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(Created page with "Category: Asisic languagesCategory: West-Asisic languagesCategory: LanguagesCategory: ConlangsCategory: A_posteriori {{privatelang}}{{construction}} {{Infobox language |image = Flag of Tefria.png.png |imagesize = 185px |imagecaption = Flag of the Shardarate of Tefria |name = Tefrian |nativename = {{lang|tfr|sc=Arab|پریشحشر}}<br>Prayešeḥšur |pronunciation = ˈpʰɾäɪ̯(ə)ʃəħˌʃʉɾ |sta...") |
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|imagecaption = Flag of the Shardarate of Tefria | |imagecaption = Flag of the Shardarate of Tefria | ||
|name = Tefrian | |name = Tefrian | ||
|nativename = {{lang| | |nativename = {{lang|ar|sc=Arab|پریشحشر}}<br>Prayešeḥšur | ||
|pronunciation = ˈpʰɾäɪ̯(ə)ʃəħˌʃʉɾ | |pronunciation = ˈpʰɾäɪ̯(ə)ʃəħˌʃʉɾ | ||
|states = Tefria | |states = Tefria | ||
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|ancestor3 = Old Tefrian | |ancestor3 = Old Tefrian | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Tefrian''' ([[w:Help:IPA/English|/təˈfɹiːən/]] ''[[w:Help:Pronunciation respelling key|tə-ꜰʀᴇᴇ-ən]]''), natively called '''{{lang| | '''Tefrian''' ([[w:Help:IPA/English|/təˈfɹiːən/]] ''[[w:Help:Pronunciation respelling key|tə-ꜰʀᴇᴇ-ən]]''), natively called '''{{lang|ar|sc=Arab|دلسان پریشحشر}}''' (di'lisān Prayešeḥšur [dəlɪˈsaːn ˈpʰɾäɪ̯(ə)ʃəħˌʃʉɾ]), is a West-Asisic belonging to the [[Asisic languages|Asisic language family]]. It is, excluding diaspora, spoken entirely within Shardarate of Tefria, wherein it is recognized as the sole official language. It is the most spoken and most influential West-Asisic language, with about 3 million native speakers. | ||
==Classification== | ==Classification== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! style="font-weight:bold;" | a- | ! style="font-weight:bold;" | a- | ||
| aɪ̯ | | aɪ̯ ـَی | ||
| aʊ̯ | | aʊ̯ ـَو | ||
| ãʊ̯̃ | | ãʊ̯̃ اً | ||
| aɪ̯e | | aɪ̯e ـَیِ | ||
| aʊ̯e | | aʊ̯e ـَوِ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="font-weight:bold;" | e- | ! style="font-weight:bold;" | e- | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| ẽʊ̯̃ | | ẽʊ̯̃ ◌ٍ | ||
| eɪ̯e | | eɪ̯e ـِیِ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| õʊ̯̃ | | õʊ̯̃ ◌ٌ | ||
| | | | ||
| oʊ̯e | | oʊ̯e ـُوِ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="font-weight:bold;" | ø- | ! style="font-weight:bold;" | ø- | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| øʏ̯e | | øʏ̯e ـُۆِ | ||
|} | |} | ||
Notes: | Notes: | ||
| Line 125: | Line 125: | ||
* Urban speakers pronounce /ʉ/ as near-close [ʏ] while rural speakers pronounce it as central [ʉ] or [ɨ]. | * Urban speakers pronounce /ʉ/ as near-close [ʏ] while rural speakers pronounce it as central [ʉ] or [ɨ]. | ||
* Older rural speakers may distinguish between 2 close central vowels (such as [ɨ] and [ʉ]) which have merged for the majority of other speakers, including in the standard language. | * Older rural speakers may distinguish between 2 close central vowels (such as [ɨ] and [ʉ]) which have merged for the majority of other speakers, including in the standard language. | ||
* /a/ is central [ä] but colored to [ɑ] by uvular and pharyngealized consonants. | |||
* The vast majority have weakened the final /-e/ element of triphthongs to [-ə̆] or even dropped it completely. | * The vast majority have weakened the final /-e/ element of triphthongs to [-ə̆] or even dropped it completely. | ||
* Rural speakers tend to monophthongize /øʏ̯e/ to [ø̞ː]. | * Rural speakers tend to monophthongize /øʏ̯e/ to [ø̞ː]. | ||
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* /b d͡ʒ ʔ sˤ zˤ x ɣ/ occur only in loanwords. | * /b d͡ʒ ʔ sˤ zˤ x ɣ/ occur only in loanwords. | ||
* /p t k/ are aspirated [pʰ tʰ kʰ], while /q/ is tenuis [q]. Some speakers, particularly in the Southwest, may also pronounce /p/ as tenuis [p]. | * /p t k/ are aspirated [pʰ tʰ kʰ], while /q/ is tenuis [q]. Some speakers, particularly in the Southwest, may also pronounce /p/ as tenuis [p]. | ||
* /dˤ/ is a quite common allophonic realization of /d/ near uvular and pharyngealized consonants. | |||
* /d͡ʒ/ and /ʒ/ tend to be in free variation, with /d͡ʒ/ occurring in syllable-initial stressed positions and /ʒ/ occurring otherwise. Neutralization of /t͡ʃ/ and /ʃ/ in a similar fashion is also apparent in eastern urban speakers. | * /d͡ʒ/ and /ʒ/ tend to be in free variation, with /d͡ʒ/ occurring in syllable-initial stressed positions and /ʒ/ occurring otherwise. Neutralization of /t͡ʃ/ and /ʃ/ in a similar fashion is also apparent in eastern urban speakers. | ||
* /r/ is pronounced as a tap /ɾ/ when not geminated. | * /r/ is pronounced as a tap /ɾ/ when not geminated. | ||
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==Orthography== | ==Orthography== | ||
==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||
