Mariupol Gothic: Difference between revisions

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! Phoneme
! Phoneme
|-
|-
| [[w:A (Cyrillic)|А а]] || 1 || /ɑ, ɑː/
| [[w:A (Cyrillic)|А а]] || 1 || /ɐ/
|-
|-
| [[w:Be (Cyrillic)|Б б]] || 2 || /b/
| [[w:Be (Cyrillic)|Б б]] || 2 || /b/
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| [[w:De (Cyrillic)|Д д]] || 6 || /d/
| [[w:De (Cyrillic)|Д д]] || 6 || /d/
|-
|-
| [[w:Ye (Cyrillic)|Е e]] || 7 || /e, eː/
| [[w:Ye (Cyrillic)|Е e]] || 7 || /e/
|-
|-
| [[w:Ukrainian Ye|Є є]] || 8 || /je/
| [[w:Ukrainian Ye|Є є]] || 8 || /je/
Line 39: Line 39:
| [[w:Ze (Cyrillic)|З з]] || 10 || /z/
| [[w:Ze (Cyrillic)|З з]] || 10 || /z/
|-
|-
| [[w:I (Cyrillic)|И и]] || 11 || /i, iː/
| [[w:I (Cyrillic)|И и]] || 11 || /i/
|-
|-
| [[w:Ka (Cyrillic)|К к]] || 12 || /k/
| [[w:Ka (Cyrillic)|К к]] || 12 || /k/
Line 49: Line 49:
| [[w:En (Cyrillic)|Н н]] || 15 || /n/
| [[w:En (Cyrillic)|Н н]] || 15 || /n/
|-
|-
| [[w:O (Cyrillic)|О o]] || 16 || /o, oː/
| [[w:O (Cyrillic)|О o]] || 16 || /o/
|-
|-
| [[w:Pe (Cyrillic)|П п]] || 17 || /p/
| [[w:Pe (Cyrillic)|П п]] || 17 || /p/
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| [[w:Te (Cyrillic)|Т т]] || 20 || /t/
| [[w:Te (Cyrillic)|Т т]] || 20 || /t/
|-
|-
| [[w:U (Cyrillic)|У у]] || 21 || /u, uː/
| [[w:U (Cyrillic)|У у]] || 21 || /u/
|-
|-
| [[w:Ef (Cyrillic)|Ф ф]] || 22 || /f/
| [[w:Ef (Cyrillic)|Ф ф]] || 22 || /f/
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| [[w:Shcha|Щ щ]] || 26 || /ʃt/
| [[w:Shcha|Щ щ]] || 26 || /ʃt/
|-
|-
| [[w:Yu (Cyrillic)|Ю ю]] || 27 || /ju/
| [[w:Yery|Ы ы]] || 27 || /ɨ/
|-
|-
| [[w:Ya (Cyrillic)| Я я]] || 28 || /ja/
| [[w:Yu (Cyrillic)|Ю ю]] || 28 || /ju/
|-
| [[w:Ya (Cyrillic)| Я я]] || 29 || /ja/
|}
|}


Line 80: Line 82:
=== Vowels ===
=== Vowels ===


In comparison to most other Germanic languages, Mariupol Gothic has an incredibly small vowel inventory of just 6 vowels, 5 of which can be lengthened. Additionally there are four diphthongs: eə, iə, oə, uə.
In comparison to most other Germanic languages, Mariupol Gothic has an incredibly small vowel inventory of just 7 vowels.


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
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|-
|-
! High
! High
| i iː
| i
!
| ɨ
| u uː
| u
|-
|-
! Mid
! Mid
| e eː
| e
| ə
| ə
| o oː
| o
|-
|-
! Low
! Low
!
!
| ɐ
!
!
| ɑ ɑː
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 128: Line 130:
=== Weak Masculine Stems ===
=== Weak Masculine Stems ===


Mariupol Gothic weak masculine stems are inherited exclusively from Proto-Germanic an-stem masculine nouns. Example of a weak masculine stem noun, '''миэнэ''' (moon):  
Mariupol Gothic weak masculine stems are inherited exclusively from Proto-Germanic an-stem masculine nouns. Example of a weak masculine stem noun, '''мӣнэ''' (moon):  


