Toki Ike

Historical phonology

s, ł > h
z > 0
l > ɭ
λ > l
ƛ/c ƛ'/c' > c c'
k kw > k, q qw > q
sp > p'
Consonant assimilations similar to Pali
mb nd ng > mm nn ŋŋ
h > ŋ
b d, etc > p' t' etc.
t > T then c > t

Finnishy subfamily

ay > ää
ey > ee
ew, oi > öö
iw, uy > üü
aw > åå
ow > oo

Numbers

kēma, ʈiŋōr, nakkʼē, laupʼē, taɭiŋ, ʈʼāma, rōʈʼē, ɭojʈʼē, pʼakkʼē, qʼeyōr

Phonology

Consonants

Perhaps most strikingly, most Kammalic languages have simple syllables and are devoid of fricatives or aspirates. The following is the consonant inventory of Proto-Kammalic:

Proto-Kammalic consonants

		Labial	Dental	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Uvular
Nasal		m /m/	n /n/	rn /ɳ/		ng /ŋ~ɴ/
Plosive	plain	p /p~b/	t /t~d/	rt /ʈ~ɖ/		k /k~g/	q /q~ɢ/
	ejective	pʼ /pʼ/	tʼ /tʼ/	rtʼ /ʈʼ/		kʼ /kʼ/	qʼ /qʼ/
Trill			r /r/
Approximant		w /w/	l /l/	rl /ɭ/	y /j/

Vowels

	Front		Central		Back
	short	long	short	long	short	long
Close	i /i/	ī /iː/			u /u/	ū /uː/
Close-mid	e /e~ə/	ē /eː/			o /o/	ō /oː/
Open			a /a/	ā /aː/

a e i o u ā ē ī ō ū ay aw ey ew iw oy ow uy ia ua āy āw ēy ēw īw ōy ōw ūy īa ūa

Composition

• Proto-Kammalic: kēma, ʈiŋōr, nakkʼē, laupʼē, taɭiŋ, ʈʼāma, rōʈʼē, ɭojʈʼē, pʼakkʼē, qʼeyōr
  • Geminates > ejectives: kēma, ʈiŋōr, nakʼē, laupʼē, taɭiŋ, ʈʼāma, rōʈʼē, ɭojʈʼē, pʼakʼē, qʼeyōr
    • Dholuomite: cemæ, tɪŋor, n̪æcè, læwpè, t̪æɹɪŋ, tɑ̀mæ, rotè, ɹɑjtè, pæ̀cè, kæ̀jor
    • xaapa-U, ʃikuu-U, nakii, luupii, sati-U, ʃaama-U, ruutii, viitii, faxii, χeyuu-U (U = f > p > m, s > ts > n, sh > t > n, x > k > ŋ, χ > q > ɴ)
    • xap-U, ʃku-U, nki, lupi, stə-U, ʃam-U, ruti, viti, fxi, χju-U
    • Ubykh parody:
      • Vowel changes: a e i o u > ˁə ə ə ˁʷə ʷə; ā ē ī ō ū > ˁa a i ˁʷa ʷu; ay aw ey ew iw oy ow uy ia ua > ˁi ˁu i u u ˁʷi ˁʷu ʷi a ʷa; āy āw ēy ēw īw ōy ōw ūy īa ūa > ˁi ˁʷu i i u ˁʷi ˁʷu ʷi a ʷa
      • m mˁ mʷ mʷˁ n nˁ nʷ nʷˁ ɳ ɳˁ ɳʷ ɳʷˁ ŋ ŋʷ ɴ ɴʷ b bˁ bʷ bʷˁ d dˁ dʷ dʷˁ ɖ ɖˁ ɖʷ ɖʷˁ g gʷ ɢ ɢʷ p pˁ pʷ pʷˁ t tˁ tʷ tʷˁ ʈ ʈˁ ʈʷ ʈʷˁ k kʷ q qʷ qˁ qʷˁ pʼ pˁʼ pʷʼ pʷˁʼ tʼ tˁʼ tʷʼ tʷˁʼ ʈʼ ʈˁʼ ʈʷʼ ʈʷˁʼ kʼ kʷʼ qʼ qʷʼ qˁʼ qʷˁʼ ɓ ɓˁ ɓʷ ɓʷˁ ɗ ɗˁ ɗʷ ɗʷˁ ᶑ ᶑˁ ᶑʷ ᶑʷˁ ɠ ɠʷ ʛ ʛʷ w wˁ j ɥ ɹ ɹʷ r rˁ rʷ rʷˁ l lˁ lʷ lʷˁ ɭ ɭˁ ɭʷ ɭʷˁ a ə i u (jˁ > ɹ, *jʷˁ > ɥˁ > ɹʷ)
      • Numbers: kamˁə, ʈəɴʷar, nˁəka, lˁupʼa, təɭəŋ, ʈˁamˁə, rˁʷəʈʼa, ɭˁʷiʈʼa, pˁʼəka, qʼəɹʷar
  • Both geminates and ejectives
    • Bantu gib stage: semá, chíŋoró, nánse, lómpe, tálíŋí, njamá, ronje, lenje, mbánse, ŋgéyoró
      • smá, tíongra, náiz, lóibe, táilnge, dmá, raidé, lidé, báiz, géar
        • Afrikaans gib: smaa, stiengra, naazj, locht, taalngie, dwaa, ruzdee, lizdee, baazj, jeera
    • Primitive Hmooby-Doo: Primitive Terg pseudo-gib
      • Hmooby-Doo: geev /geːv/, dxij /g!ɪj/, nag /nag/, schlawb /ɬaub/, deuj /dəɨj/, txaav /!aːv/, rood /roːd/, lööd /løːd/, pag /pag/, qia /qia/
    • Ejectives > geminates
  • Czechmate: zamńa, žŋir, ńaca, ľuba, ďaňeŋ, čomńa, ridža, ňedža, pľaca, ćijir
  • Talsmic-esque: Pyr Chilse's law followed by f > kw, sz > X > q, s > x > k; x, X > 0, k > q, q > qˁ; p t ʈ k kʷ q qˁ r l m n ɲ ŋ; words ending in : and ::: trigger raddooppiiaaammeennttoo
    • Kammalic^2: qemm, rtingorr, naa, laukw, tarling, qamm, roqq, rleqq, kwaa, eyorr (rl = /ɺ/)
  • Kammalian: géma, rdingór, nakké, lawapé, darling, rtáma, rórté, rloyorté, pakké, qeyór

Grammar

Quasi-polysynthetic with big clitic complexes or verbs