Tefrian's is a [[w:Fusional language|fusional]] language, meaning that it utilizes single inflectional morphemes to denote multiple grammatical, syntactic, or semantic features. The vast majority of Tefrian derivational and inflectional morphology relies on suffixation, with very few prefixes in between. Verbs are marked for person, number, tense, and mood (resulting in up to 36 conjugated forms per verb). Nouns exhibit a system of animacy, which is reflect in pluralization and pronoun agreement. Nouns are also marked for 2 numbers. | |||
===Word Order=== | |||
Standard Tefrian has standard [[w:Subject–object–verb_word_order|subject-object-verb]] (SOV) word order, with verbs typically being at the very end of a sentence or clause. | |||
* <span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">{{lang|ar|sc=Arab|طو}}</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">{{lang|ar|sc=Arab|شفر}}</span> <span style="background-color:#adffa6">{{lang|ar|sc=Arab|زسوعم}}</span> — ''<span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">ṭaw</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">šufr</span> <span style="background-color:#adffa6">zesaweˤem</span>'' — "<span style="background-color:#adffa6">I saw</span> <span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">that</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">book</span>" | |||
The subordinate clauses precedes the main clause, beginning with either a conjunction or a relative pronoun. | |||
* <span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">{{lang|ar|sc=Arab|یر}}</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">{{lang|ar|sc=Arab|ضیفڔ}}</span> <span style="background-color:#adffa6">{{lang|ar|sc=Arab|حۆ}}</span> <span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">{{lang|ar|sc=Arab|اچلد}}</span> <span style="background-color:#a6f6ff">{{lang|ar|sc=Arab|اد}}</span><span style="background-color:#ffa6fb">{{lang|ar|sc=Arab|م}}</span> <span style="background-color:#fffea6">{{lang|ar|sc=Arab|زچیدم}}</span> — ''<span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">Yer</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">ċayfeṛ</span> <span style="background-color:#adffa6">ḥöwe</span> <span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">icild</span> <span style="background-color:#a6f6ff">ed</span><span style="background-color:#ffa6fb">em</span> <span style="background-color:#fffea6">zecīdem</span>'' — "<span style="background-color:#ffa6fb">My</span> <span style="background-color:#a6f6ff">father</span> <span style="background-color:#fffea6">told me</span> <span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">that</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">guests</span> <span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">are coming</span> <span style="background-color:#adffa6">today</span>" | |||
Yes-no questions are structured the say way as non-interrogative sentences. Interrogative sentences with interrogative pronouns place the interrogative pronoun in the object position. | |||
* <span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">{{lang|ar|sc=Arab|قد}}</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">{{lang|ar|sc=Arab|ارد}}</span>؟ — ''<span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">Qod</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">ered</span>?'' — "<span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">What</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">is he eating</span>?" | |||
* <span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">{{lang|ar|sc=Arab|اش}}</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">{{lang|ar|sc=Arab|ارد}}</span>؟ — ''<span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">Uš</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">ered</span>?'' — "<span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">Who</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">is eating</span>?" | |||
===Article=== | |||
===Nominals=== | |||
===Pronouns=== | |||
===Verbs=== | |||
==Vocabulary== | ==Vocabulary== | ||
==Example text== | ==Example text== | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
Revision as of 13:40, 28 December 2024
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| Tefrian | |
|---|---|
| پریشحشر Prayešeḥšur | |
 Flag of the Shardarate of Tefria | |
| Pronunciation | [ˈpʰɾäɪ̯(ə)ʃəħˌʃʉɾ] |
| Created by | Vrianne |
| Date | 2024 |
| Setting | Earth |
| Native to | Tefria |
| Ethnicity | Tefrian |
| Native speakers | 3.4 million ({{{date}}}) |
Asisic
| |
Early forms | Proto-Asisic
|
 Map of areas where Tefrian is spoken
...as a majority language
...as a minority language
...as the language of law and government | |
Tefrian (/təˈfɹiːən/ tə-ꜰʀᴇᴇ-ən), natively called دلسان پریشحشر (di'lisān Prayešeḥšur [dəlɪˈsaːn ˈpʰɾäɪ̯(ə)ʃəħˌʃʉɾ]), is a West-Asisic belonging to the Asisic language family. It is, excluding diaspora, spoken entirely within Shardarate of Tefria, wherein it is recognized as the sole official language. It is the most spoken and most influential West-Asisic language, with about 3 million native speakers.
