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:'''''This is Sketch C, based on the premises stated in the description of [http://jobs.conlang.org/archives/271 commission N°271 in the LCS's Jobs Board]. This should probably furthermore be seen primarily as a sketching exercise, since I'm not very likely to be able to meet the stated deadline.'''''
:''This language started as a prospective sketch for [http://jobs.conlang.org/archives/271 commission N°271 in the LCS's Jobs Board]. After not having been submitted as a proposal, it freely departed from the original premise and stands now on its own particular terms without any pretence of affiliation to the aforementioned project whatsoever.''
{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
! style="text-align:left;"|Premise as stated in the job description:
|-
|"Vaguely Afghan — mountain primitives and coastal dwellers (depending) — we only meet the mountain primitives — with a territory-raiding and cross-breeding relationship to (A)."
|-
|}
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<br>
<br>
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| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| ɾ
| [ɾ]
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
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| [ʝ]
| [ʝ]
| x
| x
| ɣ
| [ɣ]
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
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'''''Syllable structure'''''
'''''Syllable structure'''''


Syllables may be structured as (C)(S)V(S)(C(C)), consisting of an optional syllable onset, one consonant; an obligatory syllable nucleus, a vowel optionally preceded by and/or followed by a semivowel; and an optional syllable coda, one or two consonants. The following restrictions apply:
Syllables may be structured as (C)(C)V(S)(C(C)), consisting of an optional syllable onset, one consonant; an obligatory syllable nucleus, consisting of a vowel optionally followed by a semivowel; and an optional syllable coda, one or two consonants.
* Onset
* Onset
** Consonant (C): can be any consonant. (composed only of one consonant; consonant clusters are only found in loanwords, sometimes an epenthetic /ə/ is inserted between consonants.)
** Consonant (C): can be any consonant or semivowel. Composed of either one consonant or a C+continuant cluster (other clusters, which are only found in loanwords, are broke with an epenthetic /ə/ between the consonants.)
* Nucleus
* Nucleus
** Semivowel (S)
** Vowel or diphthong V
** Vowel (V)
** Semivowel (S)
** Semivowel (S)
* Coda
* Coda
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** Second consonant (C): can also be any consonant (mostly /d/, /k/, /s/, /t/, & /z/).
** Second consonant (C): can also be any consonant (mostly /d/, /k/, /s/, /t/, & /z/).


'''''Allophony'''''
'''''Allophony and coarticulation'''''


:{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
:{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
|-
|-
! style="allign-text:center"|Phoneme !! Allophone !! Environment
! style="text-align:center"|Phoneme !! Allophone/Coarticulation !! Rule !! Description
|-
|-
| || ||
! style="text-align:left" colspan="4"| Consonants
|-
| /t/ /k/ /p/ /ʦ/ || /tʰ/ /kʰ/ /pʰ/ /ʦʰ/ || P→Pʰ /%_ || ''word initial''
|-
| /t/ /d/ /n/ /s/ /z/ || /ʈ/ /ɖ/ /ɳ/ /ʂ/ /ʐ/ || /_% || ''word final''
|-
| /t/ /d/ || [ʈ] [ɖ] || /C_ C=[+nasal], [+labial] || ''after nasals and labials''
|-
| /k/ /g/ || /q/ /ɢ/ || /_% || ''word final''
|-
| /ɸ/ /β/ || /f/ /v/ || /_%, /Z_ || ''word final, after sibilants''
|-
| /b/ || [w] || b→w /V_V || ''intervocalic, word medial''
|-
| /g/ || [ɣ] || g→ɣ /V_V || ''intervocalic, word medial''
|-
| /θ/ || /ð/ || θ→ð /F_ || ''after continuants''
|-
| /r/ || /ɾ/ || r→ɾ /Z_ || ''after sibilants''
|-
| /r/ || /ɹ/ || r→ɹ /V_N || ''after vowels and before nasals''
|-
| /r/ || /ʐ/ || r→ʐ /_% || ''word final''
|-
| /tu/ /nu/ /ku/ /gu/ /xu/ /ŋu/ || /tʷ/ /nʷ/ /kʷ/ /gʷ/ /xʷ/ /ŋʷ/ || u.V→ʷV. /C_.V C=[+velar]{ɣ}, [t, n] || ''when a vowel after /u/ is brought into the same syllable /u/ turns into a labialization of the preceding consonant''
|-
| /l/ || [lʲ] [lˠ] || l→lˠ /_V[+back], l→lʲ /_V[+front] || ''before front and back vowels respectively''
|-
| /ɹ/ || [ɹʲ] [ɹˠ] || ɹ→ɹˠ /_V[+back], ɹ→ɹʲ /_V[+front] || ''before front and back vowels respectively''
|-
| /ʃ/ /ʒ/ || [ʧ] [ʤ] || ʃ,ʒ→ʧ,ʤ /C_% [] || ''word final''
|-
| /ʃ/ /ʒ/ || [ç] [ʝ] || ʃ,ʒ→ç,ʝ /V_% [w,u(ː),o(ː)] || ''word final''
|-
! style="text-align:left" colspan="4"| Vowels
|-
| /ɒ/ || [ä] || ɒ→ä /C_V̯, _j || ''diphthongs -which happen after a consonant- and before /j/''
|-
|-
|}
|}


