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User:Nicolasstraccia/afghanisketch: Difference between revisions

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| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| ɾ
| [ɾ]
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
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| [ʝ]
| [ʝ]
| x
| x
| ɣ
| [ɣ]
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
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'''''Syllable structure'''''
'''''Syllable structure'''''


Syllables may be structured as (C)(S)V(S)(C(C)), consisting of an optional syllable onset, one consonant; an obligatory syllable nucleus, a vowel optionally preceded by and/or followed by a semivowel; and an optional syllable coda, one or two consonants. The following restrictions apply:
Syllables may be structured as (C)(C)V(S)(C(C)), consisting of an optional syllable onset, one consonant; an obligatory syllable nucleus, consisting of a vowel optionally followed by a semivowel; and an optional syllable coda, one or two consonants.
* Onset
* Onset
** Consonant (C): can be any consonant. (composed only of one consonant; consonant clusters are only found in loanwords, sometimes an epenthetic /ə/ is inserted between consonants.)
** Consonant (C): can be any consonant or semivowel. Composed of either one consonant or a C+continuant cluster (other clusters, which are only found in loanwords, are broke with an epenthetic /ə/ between the consonants.)
* Nucleus
* Nucleus
** Semivowel (S)
** Vowel or diphthong V
** Vowel (V)
** Semivowel (S)
** Semivowel (S)
* Coda
* Coda
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** Second consonant (C): can also be any consonant (mostly /d/, /k/, /s/, /t/, & /z/).
** Second consonant (C): can also be any consonant (mostly /d/, /k/, /s/, /t/, & /z/).


'''''Allophony'''''
'''''Allophony and coarticulation'''''


