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'''{{PAGENAME}}''' ({{PAGENAME}}: ''An dhobhâdhaigh Cobhocham'') is a Wiobic language. It has a large number of click consonants, and is a monosyllabic tonal language with fusional morphology using mutations and tone changes. | |||
==Numbers== | |||
*AW: va:m, *dɛɧɐ, naɐk, mu:l, ze:lɪɧ, ʃtuom, ʀu:t, lɛɐts, pfaɐp, kioɐ | |||
*Pre-Kurmo-Schnüher: va:m, dɪɧɐ, nɛɐk, mu:l, ze:ləɧ, ʃtuom, ʀu:t, lɛɐts, pfɛɐp, kioɐ | |||
*vˠa:m, dʲəɧ-S, nʲa:k, mʷo:l, zʲe:ləɧ, tʰʷwəm, ʀʷo:t, lʲats, pfʲa:p, kʲʷa: | |||
*vˠa:m, dʲəɧ-S, nʲa:k, mʷo:l, zʲe:ləɧ, tʰʷwəm, vˠo:t, lʲatʰ, pʰʲa:p, pʲa: | |||
<poem> | |||
we need tones! | |||
lʲatʰ->lʲat(breathy) | |||
9 and 10 sound similar | |||
ok let's try tʰ > t(breathy) | |||
_Cʰ -> _C(breathy) | |||
yes | |||
_ɧ -> _h -> _(breathy) | |||
yes | |||
maybe not p-celticization? | |||
final k -> glottalization | |||
we should have that | |||
but final p -> w-glide! | |||
9 -> pʰʲa:w | |||
or pʰʲa:wʔ | |||
this is so fun | |||
vˠa:m, dʲə̤-S, nʲa:ʔ, mʷo:l, zʲe̤:l, tʰʷwəm, vˠo:ʔ, lʲa̤ʔ, pʰʲa:wʔ, kʲʷa: | |||
i don't want final plosivess to diasppear yet! | |||
i need them for sino-korean gib | |||
yes | |||
vˠa:m, dʲə̤-S, nʲa:k, mʷo:l, zʲe̤:l, tʰʷwəm, vˠo:t, lʲa̤t, pʰʲa:p, kʲʷa: | |||
let me look at what vowel phonemes we had before slenderization | |||
ɪ i: ʏ y: u: | |||
ə | |||
ɛ e: œ ø: o: | |||
a: | |||
au ai ay iu io uo yø | |||
should au ai ay front to ɛu ɛi ɛy? | |||
perhaps | |||
looks abɛut right | |||
actually maybe not | |||
we need some "plain" consonants | |||
why????? | |||
for some balance? | |||
au ai ay all merge into ɐː | |||
let's say au->ɛ:, ai->ɑ: as in australian or cockney(ish) | |||
ai, ay > a: | |||
yes | |||
ɪ i: ʏ y: u: | |||
ə | |||
ɛ e: œ ø: o: | |||
ɛ: œ | |||
a: | |||
iu io uo yø | |||
should i have œ: < ay? | |||
yes! | |||
symmetry! | |||
ɪ i: ʏ y: u: | |||
ə | |||
ɛ e: œ ø: o: | |||
ɛ: œ: | |||
a: | |||
iu io uo yø | |||
btw Californian English looks like it has /y/ and no /u/ | |||
so we're now at the "oddball accent of german"-stage | |||
yes | |||
i think now is a good time to slenderize! | |||
yes | |||
ɪ -> ʲə, i: -> ʲə:, ʏ -> ʲʷə, y: -> ʲʷə:, u: -> ʷə:... | |||
what should the semi-vertical vowel system look like? | |||
a:->ˠa: | |||
a 3-level system? | |||
fleibenschwankenschraft | |||
with a ə ï | |||
that looks good | |||
so pre-cuatham: | |||
ɪ i: ʏ y: u: | |||
ə | |||
e: ø: o: | |||
ɛ ɛ: œ œ: | |||
a: | |||
iu io uo yø | |||
ɪ i: ʏ y: u: -> ʲï ʲï: ʲʷï ʲʷï: ʷï: | |||
old cuatham: | |||
jɨ jɨj jwɨ jwɨj wɨw | |||
better than my proposal | |||
let's continue | |||
ə is just ə | |||
e: ø: o: > jəj jwəj wəw | |||
yes | |||
*middle chinese intensifies* | |||
ɛ ɛ: œ œ: -> ja jai jwa jwai | |||
a: -> a: | |||
or jwaw? | |||
a: > a: | |||
iu io uo yø -> jɨw, jəw, wəw, jwəj? | |||
jɨ, jə, wə, jwə | |||
yes i can feel the middle chinese | |||
so i and iu merge? | |||
iu > jɨw | |||
what does final -r do now? | |||