Classification
Name
History
Old Tefrian
Modern Tefrian
Phonology
Vowels
The Standardized Variety of Tefrian has 9 unique monophthongs, 5 diphthongs, and 5 triphthongs.
| Short | Long | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Front | Central | Back | Front | Central | Back | |||
| unrounded | rounded | |||||||
| Close | i ◌ِ | ʉ ◌ُ | o̞ ~ u ◌ُ | iː ی | yː ۆ | uː و | ||
| Mid | e̞ ◌ِ | |||||||
| Open | a ◌َ | aː ا | ||||||
| -ɪ̯ | -ʊ̯ | -ʊ̯̃ | -ɪ̯e | -ʊ̯e | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a- | aɪ̯ ـَی | aʊ̯ ـَو | ãʊ̯̃ اً | aɪ̯e ـَیِ | aʊ̯e ـَوِ |
| e- | ẽʊ̯̃ ◌ٍ | eɪ̯e ـِیِ | |||
| o- | õʊ̯̃ ◌ٌ | oʊ̯e ـُوِ | |||
| ø- | øʏ̯e ـُۆِ |
Notes:
- /i/ is near-close [ɪ] except in word-final open syllables.
- Urban speakers pronounce /ʉ/ as near-close [ʏ] while rural speakers pronounce it as central [ʉ] or [ɨ].
- Older rural speakers may distinguish between 2 close central vowels (such as [ɨ] and [ʉ]) which have merged for the majority of other speakers, including in the standard language.
- /a/ is central [ä] but colored to [ɑ] by uvular and pharyngealized consonants.
- The vast majority have weakened the final /-e/ element of triphthongs to [-ə̆] or even dropped it completely.
- Rural speakers tend to monophthongize /øʏ̯e/ to [ø̞ː].
Consonants
The Standardized Variety of Tefrian has 30 unique consonants. Tefrian's is one of the only two West Asisic languages to retain pharyngeal and pharyngealized consonants, making its phonology semitic-like at face value.
| Labial | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Glottal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | emphatic | plain | emphatic | |||||||
| Nasal | m م | n ن | ||||||||
| Plosive | voiceless | p پ | t ت | tˤ ط | t͡ʃ چ | k ک | q ق | ʔ ء | ||
| voiced | b ب | d د | (dˤ) | d͡ʒ ج | ɡ گ | |||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f ف | s س, ث | sˤ ص | ʃ ش | ʃˤ ض | x ~ χ خ | ħ ح | h ه | |
| voiced | v ڤ | z ز, ذ | zˤ ظ | ʒ ژ | ɣ~ ʁ غ | ʕ ع | ||||
| Rhotic | r ر | |||||||||
| Approximant | l ل | j ی | ||||||||
Notes:
- /b d͡ʒ ʔ sˤ zˤ x ɣ/ occur only in loanwords.
- /p t k/ are aspirated [pʰ tʰ kʰ], while /q/ is tenuis [q]. Some speakers, particularly in the Southwest, may also pronounce /p/ as tenuis [p].
- /dˤ/ is a quite common allophonic realization of /d/ near uvular and pharyngealized consonants.
- /d͡ʒ/ and /ʒ/ tend to be in free variation, with /d͡ʒ/ occurring in syllable-initial stressed positions and /ʒ/ occurring otherwise. Neutralization of /t͡ʃ/ and /ʃ/ in a similar fashion is also apparent in eastern urban speakers.
- /r/ is pronounced as a tap /ɾ/ when not geminated.
Orthography
Grammar
Tefrian's is a fusional language, meaning that it utilizes single inflectional morphemes to denote multiple grammatical, syntactic, or semantic features. The vast majority of Tefrian derivational and inflectional morphology relies on suffixation, with very few prefixes in between. Verbs are marked for person, number, tense, and mood (resulting in up to 36 conjugated forms per verb). Nouns exhibit a system of animacy, which is reflect in pluralization and pronoun agreement. Nouns are also marked for 2 numbers.
Word Order
Standard Tefrian has standard subject-object-verb (SOV) word order, with verbs typically being at the very end of a sentence or clause.
- طو شفر زسوعم — ṭaw šufr zesaweˤem — "I saw that book"
The subordinate clauses precedes the main clause, beginning with either a conjunction or a relative pronoun.
- یر ضیفڔ حۆ اچلد ادم زچیدم — Yer ċayfeṛ ḥöwe icild edem zecīdem — "My father told me that guests are coming today"
Yes-no questions are structured the say way as non-interrogative sentences. Interrogative sentences with interrogative pronouns place the interrogative pronoun in the object position.
- قد ارد؟ — Qod ered? — "What is he eating?"
- اش ارد؟ — Uš ered? — "Who is eating?"