:{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
:{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
|-
|-
! style="allign-text:center"|Phoneme !! Allophone !! Rule !! Description
! style="text-align:center"|Phoneme !! Allophone/Coarticulation !! Rule !! Description
|-
|-
| /t/ /d/ /n/ /s/ /z/ || /ʈ/ /ɖ/ /ɳ/ /ʂ/ /ʐ/ ||  || ''word final''
! style="text-align:left" colspan="4"| Consonants
|-
|-
| /k/ /g/ || /q/ /ɢ/ || || ''word final''
| /t/ /k/ /p/ /ʦ/ || /tʰ/ /kʰ/ /pʰ/ /ʦʰ/ || P→Pʰ /%_ || ''word initial''
|-
|-
| /ɸ/ /β/ || /f/ /v/ || ||  
| /t/ /d/ /n/ /s/ /z/ || /ʈ/ /ɖ/ /ɳ/ /ʂ/ /ʐ/ || /_% || ''word final''
|-
|-
| /θ/ || /ð/ || ||  
| /t/ /d/ || [ʈ] [ɖ] || /C_ C=[+nasal], [+labial] || ''after nasals and labials''
|-
|-
| /r/ || /ɾ/ || ||  
| /k/ /g/ || /q/ /ɢ/ || /_% || ''word final''
|-
| /ɸ/ /β/ || /f/ /v/ || /_%, /Z_ || ''word final, after sibilants''
|-
| /b/ || [w] || b→w /V_V || ''intervocalic, word medial''
|-
| /g/ || [ɣ] || g→ɣ /V_V || ''intervocalic, word medial''
|-
| /θ/ || /ð/ || θ→ð /F_ || ''after continuants''
|-
| /r/ || /ɾ/ || r→ɾ /Z_ || ''after sibilants''
|-
|-
| /r/ || /ɹ/ || r→ɹ /V_N || ''after vowels and before nasals''
| /r/ || /ɹ/ || r→ɹ /V_N || ''after vowels and before nasals''
|-
|-
| /r/ || /ʐ/ || || ''word final''
| /r/ || /ʐ/ || r→ʐ /_% || ''word final''
|-
| /tu/ /nu/ /ku/ /gu/ /xu/ /ŋu/ || /tʷ/ /nʷ/ /kʷ/ /gʷ/ /xʷ/ /ŋʷ/ || u.V→ʷV. /C_.V C=[+velar]{ɣ}, [t, n] || ''when a vowel after /u/ is brought into the same syllable /u/ turns into a labialization of the preceding consonant''
|-
| /l/ || [lʲ] [lˠ] || l→lˠ /_V[+back], l→lʲ /_V[+front] || ''before front and back vowels respectively''
|-
|-
| /tu/ /nu/ /ku/ /gu/ /xu/ /ŋu/ || /tʷ/ /nʷ/ /kʷ/ /gʷ/ /xʷ/ /ŋʷ/ || u.V→ʷV. /C_.V C=[+velar]{ɣ}, [t, n] ||  
| /ɹ/ || [ɹʲ] [ɹˠ] || ɹ→ɹˠ /_V[+back], ɹ→ɹʲ /_V[+front] || ''before front and back vowels respectively''
|-
|-
| /ʃ/ /ʒ/ || [ʧ] [ʤ] || ʃ,ʒ→ʧ,ʤ /C_% [] || ''word final''
| /ʃ/ /ʒ/ || [ʧ] [ʤ] || ʃ,ʒ→ʧ,ʤ /C_% [] || ''word final''
|-
|-
| /ʃ/ /ʒ/ || [ç] [ʝ] || ʃ,ʒ→ç,ʝ /V_% [w,u(ː),o(ː)] || ''word final''
| /ʃ/ /ʒ/ || [ç] [ʝ] || ʃ,ʒ→ç,ʝ /V_% [w,u(ː),o(ː)] || ''word final''
|-
! style="text-align:left" colspan="4"| Vowels
|-
| /ɒ/ || [ä] || ɒ→ä /C_V̯, _j || ''diphthongs -which happen after a consonant- and before /j/''
|-
|-
|}
|}
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! Case
! Case
! colspan="2" | Marker
! colspan="3" | Marker
|-
|-
| Nominative {{sc|nom}}
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|Nominative {{sc|nom}}
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | ∅
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | ∅
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" | Accusative {{sc|acc}}
| style="background:LightSteelBlue" rowspan="2" | Accusative {{sc|acc}}
| rowspan="2" | -NA
| rowspan="2" | -NA
| -në, -ϑë, -të, -xwe, -ϑe, -te
| dialect 1 || -në, -ϑë, -të, -xwe, -ϑe, -te
|-
|-
| -na, -ϑa, -da, -ṇwe, -ṣe, -se
| dialect 2 || -na, -ϑa, -da, -ṇwe, -ṣe, -se
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" | Genitive {{sc|gen}}
| style="background:LightSteelBlue" rowspan="2" | Genitive {{sc|gen}}
| rowspan="2" | -NEK
| rowspan="2" | -NEK
| -nëk, -ϑëk, -tëk, -nek, -ϑek, -tek
| dialect 1 || -nëk, -ϑëk, -tëk, -nek, -ϑek, -tek
|-
|-
| -niǵ, -ϑik, -diǵ -neǵ, -ϑeǵ, -teǵ
| dialect 2 || -niǵ, -ϑik, -diǵ -neǵ, -ϑeǵ, -teǵ
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" | Dative {{sc|dat}}
| style="background:LightSteelBlue" rowspan="2" | Dative {{sc|dat}}
| rowspan="2" | -KA
| rowspan="2" | -KA
| -ka, -ge, -ko, -kä
| dialect 1 || -ka, -ge, -ko, -kä
|-
|-
| -xwa, -xwe, -xo, -xwä
| dialect 2 || -xwa, -xwe, -xo, -xwä
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" | Locative {{sc|loc}}
| style="background:LightSteelBlue" rowspan="2" | Locative {{sc|loc}}
| rowspan="2" | -TA
| rowspan="2" | -TA
| -ta, -da, -to, -do
| dialect 1 || -ta, -da, -to, -do
|-
|-
| -te, -de, -tä, -dä
| dialect 2 || -te, -de, -tä, -dä
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" | Ablative {{sc|abl}}
| style="background:LightSteelBlue" rowspan="2" | Ablative {{sc|abl}}
| rowspan="2" | -TAn
| rowspan="2" | -TAn
| -tan, -dan, -ϑon, -tun
| dialect 1 || -tan, -dan, -ϑon, -tun
|-
|-
| -ton, -don, -ϑän, -ϑun
| dialect 2 || -ton, -don, -ϑän, -ϑun
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" | Oblique {{sc|obl}}
| style="background:LightSteelBlue" rowspan="2" | Oblique {{sc|obl}}
| rowspan="2" | -SuN
| rowspan="2" | -SuN
| -sū, -ṣun, -son
| dialect 1 || -sū, -ṣun, -son
|-
|-
| -zum, -ẓō, -zon
| dialect 2 || -zum, -ẓō, -zon
|}
|}


====Verbs====
====Verbs====
Verbs are conjugated for singular and plural number and first, second, and third persons. There are 11 verb tenses: present comprehensive (long and short form), present perfect (regular and negative), future certain, future indefinite, conditional, past definite, obligatory, imperative, and intentional.
Verbs are conjugated for singular and plural number and first, second, and third persons.