fleibenschwankenschraft... | |||
-w -j replaced w/ -a? | |||
perhaps | |||
with a subsequent sandhi | |||
ɨa,əa-> ə:, aa->a: | |||
this is pretty convenient as a, eo, eu are common in sino-korean | |||
what? the sandhi? | |||
the vertical vowel system | |||
tho i also need -yu(C), -yo(C) | |||
jɨw, jəw! | |||
i can get them from jw- | |||
? | |||
ok | |||
CjɨwC->CyuC | |||
yes | |||
we still haven't gone over uo, üö and io | |||
we have: iu io uo yø -> jɨw, jə, wə, jwə | |||
so: | |||
va:m, dəɧɐ, nɛɐk, mu:l, ze:ləɧ, ʃtuom, ʀu:t, lɛɐts, pfɛɐp, kioɐ | |||
va:m, dəɧ-S, njə:k, mwɨwl, zjə̤jl, ʃtwəm, vwɨwt, ljə̤:t, pʰjə̤p, kjə:-S | |||
the language should split at this stage or soon after | |||
yes! | |||
well it was descher in early curmian | |||
sorry | |||
va:m, djəɧ-S, njə:k, mwɨwl, zjə̤jl, ʃtwəm, vwɨwt, ljə̤:t, pʰjə̤p, kjə:-S | |||
either german is the mother of all languages | |||
or it's vietnamese | |||
or wakashan | |||
or clicky polynesian | |||
(from a zulian perspective) | |||
ʃC > Cʰ at this stage | |||
va:m, djəɧ-S, njə:k, mwɨwl, zjə̤jl, tʰwəm, vwɨwt, ljə̤:t, pʰjə̤p, kjə:-S | |||
forgot | |||
va:m, djə̤ɧ-S, njə:k, mwɨwl, zjə̤jl, tʰwəm, vwɨwt, ljə̤:t, pʰjə̤p, kjə:-S | |||
va:m, djə̤-S, njə:k, mwɨwl, zjə̤jl, tʰwəm, vwɨwt, ljə̤:t, pʰjə̤p, kjə:-S | |||
what about mutations caused by unstressed prefixes | |||
i think they should be dropped before final endings are dropped | |||
be-, ge-, ger- lenites | |||
en-, wen- eclipses | |||
des- aspirates | |||
let's work the effects out | |||
then when you lenite be-, you actually get bhe- (pronounced) | |||
*gussnish intensifies* | |||
sino-korean but with mutations, tone and gender is so funny | |||
i can see you're more focused on Schnüher grin emoticon | |||
b > v | |||
d > dh (fric) | |||
g > gh | |||
that's pretty much gussnish | |||
p > f | |||
t > þ | |||
k > x | |||
dh > gh? | |||
we're still at the "old irish" stage | |||
irish/elephant gaelic | |||
th -> h | |||
dh -> gh | |||
the following consonants can occur initially in late pre-old cuatham: | |||
m n | |||
p t ! k ʔ | |||
b d g! g | |||
ph th !h kh | |||
f s h | |||
v z | |||
l j ʀ | |||
right before prefixes trigger initial mutations | |||
m | |||
seimhius to ṽ | |||
uru's to m | |||
aspirates to mʰ | |||
n | |||
seimhius to n | |||
urus to n | |||
aspirates to nʰ | |||
p | |||
seimhius to f | |||
urus to b | |||
aspirates to pʰ | |||
t | |||
seimhius to θ | |||
urus to d | |||
aspsirates to tʰ | |||
forgot ɧ as a possible initial fricative | |||
! | |||
seimhius to ɧ | |||
urus to g! | |||
aspirates to !ʰ | |||
k | |||
seimhius to x | |||
urus to g | |||
aspirates to kʰ | |||
b | |||
seimhius to v | |||
urus to m | |||
aspirates to bʰ? | |||
b shouldn't aspirate unlike in Middle Wiobian | |||
or An Bhl grin emoticon | |||
b | |||
seimhius to v | |||
urus to m | |||
d | |||
seimhius to ð | |||
urus to n | |||
g! | |||
seimhius to ɧ̬ | |||
urus to ŋ! | |||
g | |||
seimhius to ɣ | |||
urus to ŋ | |||
ph th !h kh | |||