{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
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|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| миэнэ
| минэ
| миэнэнс
| минэнс
|-
|-
! Oblique
! Oblique
| миэнэ
| минэ
| миэнэнс
| минэнс
|-
|-
|}
|}
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=== Strong Neuter Stems ===
=== Strong Neuter Stems ===


Gothish strong neuter stems are made up of former Proto-Germanic a- and u-stem neuters. Example of a strong neuter stem noun, '''броэт''' (bread):  
Gothish strong neuter stems are made up of former Proto-Germanic a- and u-stem neuters. Example of a strong neuter stem noun, '''бро̄т''' (bread):  


{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
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|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| броэт
| брот
| броэдэ
| бродэ
|-
|-
! Oblique
! Oblique
| броэт
| брот
| броэдэ
| бродэ
|-
|-
|}
|}
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=== Weak Neuter Stems ===
=== Weak Neuter Stems ===


Mariupol Gothic weak neuter stems are inherited exclusively from Proto-Germanic an-stem neuters. Example of a weak neuter stem noun, '''оэгэ''' (eye):  
Mariupol Gothic weak neuter stems are inherited exclusively from Proto-Germanic an-stem neuters. Example of a weak neuter stem noun, '''о̄гэ''' (eye):  


{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
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|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| оэгэ
| огэ
| оэгэнэ
| огэнэ
|-
|-
! Oblique
! Oblique
| оэгэ
| огэ
| оэгэнэ
| огэнэ
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 275: Line 277:
|-
|-
!1st
!1st
| бѥдэ || бѥдэмс || бoт || будэм
| быдэ || быдэмс || бо̄т || будэм
|-
|-
!2nd
!2nd
| бѥдэс || бѥдэт || бoст || будэт
| быдэс || быдэт || бо̄ст || будэт
|-
|-
!3rd
!3rd
| бѥдэт || бѥдэн || бoт || будэн
| быдэт || быдэн || бо̄т || будэн
|-
|-
!rowspan=2|
!rowspan=2|
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|| бѥдэн || бѥт || бѥдэнтс || бодэнс
|| бѥдэн || бѥт || бѥдэнтс || бодэнс
|}
|}


== Sound Changes ==
== Sound Changes ==

Revision as of 17:26, 29 December 2024

Mariupol Gothic is a Germanic language spoken by approximately 15,000 people on the northern coast of the Sea of Azov. It is an East Germanic language, closely related to Biblical Gothic, however the language is not a lineal descendant of Biblical Gothic. Nonetheless the speakers of Mariupol Gothic refer to themselves as "Goths" and their language still shares enough similarities with Gothic to be considered related. The language is critically endangered, with only a handful of native speakers remaining, with most acquiring the language as an L2.

History

The history of the Goths in Ukraine begins with the Ostrogothic settlement of the Black Sea in the 4th century. Along with the Greeks, Alans, Bulgars and others, they made up part of the population in Crimea that followed Orthodox Christianity and were incorporated into the Byzantine Empire as the Principality of Theodoro. After the secession of the principality in the 13th century, Theodoro was overrun by the Mongols and became a vassal of the Golden Horde. The principality enjoyed a period of peace until the Ottoman Empire annexed its capital city of Mangup in 1475.

The Goths managed to maintain their culture and language throughout Ottoman occupation, however a great number of them converted to Islam and assimilated into the Crimean Tatars. During her reign, Catharine the Great invited the Christian Crimean Goths to settle recently conquered lands north of the Sea of Azov. There they were given a special protective status within the Russian Empire and were exempt from the draft.

During World War II many Goths were expelled to various oblasts in Siberia to work as slave labour for the Soviet war machine. Like the Germans in the USSR, the Goths were feared to be sympathetic to the Nazis and therefore were persecuted heavily during World War II. While some Goths returned to the Black Sea after the war, many others had emigrated abroad to countries such as Brazil and Argentina.

