Rencadian: Difference between revisions

From Linguifex
Jump to navigation Jump to search
mNo edit summary
Line 11: Line 11:
|familycolor=<!--pulchric-->papuan
|familycolor=<!--pulchric-->papuan
|fam1= Pulchric
|fam1= Pulchric
|fam2= Forest Pulchric
|fam2= Rencadic
|fam3= P-Forest Pulchric
|fam3= P-Rencadic
|script={{PAGENAME}} script (a.k.a. IPA gibberish)
|script={{PAGENAME}} script (a.k.a. IPA gibberish)
|iso3=qgh
|iso3=qgh

Revision as of 00:27, 24 December 2015

Rencadian
dhünanæ Rængcadnær
Pronunciation[/ðʉnanɛ rɛŋkadnɛr/]
Created byPraimhín
SettingZul
Pulchric
  • Rencadic
    • P-Rencadic
      • Rencadian
Language codes
ISO 639-3qgh
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.


Introduction

Phonology

Orthography

Rencadian uses its own native alphabet.

The phonetic value of any consonant letter is the first consonant in its name - so that <χ> for example sounds like 'ts' (i.e. /ts/) and <ɧ> sounds like 'λ' (i.e. /ɮ/)

The letters themselves are derived from pictograms.

  • pæsj = bear = ɤ
  • tænwef = mushroom = ɷ
  • tsordh = hourglass = χ
  • sæn = head = ɵ
  • tσæba = goblet = ʋ
  • σværa = clock = ɸ
  • tjiweσ = cloud = ɯ
  • sjwæt = rose = ɘ
  • cmath = jaw = ɜ
  • banr = hill = ʌ
  • driλ = river = ʭ
  • dzitra = fence = ʜ
  • zaweth = ant = ɶ
  • dλersja = plough = ʄ
  • λa = human being = ɧ
  • djarva = seesaw = ʎ
  • zji = hair = ɪ
  • gænø = foot = ɺ
  • minth = arm = ʏ
  • nuret = star = ʞ
  • ŋølær = boat = ʁ
  • reλæth = tree = ʡ
  • rhoadzet = pineapple = ð
  • lif = moon = ɔ
  • wuthma = whale = ɚ
  • yachta = navel = ʘ
  • lenition sign = ː

The phonetic value of a vowel letter is the first vowel in its name.

  • a: ʱ (called λa ære, 'small human being')
  • æ: ˠ (pæsj ære 'small bear')
  • e: ˀ (reλæth ære 'small tree')
  • i: ʷ (tjiweσ ære 'small cloud')
  • o: ˣ (tsordh ære 'small hourglass')
  • ø: ʶ (ŋølær ære 'small boat')
  • u: ˧˥ (nuret ære 'small star')

The symbol ǃ is sometimes used as an alternative to ʞ (nuret) after a vowel and before a consonant. So for example, denr (three) is written <ʭˠǃʡ>. It's called nuret tharsj 'narrow star'.

Punctuation is as follows:

  • [ ] = quotation marks
  • . = space/word boundary marker
  • ɭ = period
  • ɭɭ = comma
  • ʕ̰ = semicolon
  • ʕ = colon
  • The punctuation mark ˈ is placed before sentences and clauses, and ˌ before proper names.

ˈɤˠ.ɵˣǃɚˠ.ʏˀʞɤːʱʡʞʱɷːˀɭɭ.[ˈɜˣ.ˀɤːɵʱ.ʭːˀ.ɘɚˠɷ.ʏˀʋːˠʌʱʞˠʡɭ]

Pæ sonwæ menfarnathe, "Co efsa dhe sjwæt meσæbanær."

The person said, "There's water and a rose in the goblet."