seimhius to p t ! k (!) | |||
blaoighniúil | |||
ph th !h kh | |||
urus to m̊ n̊ ŋ̊! ŋ̊ | |||
sorry not blaoighniuil | |||
seimhiu: ph > p > f | |||
h drops out entirely | |||
f s | |||
seimhius to h h | |||
urus to v z | |||
v z | |||
seimhius to ʔ ʔ | |||
l j ʀ do not mutate | |||
oops maybe i should have aspirated hl hj hr? | |||
l j r | |||
aspirate to hl hj hr | |||
and v z aspirates to f s | |||
ɧ seimhius to h and urus to ɧ̬ | |||
ɧ̬ seimhius to to ʔ and aspirates to ɧ | |||
ʔ urus to n | |||
and aspirates to h! | |||
ok so what inventory do i have now | |||
m̊ n̊ ŋ̊! ŋ̊ | |||
m n ŋ! ŋ | |||
p t ! k ʔ | |||
b d g! g | |||
ph th !h kh | |||
f s ɧ x h | |||
ṽ v z ɧ̬ ɣ | |||
l̊ j̊ ʀ̊ | |||
l j ʀ | |||
this is "old cuatham" | |||
pʰ tʰ !ʰ kʰ are pinyined p̂ t̂ ŧ̂ k̂ | |||
ĉ you mean | |||
yes sorry | |||
p̂ t̂ ŧ̂ ĉ | |||
or: | |||
use pr tr ŧr cr | |||
i could derive aspirates from Cr! | |||
as Cuatham has no initial consonant clusters | |||
or maybe not? | |||
you don't have to change the diachronics | |||
r blocks medials from forming | |||
i just picked something irishy | |||
yes I could do that | |||
because ŧ̂ is a little heavy on the diacritics | |||
phr thr ŧhr chr | |||
bpr dtr đŧr gcr? | |||
bpr dtr đŧr gcr actually represetn voiceless nasals | |||
yes | |||
i don't know why i didn't think of that idea before | |||
that's funny | |||
but i'm adopting the idea anyway because irish | |||
yes | |||
also because nobody really knows what <r> is in Wiob | |||
it should be the in universe orthography! | |||
well <r> *is* sometimes /r/ | |||
Reber = ráp | |||
but not always | |||
that's why r could mean /r/ in Cuatham | |||
in isolation | |||
Schnueher uses Wiob orthography while Cuatham uses the irishy one | |||
yes | |||
because German read like Sino-Korean | |||
or you could have Irish read as Sino-Korean tongue emoticon | |||
that's why Hussmauchian conlangers like to do funny things with r | |||
or avoid it | |||
anyway | |||
the language splits after slenderization? | |||
yes! | |||
I want to drop final plosives in cuatham while retaining them in schnueher | |||
yes | |||
so here are the numbers again: | |||
va:m, djə̤-S, njə:k, mwɨwl, zjə̤jl, tʰwəm, vwɨwt, ljə̤:t, pʰjə̤p, kjə:-S | |||
cuatham splits from schnueher by... | |||
clicky clicky clicky! | |||
what do you think abot -p -> -w? | |||
yes!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! | |||
with all the !'s pronounced | |||
yes, -p > -w in cuatham | |||
-t just disappears | |||
yes | |||
or becomes -j? | |||
-k -> -j | |||
actually | |||
hence -abh/-aigh? | |||
final | |||
p/jp/wp -> w/j/w | |||
t/jt/wt -> Ø/j/w | |||
k/jk/wk -> j/j/w | |||
yes | |||
yes | |||
final -ŧ? | |||
> Ø/j/w | |||
final -l? | |||
retained | |||
final m, n, and ng are retained | |||
yes | |||
unless you want m->n as in mandarin | |||
nope | |||
Cuatham! | |||
yes | |||
also Ŧúabh Teatham Ŧathaigh | |||
should I have Cl- for /Cw-/? | |||
then what about /Chw-/ | |||