Orthography

Since the 1920s Mariupol Gothic has been written in a Cyrillic alphabet based off of the Ukrainian script. The Biblical Gothic alphabet is also used, but it has been mostly limited to the liturgy. However, the Biblical Gothic letter þiuþ <𐌸> was imported to represent the /θ/ sound, it takes a form identical to that of Cyrillic psi.

Letter Position Phoneme
А а 1 /ɐ/
Б б 2 /b/
В в 3 /v/
Г г 4 /ɣ/
Ґ ґ 5 /g/
Д д 6 /d/
Е e 7 /e/
Є є 8 /je/
Э э 9 /ə/
З з 10 /z/
И и 11 /i/
К к 12 /k/
Л л 13 /l/
М м 14 /m/
Н н 15 /n/
О o 16 /o/
П п 17 /p/
Р р 18 /r/
С с 19 /s/
Т т 20 /t/
У у 21 /u/
Ф ф 22 /f/
Ѱ ѱ 23 /θ/
Х х 24 /x/
Ш ш 25 /ʃ/
Щ щ 26 /ʃt/
Ы ы 27 /ɨ/
Ю ю 28 /ju/
Я я 29 /ja/

Phonology

Vowels

In comparison to most other Germanic languages, Mariupol Gothic has an incredibly small vowel inventory of just 7 vowels.

Front Central Back
High i ɨ u
Mid e ə o
Low ɐ

Nouns

Strong Masculine Stems

Singular Plural
Nominative дахс дагэс
Oblique дах дагэнс

Weak Masculine Stems

Mariupol Gothic weak masculine stems are inherited exclusively from Proto-Germanic an-stem masculine nouns. Example of a weak masculine stem noun, мӣнэ (moon):

Singular Plural
Nominative минэ минэнс
Oblique минэ минэнс

Strong Feminine Stems

Mariupol Gothic strong feminine stems are made up of former Proto-Germanic ō-, ī- and jō-stem feminine nouns. Example of a strong feminine stem noun, раздэ (language):

Singular Plural
Nominative раздэ раздэс
Oblique раздэ раздэс

Weak Feminine Stems

Mariupol Gothic weak feminine stems are made up of former Proto-Germanic ōn- and in-stem feminine nouns. Example of a weak feminine stem noun, тунгэ (tongue):

Singular Plural
Nominative тунгэ тунгэнс
Oblique тунгэн тунгэнс

Strong Neuter Stems

Gothish strong neuter stems are made up of former Proto-Germanic a- and u-stem neuters. Example of a strong neuter stem noun, бро̄т (bread):

Singular Plural
Nominative брот бродэ
Oblique брот бродэ

Weak Neuter Stems

Mariupol Gothic weak neuter stems are inherited exclusively from Proto-Germanic an-stem neuters. Example of a weak neuter stem noun, о̄гэ (eye):

Singular Plural
Nominative огэ огэнэ
Oblique огэ огэнэ

Adjectives

The adjectives have been greatly simplified since Proto-Germanic. They are divided into two different forms, strong and weak, and agree with case, number and gender with the noun they modify.

Strong Weak
Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter
SG PL SG PL SG PL SG PL SG PL SG PL
NOM -с -э -э -эс -этэ
-		 -э -э -энс -э -энс -э -энэ
OBL - -эн

Verbs

Present Preterite
SG PL SG PL
1st быдэ быдэмс бо̄т будэм
2nd быдэс быдэт бо̄ст будэт
3rd быдэт быдэн бо̄т будэн
INF IMP PART.PRS PART.PST
бѥдэн бѥт бѥдэнтс бодэнс

Sound Changes

Loss of /h/

Raising of long vowels

Monophthongization of /ai/ and /au/

A-mutation

Devoicing of final fricatives

Palatalization

Mariupol Gothic changes /s/ to /ʃ/ before all sonorants (/m/, /n/, /l/, /w/). Additionally it changes /sk/ to /ʃ/.

Unstressed Vowel Reduction

Diphthongization of Long Vowels

UDHR

All fers sein geborn frije

/ɑl fers sain gəˈborn friː/

All men are born free...

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