Consonants

Labial Dental Alveolar Lateral Postalveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Voiceless Stop/Affricate p /pʰ/ t /tʰ/ ts /ts/ tσ /tɬ/ tj /tʃ/ c /kʰ/
Voiced Stop/Affricate b /p~b/ d /t~d/ dz /dz/ dλ /dɮ/ dj /dʒ/ g /k~g/
Voiceless Fricative f /f/ th /θ/ s /s/ σ /ɬ/ sj /ʃ/ ch /x/ h /h/
Voiced Fricative v /v/ dh /ð/ z /z/ λ /ɮ/ zj /ʒ/ gh /ɣ/
Nasal m /m/ n /n/ ng /ŋ/
Approximant l /ɫ/ y /j/ w /w/
Voiceless Trill rh /r̥/
Voiced Trill r /r/

Vowels

Vowel IPA
a /a/
æ /ɛ/
e /ɘ/ or /ə/ depending on dialect
i /ɪ/
o /ɔ/
ø /ɵ/
u /ʉ/

Lenition

Normal p t ts s σ tj sj c b d dz z λ dj zj g
Lenited f th s h σ h sj h ch v dh z 0 λ 0 zj 0 gh
Normal m n ng w l r y
Lenited w n w w w r y

Prosody

Stress

Stress is on the first syllable, not counting prefixes.

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Morphology

Nouns

Nouns have 2 genders (masculine and feminine) and 11 cases (nominative, genitive, accusative, dative, locative, exlocative, instrumental, abessive, equative, anti-equative, and vocative).

Noun stems often get lenited. Lenition works as follows:

  • When the noun begins with a lenitable consonant (any consonant besides f, v, th, dh, ch and gh), the first consonant gets lenited. If the first consonant is z, λ or zj and there's a prefix before the lenited stem, an epenthetic -n- is inserted between the prefix and the stem.
  • When the noun begins with a vowel, an n- is inserted before the stem.
  • When the noun begins with a nonlenitable consonant (f, v, th, dh, ch or gh), an n- is inserted before the stem if there's a prefix before the stem that ends in a vowel. Otherwise, ne- is inserted before the stem.

For example:

  1. bær 'leaf' → vær
  2. rasj 'spouse' → rasj
  3. zaweth 'ant' → aweth
  4. zawesj 'ant' (genitive) → awesj, ʙᴜᴛ:
  5. λø + lenited form of zawesj 'like an ant' → λønawesj
  6. ensæ 'fruit' → nensæ
  7. farnathe 'speech' (genitive) → nefarnathe, ʙᴜᴛ:
  8. me + lenited form of farnathe 'speaking' → menfarnathe
  9. ow + lenited form of farnathe 'not speaking' → ownefarnathe

Feminine nouns

Most nouns are feminine and decline as follows:

Case Indefinite Singular Indefinite Plural Definite Singular Definite Plural
Nominative [nom stem] [nom stem]+me [nom stem]+næ [nom stem]+nø
Genitive [gen stem] [nom stem]+men [nom stem]+nær [nom stem]+nør
Accusative [acc stem] [nom stem]+meth [nom stem]+næth [nom stem]+nøth
Dative æn+[gen stem] æn+[nom stem]+men æn+[nom stem]+nær æn+[nom stem]+nør
Locative me+[lenited gen stem] me+[lenited nom stem]+men me+[lenited nom stem]+nær me+[lenited nom stem]+nør
Exlocative ow+[lenited gen stem] ow+[lenited nom stem]+men ow+[lenited nom stem]+nær ow+[lenited nom stem]+nør
Instrumental rø+[lenited gen stem] rø+[lenited nom stem]+men rø+[lenited nom stem]+nær rø+[lenited nom stem]+nør
Abessive tsø+[lenited gen stem] tsø+[lenited nom stem]+men tsø+[lenited nom stem]+nær tsø+[lenited nom stem]+nør
Equative λø+[lenited gen stem] λø+[lenited nom stem]+men λø+[lenited nom stem]+nær λø+[lenited nom stem]+nør
Anti-equative ød+[lenited gen stem] ød+[lenited nom stem]+men ød+[lenited nom stem]+nær ød+[lenited nom stem]+nør
Vocative [lenited nom stem] [lenited nom stem]+me [lenited nom stem]+næ [lenited nom stem]+nø
  • [nom stem] is the dictionary form of a noun.
  • [gen stem] is the genitive stem, formed by adding -e if the noun ends in a consonant and -n if the noun ends in a vowel.
  • [acc stem] is the accusative stem, formed by adding -eth if the noun ends in a consonant and -th if the noun ends in a vowel.