there's a problem | |||
no... i don't think I want it | |||
trbh- and trl- are not very irish | |||
right now I have Cbh- | |||
Cobh? | |||
ok | |||
or Cibh for slender consonants | |||
An Dhobhàigh Cuatham | |||
yes | |||
looks a lot more Irish! | |||
the irishy orthography might turn out to be even more bloated than the wiob one | |||
which should be funny in-universe | |||
yes | |||
so what happens next? | |||
va:m, djə̤-S, njə:k, mwɨwl, zjə̤jl, tʰwəm, vwɨwt, ljə̤:t, pʰjə̤p, kjə:-S | |||
va:m, djə̤-S, njə:j, mwɨwl, zjə̤jl, tʰwəm, vwɨw, ljə̤:, pʰjə̤w, kjə:-S | |||
do you want to have glottalized tones? | |||
yes | |||
let's say | |||
va:m, djə̤-S, njə:jQ, mwɨwl, zjə̤jl, tʰwəm, vwɨwQ, ljə̤:Q, pʰjə̤wQ, kjə:-S | |||
Q = glottalized tone | |||
breathy syllables don't change their tone | |||
yes | |||
va:m, djə̤-S, njə:jʔ, mwɨwl, zjə̤jl, tʰwəm, vwɨwʔ, ljə̤:, pʰjə̤w, kjə:-S | |||
Or: | |||
breathy syllables already shift to low tone | |||
va:m, djə̀-S, njə:jQ, mwɨwl, zjə̀jl, tʰwəm, vwɨwQ, ljə̀:Q, pʰjə̀wQ, kjə:-S | |||
<v> doesn't look that irish | |||
shift it to <f>? | |||
yes | |||
fa:m, djə̀-S, njə:jQ, mwɨwl, zjə̀jl, tʰwəm, vwɨwQ, ljə̀:Q, pʰjə̀wQ, kjə:-S | |||
fwɨwQ | |||
fa:m, djə̀-S, njə:jQ, mwɨwl, sjə̀jl, tʰwəm, fwɨw, ljə̀:Q, pʰjə̀wQ, kjə:-S | |||
also z > s | |||
then glottalization turns into an abrupt rise in tone | |||
fa:m, djə̀-S, njə́:j, mwɨwl, sjə̀jl, tʰwəm, fwɨw, ljə̌:, pʰjə̌w, kjə:-S | |||
V́ = mid rising,V̌ = low rising | |||
yes | |||
sorry | |||
fa:m, djə̀-S, njə́:j, mwɨwl, sjə̀jl, tʰwəm, fwɨ́w, ljə̌:, pʰjə̌w, kjə:-S | |||
fwɨ́w has mid rising tone | |||
yes | |||
then a vowel sandhi | |||
i don't like fwɨw | |||
wouldn't fwu: be better? | |||
yes! | |||
fa:m, djə̀-S, njə́:j, mwul, sjə̀jl, tʰwəm, fwú:, ljə̌:, pʰjə̌w, kjə:-S | |||
let's systematize as i don't like sjə̀jl either | |||
fa:m, djə̀-S, njə́:j, mwul, sjè:l, tʰwəm, fwú:, ljə̌:, pʰjə̌w, kjə:-S | |||
ɨj/ɨw/əj/əw/aj/aw -> i:/u:/e:/o:/ai/au | |||
mwu:l? | |||
njə́:j should assimilate | |||
njéi | |||
fa:m, djə̀-S, njé:j, mwul, sjè:l, tʰwəm, fwú:, ljə̌:, pʰjə̌w, kjə:-S | |||
ɨ:j/ɨ:w/ə:j/ə:w/a:j/a:w -> i:/u:/ei/ou/ai/au? | |||
maybe | |||
this takes us back | |||
in a way | |||
to Wiob! | |||
but they're not the same vowels | |||
are you satisfied with the last vowel sandhi rule? | |||
í ú aoigh obh aigh abh? | |||
yes | |||
or éigh eobh | |||
yes | |||
after slender consonants | |||
fa:m, djə̀-S, njé:j, mwul, sjè:l, tʰwəm, fwú:, ljə̌:, pʰjǒ:, kjə:-S | |||
now, the Great Clickification! | |||
yes | |||
we've worked it out already | |||
fa:m, gǀə̀-S, njé:j, mwul, sjè:l, tʰwəm, fwú:, ljə̌:, ʘʰǒ:, cə:-S | |||
njé:j has a click grin emoticon | |||
fa:m, gǀè:-S, ŋǀé:j, mwul, sjè:l, tʰwəm, fwú:, ʎě:, ʘʰǒ:, ce:-S | |||
ə: > e: after slender consonants | |||
before the clickification | |||
yes | |||
and o: after broad consonants? | |||
now it's more like clickified irish than mandarin | |||
o: after Cw | |||
just add the séimhiú's and urú's and you effectively have Khoisan! | |||
