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User:Nicolasstraccia/afghanisketch: Difference between revisions
User:Nicolasstraccia/afghanisketch (view source)
Revision as of 22:56, 26 November 2015
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| style="background: darkgray;"| | | style="background: darkgray;"| | ||
| style="background: darkgray;"| | | style="background: darkgray;"| | ||
| ɾ | | [ɾ] | ||
| style="background: darkgray;"| | | style="background: darkgray;"| | ||
| style="background: darkgray;"| | | style="background: darkgray;"| | ||
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| [ʝ] | | [ʝ] | ||
| x | | x | ||
| ɣ | | [ɣ] | ||
| style="background: darkgray;"| | | style="background: darkgray;"| | ||
| style="background: darkgray;"| | | style="background: darkgray;"| | ||
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'''''Syllable structure''''' | '''''Syllable structure''''' | ||
Syllables may be structured as (C)( | Syllables may be structured as (C)(C)V(S)(C(C)), consisting of an optional syllable onset, one consonant; an obligatory syllable nucleus, consisting of a vowel optionally followed by a semivowel; and an optional syllable coda, one or two consonants. | ||
* Onset | * Onset | ||
** Consonant (C): can be any consonant. | ** Consonant (C): can be any consonant or semivowel. Composed of either one consonant or a C+continuant cluster (other clusters, which are only found in loanwords, are broke with an epenthetic /ə/ between the consonants.) | ||
* Nucleus | * Nucleus | ||
** Vowel or diphthong V | |||
** Vowel | |||
** Semivowel (S) | ** Semivowel (S) | ||
* Coda | * Coda | ||
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:{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" | :{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style=" | ! style="text-align:center"|Phoneme !! Allophone/Coarticulation !! Rule !! Description | ||
|- | |||
! style="text-align:left" colspan="4"| Consonants | |||
|- | |- | ||
| /t/ /k/ /p/ /ʦ/ || /tʰ/ /kʰ/ /pʰ/ /ʦʰ/ || P→Pʰ /%_ || ''word initial'' | | /t/ /k/ /p/ /ʦ/ || /tʰ/ /kʰ/ /pʰ/ /ʦʰ/ || P→Pʰ /%_ || ''word initial'' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| /ʃ/ /ʒ/ || [ç] [ʝ] || ʃ,ʒ→ç,ʝ /V_% [w,u(ː),o(ː)] || ''word final'' | | /ʃ/ /ʒ/ || [ç] [ʝ] || ʃ,ʒ→ç,ʝ /V_% [w,u(ː),o(ː)] || ''word final'' | ||
|- | |||
! style="text-align:left" colspan="4"| Vowels | |||
|- | |||
| /ɒ/ || [ä] || ɒ→ä /C_V̯, _j || ''diphthongs -which happen after a consonant- and before /j/'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
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=====Evidentiality===== | =====Evidentiality===== | ||
The {{sc|direct.evidence}} marker ''-dir'' and the {{sc|rumour}} marker ''-mëṣ'' appear to coalesce as part of the {{sc|indirect.evidence}} marker ''-dirmë[ṣ]näm'', but the etymological evidence is not yet conclusive. | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="background:LightSteelBlue" colspan="2"|Marker || style="background:LightSteelBlue; text-align:center"| | | style="background:LightSteelBlue" colspan="2"|Marker || style="background:LightSteelBlue; text-align:center"|⟨ ⟩ || style="background:LightSteelBlue; text-align:center"|// || style="background:LightSteelBlue; text-align:center"|[] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="background:LightBlue" colspan="2"| unmarked for evidentiality || colspan="3" style="text-align:center"| ∅ | | style="background:LightBlue" colspan="2"| unmarked for evidentiality || colspan="3" style="text-align:center"| ∅ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="background:LightBlue" rowspan="2"| direct evidence || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 1 || -dir || -dir || -diʐ | | style="background:LightBlue" rowspan="2"| {{sc|direct.evidence}} || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 1 || -dir || -dir || -diʐ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 2 || -dir || -dir || -ɖiʒ | | style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 2 || -dir || -dir || -ɖiʒ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="background:LightBlue" rowspan="2"| hearsay || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 1 || -ëpdir || -əp.dir || -əp.ɖiʐ | | style="background:LightBlue" rowspan="2"| {{sc|hearsay}} || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 1 || -ëpdir || -əp.dir || -əp.ɖiʐ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 2 || - | | style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 2 || -eftir || -ef.tir || -ef.ʈiʒ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="background:LightBlue" rowspan="2"| indirect evidence || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 1 || -dirmënäm || -dir.mə.næm || -diɾ.mə.næm | | style="background:LightBlue" rowspan="2"| {{sc|indirect.evidence}} || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 1 || -dirmënäm || -dir.mə.næm || -diɾ.mə.næm | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 2 || - | | style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 2 || -diṛenäm || -di.re.næm || -di.re.næm | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="background:LightBlue" rowspan="2"| rumour || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 1 || -mëṣ || -məʃ || - | | style="background:LightBlue" rowspan="2"| {{sc|rumour}} || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 1 || -mëṣ || -məʃ || -məç | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 2 || - | | style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 2 || -meṣ || -meʃ || -meʂ | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
====Negation==== | ====Negation==== | ||
Negative verb: | Negative verb: ⟨ϑīwṣ⟩ /ˈθiːwʃ/ [ˈθiːwç]. It doesn’t inflect for person or number. | ||
Negative suffix: | Negative suffix: ⟨-yūṣ⟩ /jūʃ/ [juːç]. It comes after the stem and before the tense suffix. In addition to -yūṣ there is another suffix ⟨-kyem⟩ /kjem/ or ⟨-kuom⟩ /ku.om/ [kʷom]. It appears ⟨-kyem⟩ is used when dealing with one event, ⟨-yūṣ⟩ for more habitual or lasting states. | ||
===Syntax=== | ===Syntax=== | ||
N/A | |||
V/Adv | |||
Posessed/Posessor | |||
The normal word order is subject–object–verb. | The normal word order is subject–object–verb. | ||