<!--
'''''Clusters'''''
'''''Clusters'''''


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|-
|-
|}
|}
-->


===Orthography===
===Orthography===


====Latin transcription====
:{| class="wikitable
|-
! style="text-align:left"|Latin transcription
|-
| Vowels
|-
|
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|IPA || i || iː || e || eː || o || oː || u || uː || ɒ || äː || æ || ə
|-
| style="background:LightBlue"|Romanization || i || ī || e || ē || o || ō || u || ū || a || ā || ä || ë
|-
| style="background:LightBlue"|Alternative romanization || i || î || e || ê || o || ô || u || û || a || â || á || é
|-
|}
|
|-
| Consonants
|-
|
{| class="wikitable style="text-align:center"
|
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue; text-align:left"|IPA || p || b || t || d || k || g || ʔ || m || n || ɲ || ŋ || ŋʷ || r || ɹ || l || j || w
|-
| style="background:LightBlue; text-align:left"|Romanization || p || b || t || d || k || g || ' || m || n || ń || ṇ || ṇw || ŕ || r || l || y || w
|-
| style="background:LightBlue; text-align:left"|Alternative romanization || p || b || t || d || k || g || ' || m || n || ny || ng || ngw || r || rh || l || y || w
|-
|}
|
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
| ɸ || β || θ || s || z || ʃ || ʒ || x || ɣ || xʷ || h || ʦ || ʣ || ʧ || ʤ
|-
| f || v || ϑ || s || z || ṣ || ẓ || x || ǵ || xw || h || ts || dz || ĉ || ĵ
|-
| f || v || th || s || z || sh || zh || x || gh || xw || h || ts || dz || ch || dj
|-
|}
|
|}
|
|}
 
==Morphology and syntax==


* Vowels
===Morphology===
 
Split ergativity. In the present tense or future tense, the subject is marked as nominative, and the object is marked as accusative. In the past tense, however, the subject of a transitive verb is marked as oblique, and the verb agrees with the object.
 
====Nouns====


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! Case
! colspan="3" | Marker
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|Nominative {{sc|nom}}
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | ∅
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue" rowspan="2" | Accusative {{sc|acc}}
| rowspan="2" | -NA
| dialect 1 || -në, -ϑë, -të, -xwe, -ϑe, -te
|-
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|IPA || i || iː || e || eː || o || oː || u || uː || ɒ || äː || æ || ə
| dialect 2 || -na, -ϑa, -da, -ṇwe, -ṣe, -se
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue" rowspan="2" | Genitive {{sc|gen}}
| rowspan="2" | -NEK
| dialect 1 || -nëk, -ϑëk, -tëk, -nek, -ϑek, -tek
|-
| dialect 2 || -niǵ, -ϑik, -diǵ -neǵ, -ϑeǵ, -teǵ
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue" rowspan="2" | Dative {{sc|dat}}
| rowspan="2" | -KA
| dialect 1 || -ka, -ge, -ko, -kä
|-
| dialect 2 || -xwa, -xwe, -xo, -xwä
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue" rowspan="2" | Locative {{sc|loc}}
| rowspan="2" | -TA
| dialect 1 || -ta, -da, -to, -do
|-
| dialect 2 || -te, -de, -tä, -dä
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue" rowspan="2" | Ablative {{sc|abl}}
| rowspan="2" | -TAn
| dialect 1 || -tan, -dan, -ϑon, -tun
|-
| dialect 2 || -ton, -don, -ϑän, -ϑun
|-
|-
| style="background:LightBlue"|Romanization || i || ī || e || ē || o || ō || u || ū || a || ā || ä || ë
| style="background:LightSteelBlue" rowspan="2" | Oblique {{sc|obl}}
| rowspan="2" | -SuN
| dialect 1 || -sū, -ṣun, -son
|-
|-
| dialect 2 || -zum, -ẓō, -zon
|}
|}