e: after Cj | |||
yes | |||
e: after Cjw | |||
Fáilte chuig Ŧúabh Teatham Ŧathaigh! | |||
Ŧú Teatham Ŧathaigh? | |||
cinnte! | |||
vowels shorten in closed syllables? | |||
perhaps not | |||
Thai style | |||
how do I write these now | |||
fa:m, gǀè:-S, ŋǀé:j, mwul, sjè:l, tʰwəm, fwú:, ʎě:, ʘʰǒ:, ce:-S | |||
if I have both vowel length and tone | |||
well there's a problem | |||
idea: tone split! | |||
or: | |||
long a,e,i,o,u = adha, ... | |||
Dhobhàdhaigh? | |||
yes grin emoticon | |||
Fhaghamhadhaighris | |||
wow so Fhaghamhadhaighris | |||
crazy | |||
maybe not | |||
i like your tone split idea | |||
i have mid tone, low tone, mid rising tone > high tone, low rising tone | |||
yes | |||
let's make some falling tones | |||
mid tone > mid falling | |||
fhaghamhadhaghafhaghadhamhaighidhighris | |||
is that how it should be written in universe | |||
kidiyeoreum grin emoticon | |||
?!? | |||
means "i'm kidding" | |||
high tone + long v > high falling | |||
ahr | |||
mid tone + long v->mid falling? | |||
yes | |||
low tone+long v->still low | |||
or "ngã" tone? | |||
sorry | |||
low rising + long v > falling broken tone | |||
nặng | |||
no that would be hỏi | |||
yes | |||
what about low+long vowel? | |||
let's make that hoi | |||
we could have some bhlaoighniúil | |||
low+long vowel -> falsetto -> high! | |||
how falsetto | |||
or low + long vowel > low rising | |||
what makes me think it's plausible? | |||
so we have a 7 tone system | |||
(falsetto) | |||
the sound gets so low that people start using only a part of their vocal folds to project the sound instead | |||
low + long.mp3 | |||
lol that's funny | |||
yes that's what i was thinking of! | |||
still 7 tone system | |||
yes | |||
let's merge the low and mid falling tones | |||
yes | |||
mid, low, high, low rising, high falling, falling glottalized | |||
yes! | |||
that was unexpected bhlaoighniúileacht | |||
basically thai + nặng | |||
yes | |||
or maybe not | |||
merge the low rising and mid tones | |||
mid, low, high, mid falling, high falling, falling glottalized | |||
so how would the -th- genitive work here | |||
you work it out grin emoticon | |||
mid > low | |||
low > low | |||
high > low or high | |||
mid falling > high | |||
high falling > high | |||
falling glottalized > high | |||
yes | |||
nice blaoighniúileacht | |||
let's just call it blaoighnity | |||
much shorter | |||
high > low or high is interesting | |||
so we have declensions! | |||
which are not revealed in the spelling | |||
how should the tones be marked | |||
fleibenschwankenschraft | |||
a à á â | |||
adha àdha ádha âdha | |||
maybe not? | |||
mid tone: ŧra | |||
low tone: ŧrà | |||
high tone: ŧrá | |||
mid falling: ŧradha | |||
basically your suggestion | |||
it'll work | |||
low falling: ŧràdha | |||
i mean falling glottalized | |||
high falling: trádha | |||
high from falsetto: ŧrâdha | |||
mid tone: ŧra | |||
low tone: ŧrà | |||
high tone: ŧrá | |||
mid falling: ŧradh | |||
