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Bright languages are constructed languages intended to be aesthetically pleasing, predictable, and stable in utterance.
{{Construction}}


Bright languages are constructed languages often intended to be aesthetically pleasing, predictable, and phonologically stable. Examples are the elvish languages from J R. R. Tolkien's [[w:Middle-earth|Middle-earth]].


==Introduction==
==Introduction==
Line 9: Line 10:


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
The bright version of Adamic has 3 vowels (4 with the diphthong) and 8 consonants, with the reason being that as a bright language strives to contain the most stable and distinct phonetic features, many possibilities are consciously deleted (mostly dorsal ones). For example, velar stops such as /k/ are problematic, as forms akin to /ku/ and /ki/ have the tendence to inevitably change to /kʷ/~/b/ or /kʲ/~/t͡ʃ/. Likewise, back vowels are totally erased, not only to contrast with dark tongues (which do not accept front vowels), but to avoid the sound change /du/ > /dʷ/~/b/.


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 396px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 66px; " |
! style="width: 66px; " |Coronal
! style="width: 66px; " |Labial
|-
! Sonorant
| l r
| n m
|-
! Non-Sonorant
| s d
| f b
|}


The
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 198px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 66px; " |
! style="width: 66px; " |Front
! style="width: 66px; " |Center
|-
!
| i ɛ
| a ae̯
|}


===Sound Laws===
===Sound Laws===
*Voicing [C̥VC̬VC̥]: due the influence of vocalic weight, consonants between vowels are voiced while initial and final consonants are voiceless
*Lenition: due the displeasure of mimesis, if two bordering syllables/syllable portions possess the same consonant, the consonant of the weakest syllable (portion) disappears.<br>
EX: Adamic  ''vāl'' "person" and ''vār'' "people" become ''alf, alber'' and ''elbi'' respectively in the Bright Tongue [''alf'' instead of ''*falf''].<br>
*Assimilation:
*Harmony: [a > e > i] or [i > e > a]<br>
*Mutation: consonants extend grade until there is only one.<br>
m/n + p -mb [extension of p]<br>
m/n + t -nd [extension of t]<br>
r/l + f -lb [extension of l]<br>
r/l + c -rd [extension of r]<br>
r/l + m = -lm [extension of m]<br>
r/l + n = -rn [extension of n]<br>
*/s/ and /d/ can only happen before /a/, and if the opposite were to happen, the nucleus would be dropped.
EX: The hypothetical ''iridin'' becomes ''eren''
*Due the tendence of final consonants to be easily lost, only consonant clusters and sonorants are allowed as final codas. Also, final /m/ and /n/ disappear as the precedent vowel is nasalized.
This bright tongue calls those processes ''car'' and ''fabel''
alba "people" [alf, elbi]
arda "things" [arc, irida]
alma "high faculties" [a, elmi]
arna "emotions, sensations" [an, erni]
amba "time" [amf, embi]
anda "space" [anc, inida]
-
endar "land", arni "lands"
embal "celestial body", ambeli...
o
NA > ni [0], nae [1]
alba enir
ni, pe, ae
MA
NA
PA
TA
LA
RA
-
ALBA
ARDA
AMBA
ANDA
ALMA
ARNA
aia aio
nao aocar i
nua valár
ni erec alber
fla
alf
*analytic
*one article
*no declension
*context and syntax play important role
ni arc alber
ni erec alber =/= ni erec er alf
ni irida alber
mi irida elbi
er alf, alber
er enc, endar
er ec, edar
mer endar
ird
iru er
ni, mi
ec, fe
al, ar
mi irida ilmini ec
iridin
elbi
ci
alber
Adamic verb
rā > ar
arú > erec
ārú > irida
ar ereC iriCV
nua sit, askút
ni eren
-
ísit ārú
ni irida ederen
sikt > ren
hil > ...
L
ciren
nicae
ec
icae
anu/nua > ni
ani/nia > nae
ana/nā > na
''Elbi irida ni indili'' = ''Ara avâla ana ahalâ''
Ni irida ereden, ec cilma
Tua hícal, rī askút
hil > ciren?
-h-c-l- > indili
hácal > andal
ni irida andal
erec & irida > -c-
ni, idae
fe, ec
ae, cae
fe erec >  ec
ae erec > icae
indili (v), andal (p)
ciren (n), ederen (v)
cilba (n), indili (v)
-s-k-t- > ciren, cirendë
h/q > n
s/z > c
k/g > r
-
t/d > nd
h/q>
z >
g > l
d > mb
===Consonants===
===Vowels===
===Prosody===
====Stress====
====Intonation====
===Phonotactics===
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
===Morphophonology===
==Morphology==
The Bright Tongue is mostly composed of stems, which modify roots.
ni irida eren...
From one root, many stems are forged
ncl > ner (*nendir), cilba, arnic, nalbi (*nadelbi)...
ALMA > ELEME
eldar (alba-endar)
erbal (arda-elbar)
arbelë
ilben, ilbini
eleben, af
lef, felin
ilmen, ilmini
elemen, am
lem, melin
irdem, irdimi
eredem, erc
rec, cerin


==Syntax==
==Syntax==

Latest revision as of 14:35, 20 December 2024


Bright languages are constructed languages often intended to be aesthetically pleasing, predictable, and phonologically stable. Examples are the elvish languages from J R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth.

Introduction

Phonology

Sound Laws

Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Other resources