Toki Ike

Historical phonology

s, ł > h
z > 0
l > ɭ
λ > l
ƛ/c ƛ'/c' > c c'
k kw > k, q qw > q
sp > p'
Consonant assimilations similar to Pali
mb nd ng > mm nn ŋŋ
h > ŋ
b d, etc > p' t' etc.
t > T then c > t

Finnishy subfamily

ay > ää
ey > ee
ew, oi > öö
iw, uy > üü
aw > åå
ow > oo

Numbers

kēm, tingōr, nakkʼ, laupʼ, taling, tʼām, rōrtʼ, loyrtʼ, pʼakkʼ, qʼeyōr (?)

Phonology

Consonants

Perhaps most strikingly, most Kammalic languages have simple syllables and are devoid of fricatives or aspirates. The following is the consonant inventory of Proto-Kammalic:

Proto-Kammalic consonants

		Labial	Dental	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Uvular
Nasal		m /m/	n /n/	rn /ɲ/		ng /ŋ~ɴ/
Plosive	plain	p /p~b/	t /t~d/	rt /ʈ~ɖ/		k /k~g/	q /q~ɢ/
	ejective	pʼ /pʼ/	tʼ /tʼ/	rtʼ /ʈʼ/		kʼ /kʼ/	qʼ /qʼ/
Trill			r /r/
Approximant		w /w/	l /l/	rl /ɭ/	y /j/

Vowels

	Front		Central		Back
	short	long	short	long	short	long
Close	i /i/	ī /iː/			u /u/	ū /uː/
Close-mid	e /e~ə/	ē /eː/			o /o/	ō /oː/
Open			a /a/	ā /aː/

a e i o u ā ē ī ō ū ay aw ey ew iw oy ow uy ia ua āy āw ēy ēw īw ōy ōw ūy īa ūa

Composition

• Proto-Kammalic
  • Geminates > ejectives
    • ejective > creaky voice > tone
    • p p' > b p, generic south american gib
    • Pseudo-Quechua
    • Salish/Spittem parody
    • Pseudo-Arabic
    • Pseudo-Somali
    • Hmoob pseudo-gib (Poly-literal-Hmoob?)
  • Both geminates and ejectives
    • Finno-Bantu
    • Primitive Terg pseudo-gib
      • Terg pseudo-gib?!
    • Ejectives > geminates
      • Estonian parody
      • Hyper-minlang
      • Pseudo-Inuit
      • Pseudo-Tamil
  • Grimmkammalic: branch with fricatives and syncope
    • Polish-esque: m n ń; p t cz /tS/ k; f þ s sz /S/ h; r l w /v/ j (?)
    • Kammalic^2: Fricatives lost again!

• a e i o u w ä ö ü aa ee ii oo uu ww ää öö üü ai aü au aw ia üa ua wa
• m hm n hn l hl r hr p ph np nph t th nt nth tr thr ntr nthr k kh nk nkh q qh nq nqh f nf y ny
• l can occur in clusters such as pl, tl, kl...

Grammar

Quasi-polysynthetic with big clitic complexes or verbs