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| Bright languages are constructed languages intended to be aesthetically pleasing, predictable, and stable in utterance.
| | {{Construction}} |
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| | Bright languages are constructed languages often intended to be aesthetically pleasing, predictable, and phonologically stable. Examples are the elvish languages from J R. R. Tolkien's [[w:Middle-earth|Middle-earth]]. |
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| ==Introduction== | | ==Introduction== |
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| ==Phonology== | | ==Phonology== |
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| 4 vowels and 8 consonants.
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| ===Sound Laws=== | | ===Sound Laws=== |
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| *Voicing: consonants between vowels are voiced.
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| *Devoicing: initial and final consonants are voiceless.
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| *Lenition: if two bordering syllables/syllable portions possess the same consonant, the consonant of the weakest syllable (portion) disappears.<br>
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| EX: The Adamic or Babelic forms ''vāl'' "person" and ''vār'' "people" become ''alf'' and ''elbë'' respectively in the Bright Tongue [''alp'' instead of ''*falf''].<br>
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| *Assimilation:
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| alba-alp > albabelë; silma-alp > silmemalë; ...
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| *Harmony: [a > e > i] or [i > e > a]<br>
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| *Mutation: consonants extend grade until there is only one.<br>
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| m/n + p -mb [extension of p]<br>
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| m/n + t -nd [extension of t]<br>
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| r/l + f -lb [extension of l]<br>
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| r/l + c -rd [extension of r]<br>
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| r/l + m = -lm [extension of m]<br>
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| r/l + n = -rn [extension of n]<br>
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| */t/ can only happen before /a/ and/or /ə/.
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| Because final consonants are easily lost in Typology, /r/ /l/ /m/ and /n/ always mutate
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| C̥VC̬VC̥
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| anë
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| [the dorsal column was deleted and the distinction of voice lost] ...plus, m and n are added and f and s lost
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| m, l, p, b
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| n, r, t, d
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| alma > almi > ilmi
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| ilmi nae
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| ilmi tae
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| ilmi ae
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| alba "people" [alp, elbë]
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| arda "things" [art, erdë]
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| alma "high faculties" [al, elmë]
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| arna "emotions, sensations" [ar, ernë]
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| amba "time" [amp, embë]
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| anda "space" [ant, endë]
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| -
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| endar "land", anderë "lands"
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| embal (amba + arda/alba) "celestial body~god", ambelë...
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| endar
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| tirya
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| arni, ernyë
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| NA > ni [0], nae [1]
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| alba enir
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| ni, pe, ae
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| MA
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| NA
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| PA
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| TA
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| LA
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| RA
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| -
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| ALBA
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| ARDA
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| AMBA
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| ANDA
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| ALMA
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| ARNA
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| nua vāl / nua valár = ni erec alf ... ni
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| *analytic
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| *no articles
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| *no declension
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| *context and syntax play important role
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| iru > erdi
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| erda alf
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| avâla iku
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| Adamic verb
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| arú > erec
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| ārú > irida
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| nua sit, askút
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| ni ereden
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| -
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| ísit ārú
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| ni irida ederen
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| sikt > ciren
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| hal > cilma
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| cilm
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| sikt niru
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| nae ciren
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| ''Elbë ni irida indili''
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| ciren (n), ederen (v)
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| cilma (n), indili (v)
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| -s-k-t- > ciren, cirendë
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| h/q > n
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| s/z > c
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| k/g > r
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| -
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| t/d > nd
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| h/q>
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| z >
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| g > l
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| d > mb
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| n r c
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| Velar stops such as /k/ are problematic, therefore removed. Palatalization /ku/ for example has the tendence to inevitably change to /kʷ/ and /b/, whereas /ki/ will lead to /t͡ʃi/ and /ʃi/.
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| Back vowels are totally erased, to contrast with dark tongues, plus to avoid the sound change /du/ > /dʷ/ > /b/
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| ===Consonants===
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| ===Vowels===
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| ===Prosody===
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| ====Stress====
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| ====Intonation====
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| ===Phonotactics===
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| <!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
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| ===Morphophonology===
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| ==Morphology==
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| The Bright Tongue is composed of stems, which modify roots.
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| ALMA > ELEME
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| eldar (alba-endar)
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| erbal (arda-elbar)
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| arbelë
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| ilben, ilbini
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| eleben, af
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| lef, felin
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| ilmen, ilmini
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| elemen, am
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| lem, melin
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| irdem, irdimi
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| eredem, erc
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| rec, cerin
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| ==Syntax== | | ==Syntax== |