glottalized: ŧràdh | |||
high falling: trádh | |||
high from falsetto: ŧrâdh | |||
yes | |||
maybe hmong is a cuatham jokelang | |||
so what does -th- do? | |||
i don't like ŧràthadh ... | |||
let's say that -thadh- or -thidh- becomes -ch! | |||
ŧrath | |||
ŧràth | |||
ŧráth | |||
ŧrach | |||
ŧràch | |||
trách | |||
ŧrâch | |||
yes | |||
this is def my irish jokelang | |||
it's even funnier with the falsetto! | |||
or an awesomenesslang | |||
irish + khoisan + chinese | |||
fam31, gǀe55-S, ŋǀej53, mwul33, sjel55, tʰwəm33, fwu53, ʎẻ21, ʘʰỏ21, ce31-S | |||
fadham, dêach, néich, mobhul, sêachal, trobham? | |||
sorry | |||
fadham, dêadh, néidh, mobhul, sêadhal | |||
what happens to 6? | |||
THE BEST FALSE FRIEND EVER! | |||
néidh was 2 in Sioaued (remember?) | |||
oang, néidh, sáel, šíre, léur, woaugh, foinet, néšir, sáeleut, neilleur, augois, soíneb | |||
how do i distinguish tʰwəm33 from tʰwam33? | |||
fleibenschwankenschraft... | |||
that's tʰwəm33 | |||
trobham is tʰwam33 | |||
fobhúdh (fobhúadh?), lèidh, preòdh, ceadh | |||
trobhuam is better | |||
yes | |||
what if it were |ʰwəm33? | |||
tribhiam? | |||
as opposed to tribheam which is |ʰwam33 | |||
yes | |||
7 - fobhúdh | |||
Cuatham orthography is pretty easy to figure out | |||
not at all like Ráp Ma! | |||
</poem> | |||
==Phonology== | |||
===Initials=== | |||
An unusual feature of {{PAGENAME}} phonology is that palatalized stops are realized as clicks. | |||
{|class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center" | |||
|- | |||
|+'''{{PAGENAME}} initials''' | |||
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"| | |||
!colspan="2" | Labial | |||
!colspan="2" | Coronal | |||
!colspan="2" | Lateral | |||
!colspan="2" | Coarticulated | |||
!colspan="2" | Velar | |||
!rowspan="2" | Glottal | |||
|- | |||
! <small>broad</small> | |||
! <small>slender</small> | |||
! <small>broad</small> | |||
! <small>slender</small> | |||
! <small>broad</small> | |||
! <small>slender</small> | |||
! <small>broad</small> | |||
! <small>slender</small> | |||
! <small>broad</small> | |||
! <small>slender</small> | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan="2"| Nasal | |||
! <small>voiceless</small> | |||
| /m̊/ || /ŋ̊ʘ/ | |||
| /n̊/ || /ŋ̊ǀ/ | |||
| /n̊ˡ/ || /ŋ̊ǁ/ | |||
| /ŋ̊!/ || /ŋ̊ǂ/ | |||
| /ŋ̊/ || /ɲ̊/ | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! <small>voiceless</small> | |||
| /m/ || /ŋʘ/ | |||
| /n/ || /ŋǀ/ | |||
| /nˡ/ || /ŋǁ/ | |||
| /ŋ!/ || /ŋǂ/ | |||
| /ŋ/ || /ɲ/ | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan="3" | Stop | |||
!<small>tenuis</small> | |||
| /p/ || /ʘ/ | |||
| /t/ || /ǀ/ | |||
| /tɬ/ || /ǁ/ | |||
| /!/ || /ǂ/ | |||
| /k/ || /c/ | |||
| /ʔ/ | |||
|- | |||
!<small>aspirated</small> | |||
| /pʰ/ || /ʘʰ/ | |||
| /tʰ/ || /ǀʰ/ | |||
| /tɬʰ/ || /ǁʰ/ | |||
| /!ʰ/ || /ǂʰ/ | |||
| /kʰ/ || /cʰ/ | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!<small>voiced</small> | |||
| /b/ || /gʘ/ | |||
| /d/ || /gǀ/ | |||
