lenition works as follows:

• When the noun begins with a lenitable consonant (any consonant besides f, v, th, dh, ch and gh), the first consonant gets lenited. If the first consonant is z, λ or zj and there's a prefix before the lenited stem, an epenthetic -n- is inserted between the prefix and the stem.
• When the noun begins with a vowel, an n- is inserted before the stem.
• When the noun begins with a nonlenitable consonant (f, v, th, dh, ch or gh), an n- is inserted before the stem if there's a prefix before the stem that ends in a vowel. Otherwise, ne- is inserted before the stem.

For example:

1. bær 'leaf' → vær
2. rasj 'spouse' → rasj
3. zaweth 'ant' → aweth
4. zawesj 'ant' (genitive) → awesz, ʙᴜᴛ:
5. λø + lenited form of zawesj 'like an ant' → λønawesj
6. ensæ 'fruit' → nensæ
7. farnathe 'speech' (genitive) → nefarnathe, ʙᴜᴛ:
8. me + lenited form of farnathe 'speaking' → menfarnathe
9. ow + lenited form of farnathe 'not speaking' → ownefarnathe

Feminine nouns

Most nouns are feminine and decline as follows:

Header text	Indefinite Singular	Indefinite Plural	Definite Singular	Definite Plural
Nominative	[nom stem]	[nom stem]+me	[nom stem]+næ	[nom stem]+nø
Genitive	[gen stem]	[nom stem]+men	[nom stem]+nær	[nom stem]+nør
Accusative	[acc stem]	[nom stem]+meth	[nom stem]+næth	[nom stem]+nøth
Dative	æn+[gen stem]	æn+[nom stem]+men	æn+[nom stem]+nær	æn+[nom stem]+nør
Locative	me+[lenited gen stem]	me+[lenited nom stem]+men	me+[lenited nom stem]+nær	me+[lenited nom stem]+nør
Exlocative	ow+[lenited gen stem]	ow+[lenited nom stem]+men	ow+[lenited nom stem]+nær	ow+[lenited nom stem]+nør
Instrumental	rø+[lenited gen stem]	rø+[lenited nom stem]+men	rø+[lenited nom stem]+nær	rø+[lenited nom stem]+nør
Abessive	tsø+[lenited gen stem]	tsø+[lenited nom stem]+men	tsø+[lenited nom stem]+nær	tsø+[lenited nom stem]+nør
Equative	λø+[lenited gen stem]	λø+[lenited nom stem]+men	λø+[lenited nom stem]+nær	λø+[lenited nom stem]+nør
Anti-equative	ød+[lenited gen stem]	ød+[lenited nom stem]+men	ød+[lenited nom stem]+nær	ød+[lenited nom stem]+nør
Vocative	[lenited nom stem]	[lenited nom stem]+me	[lenited nom stem]+næ	[lenited nom stem]+nø

• [nom stem] is the dictionary form of a noun.
• [gen stem] is the genitive stem, formed by adding -e if the noun ends in a consonant and -n if the noun ends in a vowel.
• [acc stem] is the accusative stem, formed by adding -eth if the noun ends in a consonant and -th if the noun ends in a vowel.

Here are two examples:

erim 'tail'	Indefinite Singular	Indefinite Plural	Definite Singular	Definite Plural
Nominative	erim	erimme	erimnæ	erimnø
Genitive	erime	erimmen	erimnær	erimnør
Accusative	erimeth	erimmeth	erimnæth	erimnøth
Dative	ænerime	ænerimmen	ænerimnær	ænerimnør
Locative	menerime	menerimmen	menerimnær	menerimnør
Exlocative	ownerime	ownerimmen	ownerimnær	ownerimnør
Instrumental	rønerime	rønerimmen	rønerimnær	rønerimnør
Abessive	tsønerime	tsønerimmen	tsønerimnær	tsønerimnør
Equative	λønerime	λønerimmen	λønerimnær	λønerimnør
Anti-equative	ødnerime	ødnerimmen	ødnerimnær	ødnerimnør
Vocative	nerim	nerimme	nerimnæ	nerimnø

neσa 'rope'	Indefinite Singular	Indefinite Plural	Definite Singular	Definite Plural
Nominative	neσa	neσame	neσanæ	neσanø
Genitive	neσan	neσamen	neσanær	neσanør
Accusative	neσath	neσameth	neσanæth	neσanøth
Dative	ænneσan	ænneσamen	ænneσanær	ænneσanør
Locative	meneσan	meneσamen	meneσanær	meneσanør
Exlocative	owneσan	owneσamen	owneσanær	owneσanør
Instrumental	røneσan	røneσamen	røneσanær	røneσanør
Abessive	tsøneσan	tsøneσamen	tsøneσanær	tsøneσanør
Equative	λøneσan	λøneσamen	λøneσanær	λøneσanør
Anti-equative	ødneσan	ødneσamen	ødneσanær	ødneσanør
Vocative	neσa	neσame	neσanæ	neσanø