There are two types of verbs distinguished by their infinitive forms: those ending in the suffix ''-lam'' /lɒm/ and those ending in ''-rom'' /ɹom/.
There are two types of verbs distinguished by their infinitive forms: those ending in the suffix ''-lam'' /lɒm/ and those ending in ''-rom'' /ɹom/.


=====Evidentiality=====
=====Evidentiality=====
The {{sc|direct.evidence}} marker ''-dir'' and the {{sc|rumour}} marker ''-mëṣ'' appear to coalesce as part of the {{sc|indirect.evidence}} marker ''-dirmë[ṣ]näm'', but the etymological evidence is not yet conclusive.


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue; text-align:center"|‹ › || style="background:LightSteelBlue; text-align:center"|// || style="background:LightSteelBlue; text-align:center"|[] || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|
| style="background:LightSteelBlue" colspan="2"|Marker || style="background:LightSteelBlue; text-align:center"|⟨ ⟩ || style="background:LightSteelBlue; text-align:center"|// || style="background:LightSteelBlue; text-align:center"|[]
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center"| ∅ || Unmarked
| style="background:LightBlue" colspan="2"| unmarked for evidentiality || colspan="3" style="text-align:center"| ∅
|-
|-
| -dir || -dir || -diʐ || direct evidence
| style="background:LightBlue" rowspan="2"| {{sc|direct.evidence}} || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 1 || -dir || -dir || -diʐ
|-
|-
| -ëp-dir || -əp-dir || -əp-ɖiʐ || hearsay
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 2 || -dir || -dir || -ɖiʒ
|-
|-
| -dir-më-näm || -dir-mə-næm || -diɾ-mə-næm || indirect evidence
| style="background:LightBlue" rowspan="2"| {{sc|hearsay}} || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 1 || -ëpdir || -əp.dir || -əp.ɖiʐ
|-
|-
| -mëṣ || -məʃ || -məʧ || rumour
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 2 || -eftir || -ef.tir || -ef.ʈiʒ
|-
| style="background:LightBlue" rowspan="2"| {{sc|indirect.evidence}} || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 1 || -dirmënäm || -dir.mə.næm || -diɾ.mə.næm
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 2 || -diṛenäm || -di.re.næm || -di.re.næm
|-
| style="background:LightBlue" rowspan="2"| {{sc|rumour}} || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 1 || -mëṣ || -məʃ || -məç
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 2 || -meṣ || -meʃ || -meʂ
|-
|-
|}
|}
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====Negation====
====Negation====


Negative verb:  ‹ϑīwṣ› /ˈθiːwʃ/ [ˈθiːwç]. It doesn’t inflect for person or number.
Negative verb:  ⟨ϑīwṣ⟩ /ˈθiːwʃ/ [ˈθiːwç]. It doesn’t inflect for person or number.


Negative suffix: ‹-yūṣ› /jūʃ/ [juːç]. It comes after the stem and before the tense suffix. In addition to -yūṣ there is another suffix ‹-kyem› /kjem/ or ‹-kuom› /ku.om/ [kʷom]. It appears ‹-kyem› is used when dealing with one event, ‹-yūṣ› for more habitual or lasting states.
Negative suffix: ⟨-yūṣ⟩ /jūʃ/ [juːç]. It comes after the stem and before the tense suffix. In addition to -yūṣ there is another suffix ⟨-kyem⟩ /kjem/ or ⟨-kuom⟩ /ku.om/ [kʷom]. It appears ⟨-kyem⟩ is used when dealing with one event, ⟨-yūṣ⟩ for more habitual or lasting states.


===Syntax===
===Syntax===
N/A
V/Adv
Posessed/Posessor


The normal word order is subject–object–verb.
The normal word order is subject–object–verb.
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