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| Bright languages are constructed languages intended to be aesthetically pleasing, predictable, and stable in utterance.
| | {{Construction}} |
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| | Bright languages are constructed languages often intended to be aesthetically pleasing, predictable, and phonologically stable. Examples are the elvish languages from J R. R. Tolkien's [[w:Middle-earth|Middle-earth]]. |
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| ==Introduction== | | ==Introduction== |
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| ==Phonology== | | ==Phonology== |
| The bright version of Adamic has 3 vowels (4 with the diphthong) and 8 consonants, with the reason being that as a bright language strives to contain the most stable and distinct phonetic features, many possibilities are consciously deleted (mostly dorsal ones). For example, velar stops such as /k/ are problematic, as forms akin to /ku/ and /ki/ have the tendence to inevitably change to /kʷ/~/b/ or /kʲ/~/t͡ʃ/. Likewise, back vowels are totally erased, not only to contrast with dark tongues (which do not accept front vowels), but to avoid the sound change /du/ > /dʷ/~/b/.
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 396px; text-align:center;"
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| ! style="width: 66px; " |
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| ! style="width: 66px; " |Coronal
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| ! style="width: 66px; " |Labial
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| |-
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| ! Sonorant
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| | l r
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| | n m
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| |-
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| ! Non-Sonorant
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| | s d
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| | f b
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| |}
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| The
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 198px; text-align:center;"
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| ! style="width: 66px; " |
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| ! style="width: 66px; " |Front
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| ! style="width: 66px; " |Center
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| |-
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| !
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| | i ɛ
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| | a ae̯
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| |}
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| ===Sound Laws=== | | ===Sound Laws=== |
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| *Voicing [C̥VC̬VC̥]: due the influence of vocalic weight, consonants between vowels are voiced while initial and final consonants are voiceless
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| *Lenition: due the displeasure of mimesis, if two bordering syllables/syllable portions possess the same consonant, the consonant of the weakest syllable (portion) disappears.<br>
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| EX: Adamic ''vāl'' "person" and ''vār'' "people" become ''alf'' and ''elba'' respectively in the Bright Tongue [''alf'' instead of ''*falf''].<br>
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| *Assimilation:
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| *Harmony: [a > e > i] or [i > e > a]<br>
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| *Mutation: consonants extend grade until there is only one.<br>
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| m/n + p -mb [extension of p]<br>
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| m/n + t -nd [extension of t]<br>
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| r/l + f -lb [extension of l]<br>
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| r/l + c -rd [extension of r]<br>
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| r/l + m = -lm [extension of m]<br>
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| r/l + n = -rn [extension of n]<br>
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| */d/ can only happen before /a/, and if the opposite were to happen, the nucleus would be dropped.
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| EX: The hypothetical ''ereden'' becomes ''eren''
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| *Due the tendence of final consonants to be easily lost, only consonant clusters and sonorants are allowed as final codas. Also, final /m/ and /n/ disappear as the precedent vowel is nasalized.
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| alma > almi > ilmi
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| ilmi nae
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| ilmi tae
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| ilmi ae
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| alba "people" [alp, elbë]
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| arda "things" [art, erdë]
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| alma "high faculties" [al, elmë]
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| arna "emotions, sensations" [ar, ernë]
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| amba "time" [amp, embë]
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| anda "space" [ant, endë]
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| -
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| endar "land", anderë "lands"
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| embal (amba + arda/alba) "celestial body~god", ambelë...
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| endar
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| tirya
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| arni, ernyë
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| NA > ni [0], nae [1]
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| alba enir
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| ni, pe, ae
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| MA
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| NA
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| PA
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| TA
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| LA
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| RA
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| -
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| ALBA
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| ARDA
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| AMBA
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| ANDA
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| ALMA
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| ARNA
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| nua vāl / nua valár = ni erec alf ... ni
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| *analytic
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| *no articles
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| *no declension
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| *context and syntax play important role
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| Adamic verb
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| arú > erec
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| ārú > irida
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| nua sit, askút
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| ni ereden
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| -
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| ísit ārú
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| ni irida ederen
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| sikt > ciren
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| hal > cilma
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| cilm
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| sikt niru
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| nae ciren
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| ciren
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| nicae
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| ec
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| icae
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| anu/nua > ni
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| ani/nia > nae
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| ana/nā > na
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| ''Elbë irida indili na''
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| = ''Ara avâla ana ahalâ''
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| Ni irida ereden, ec cilma
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| Tua hícal, rī askút
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| hil > ciren
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| -h-c-l- > indili
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| hácal > andal
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| ni irida andal
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| erec & irida > -c-
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| ni, idae
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| fe, ec
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| ae, cae
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| fe erec > ec
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| ae erec > icae
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| indili (v), andal (p)
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| ciren (n), ederen (v)
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| cilba (n), indili (v)
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| -s-k-t- > ciren, cirendë
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| h/q > n
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| s/z > c
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| k/g > r
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| -
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| t/d > nd
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| h/q>
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| z >
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| g > l
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| d > mb
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| ===Consonants===
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| ===Vowels===
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| ===Prosody===
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| ====Stress====
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| ====Intonation====
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| ===Phonotactics===
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| <!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
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| ===Morphophonology===
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| ==Morphology==
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| The Bright Tongue is mostly composed of stems, which modify roots.
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| ni irida eren...
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| From one root, many stems are forged
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| ncl > ner (*nendir), cilba, arnic, nalbi (*nadelbi)...
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| ALMA > ELEME
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| eldar (alba-endar)
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| erbal (arda-elbar)
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| arbelë
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| ilben, ilbini
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| eleben, af
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| lef, felin
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| ilmen, ilmini
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| elemen, am
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| lem, melin
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| irdem, irdimi
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| eredem, erc
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| rec, cerin
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| ==Syntax== | | ==Syntax== |