| /dɮ/ || /gǁ/ | |||
| /g!/ || /gǂ/ | |||
| /g/ || /ɟ/ | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan="2"|Fricative | |||
!<small>voiceless</small> | |||
| /f/ || /fç/ | |||
| /s/ || /sç/ | |||
| /ɬ/ || /ɬʲ/ | |||
| /ɧ/ || /ʂ/ | |||
| /x/ || /ç/ | |||
| /h/ | |||
|- | |||
!<small>voiced</small> | |||
| || | |||
| /z/ || /zj/ | |||
| /ɮ/ || /ɮʲ/ | |||
| /ɧ̬/ || /ʐ/ | |||
| /ɣ/ || /ʝ/ | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!colspan=2| Trill | |||
| || | |||
| /r/ || /r̝/ | |||
| || | |||
| || | |||
| || | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!colspan=2| Approximant | |||
| /w/ || /ɥ/ | |||
| || | |||
| /l/ || /ʎ/ | |||
| || | |||
| || /j/ | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
===Medials=== | |||
The medial is optional. There is one possible medial, /w~ɥ/. | |||
===Nucleus=== | |||
There are three possible nuclei: /a/, /ə/ and zero. The nuclei display a range of different realizations depending on the phonetic environment: | |||
*/a/ is realized as: | |||
**/ɑ/ after a broad labialized consonant | |||
**/æ/ after a palatal consonant, palatal click or /ɥ/ | |||
**/a/ otherwise | |||
*/ə/ is realized as: | |||
**/ɔ/ after a broad labialized consonant | |||
**/e/ after a palatal consonant, palatal click or /ɥ/, or with /-j/ coda | |||
**/ə/ otherwise | |||
*Zero nucleus is realized as: | |||
**/u/ if the medial is /w/ | |||
**/y/ if the medial is /ɥ/ | |||
**/ɨ/ if the medial is zero and initial is a dental click, a retroflex or a broad velar | |||
**/i/ if the medial is zero, for other initials | |||
===Coda=== | |||
The coda is optional. There are seven possible finals in {{PAGENAME}}: /m n ŋ l r w j/. | |||
===Tones=== | |||
===Mutations=== | |||
<poem> | |||
seimhiu | |||
/p, ʘ/ > /f(ʲ)/ | |||
/pʰ, ʘʰ/ > /f(ʲ)/ | |||
/b, gʘ, m, ŋʘ/ > /w, ɥ/ | |||
/t, |/ > /h/ | |||
/d, g|/ > /ɣ, j/ | |||
/tʰ, |ʰ/ > /h/ | |||
/!, ǂ, !ʰ, ǂʰ/ > /ɧ, ɧʲ/ | |||
/g|, gǂ/ > voiced sj | |||
/k, c, kʰ, cʰ/ > /x, ç/ | |||
/g, gʲ/ > /ɣ, j/ | |||
/s, sʲ/ > /x, ç/ | |||
uru: | |||
/p, ʘ/ > /b gʘ/ > /m, ŋʘ/ | |||
/pʰ ʘʰ/ > /m̊ ŋ̊ʘ/ | |||
/t, |/ > /d, g|/ > /n, ŋ|/ | |||
/tʰ, |ʰ/ > /nʰ, ŋʰ|/ | |||
/!, ǂ/ > /g!, gǂ/ > /ŋ!, ŋǂ/ | |||
/!ʰ, ǂʰ/ > /ŋʰ!, ŋʰǂ/ | |||
/k, c/ >/g, gʲ/ > /ŋ, ŋʲ/ | |||
/s, sʲ/ > /z, zʲ/ (spelled ns) | |||
</poem> | |||
==Grammar== | |||
<poem> | |||
masculine declension: | |||
singular: | |||
an: nominative | |||
an-S: accusative | |||
an-H: genitive | |||
plural: | |||
on-S: nominative | |||
on-N: accusative | |||
on-S: genitive | |||
feminine declension: | |||
singular: | |||
an-S: nominative (*ire*) | |||
an-S: accusative | |||
an-N: genitive | |||
plural: | |||
ár: nominative | |||
ár-N: accusative | |||
ár-S: genitive | |||
</poem> | |||
==Lexicon== | |||
*bhò-N - from | |||
*na-N - ''bhò + an'' | |||
*''Ŧú Teatham Ŧathaigh'' | |||
[[Category:Gamedan languages]][[Category:Pfiunic languages]][[Category:Whetmeric languages]][[Category:Hussmauch]][[Category:Pseudo-Celtic]] |
edits