* Consonants
====Verbs====
Verbs are conjugated for singular and plural number and first, second, and third persons.
 
There are two types of verbs distinguished by their infinitive forms: those ending in the suffix ''-lam'' /lɒm/ and those ending in ''-rom'' /ɹom/.
 
=====Evidentiality=====
 
The {{sc|direct.evidence}} marker ''-dir'' and the {{sc|rumour}} marker ''-mëṣ'' appear to coalesce as part of the {{sc|indirect.evidence}} marker ''-dirmë[ṣ]näm'', but the etymological evidence is not yet conclusive.


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|IPA || p || b || t || d || k || g || ʔ || m || n || ɲ || ŋ || ŋʷ || r || ɹ || l || j || w
| style="background:LightSteelBlue" colspan="2"|Marker || style="background:LightSteelBlue; text-align:center"|⟨ ⟩ || style="background:LightSteelBlue; text-align:center"|// || style="background:LightSteelBlue; text-align:center"|[]
|-
| style="background:LightBlue" colspan="2"| unmarked for evidentiality || colspan="3" style="text-align:center"| ∅
|-
| style="background:LightBlue" rowspan="2"| {{sc|direct.evidence}} || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 1 || -dir || -dir || -diʐ
|-
|-
| style="background:LightBlue"|Romanization || p || b || t || d || k || g || ' || m || n || ń || ṇ || ṇw || ŕ || r || l || y || w
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 2 || -dir || -dir || -ɖiʒ
|-
|-
| style="background:LightBlue"|Alternative romanization || p || b || t || d || k || g || ' || m || n || ny || ng || ngw || rr || rh || l || y || w
| style="background:LightBlue" rowspan="2"| {{sc|hearsay}} || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 1 || -ëpdir || -əp.dir || -əp.ɖiʐ
|-
|-
| colspan="19"|
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 2 || -eftir || -ef.tir || -ef.ʈiʒ
|-
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|IPA || ɸ || β || θ || s || z || ʃ || ʒ || ç || ʝ || x || ɣ || xʷ || h || ʦ || ʣ || ʧ || ʤ
| style="background:LightBlue" rowspan="2"| {{sc|indirect.evidence}} || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 1 || -dirmënäm || -dir.mə.næm || -diɾ.mə.næm
|-
|-
| style="background:LightBlue"|Romanization || f || v || ϑ || s || z || ṣ || ẓ || ĉ || ĵ || x || ǵ || xw || h || ts || dz || ć || ś
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 2 || -diṛenäm || -di.re.næm || -di.re.næm
|-
|-
| style="background:LightBlue"|Alternative romanization || f || v || th || s || z || sh || zh || sy || gy || x || gh || xw || h || ts || dz || ch || dj
| style="background:LightBlue" rowspan="2"| {{sc|rumour}} || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 1 || -mëṣ || -məʃ || -məç
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 2 || -meṣ || -meʃ || -meʂ
|-
|-
|}
|}


==Morphology and syntax==
====Negation====
 
Negative verb:  ⟨ϑīwṣ⟩ /ˈθiːwʃ/ [ˈθiːwç]. It doesn’t inflect for person or number.
 
Negative suffix: ⟨-yūṣ⟩ /jūʃ/ [juːç]. It comes after the stem and before the tense suffix. In addition to -yūṣ there is another suffix ⟨-kyem⟩ /kjem/ or ⟨-kuom⟩ /ku.om/ [kʷom]. It appears ⟨-kyem⟩ is used when dealing with one event, ⟨-yūṣ⟩ for more habitual or lasting states.
 
===Syntax===
 
N/A
 
V/Adv
 
Posessed/Posessor
 
The normal word order is subject–object–verb.
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/41891...42324"