Here are two examples:

erim 'tail' Indefinite Singular Indefinite Plural Definite Singular Definite Plural
Nominative erim erimme erimnæ erimnø
Genitive erime erimmen erimnær erimnør
Accusative erimeth erimmeth erimnæth erimnøth
Dative ænerime ænerimmen ænerimnær ænerimnør
Locative menerime menerimmen menerimnær menerimnør
Exlocative ownerime ownerimmen ownerimnær ownerimnør
Instrumental rønerime rønerimmen rønerimnær rønerimnør
Abessive tsønerime tsønerimmen tsønerimnær tsønerimnør
Equative λønerime λønerimmen λønerimnær λønerimnør
Anti-equative ødnerime ødnerimmen ødnerimnær ødnerimnør
Vocative nerim nerimme nerimnæ nerimnø
neσa 'rope' Indefinite Singular Indefinite Plural Definite Singular Definite Plural
Nominative neσa neσame neσanæ neσanø
Genitive neσan neσamen neσanær neσanør
Accusative neσath neσameth neσanæth neσanøth
Dative ænneσan ænneσamen ænneσanær ænneσanør
Locative meneσan meneσamen meneσanær meneσanør
Exlocative owneσan owneσamen owneσanær owneσanør
Instrumental røneσan røneσamen røneσanær røneσanør
Abessive tsøneσan tsøneσamen tsøneσanær tsøneσanør
Equative λøneσan λøneσamen λøneσanær λøneσanør
Anti-equative ødneσan ødneσamen ødneσanær ødneσanør
Vocative neσa neσame neσanæ neσanø

Masculine nouns

First declension

First declension masculine nouns end in consonants and the genitive stem is identical to the nominative stem, unless the final consonant is th, dh, s or z, in which case this final consonant is replaced with sj, zj, sj or zj respectively. The accusative stem is formed from the nominative stem as follows:

  • If the final consonant is th or dh, it's replaced with t or d respectively.
  • If the final consonant is a voiced fricative that is not dh, -dh is suffixed.
  • Otherwise, -th is suffixed.

The paradigm is:

Case Indefinite Singular Indefinite Plural Definite Singular Definite Plural
Nominative [nom stem] [nom stem]+me [nom stem]+æ [nom stem]+ø
Genitive [gen stem] [nom stem]+men [nom stem]+ær [nom stem]+ør
Accusative [acc stem] [nom stem]+meth [nom stem]+æth [nom stem]+øth
Dative æn+[gen stem] æn+[nom stem]+men æn+[nom stem]+ær æn+[nom stem]+ør
Locative me+[lenited gen stem] me+[lenited nom stem]+men me+[lenited nom stem]+ær me+[lenited nom stem]+ør
Exlocative ow+[lenited gen stem] ow+[lenited nom stem]+men ow+[lenited nom stem]+ær ow+[lenited nom stem]+ør
Instrumental rø+[lenited gen stem] rø+[lenited nom stem]+men rø+[lenited nom stem]+ær rø+[lenited nom stem]+ør
Abessive tsø+[lenited gen stem] tsø+[lenited nom stem]+men tsø+[lenited nom stem]+ær tsø+[lenited nom stem]+ør
Equative λø+[lenited gen stem] λø+[lenited nom stem]+men λø+[lenited nom stem]+ær λø+[lenited nom stem]+ør
Anti-equative ød+[lenited gen stem] ød+[lenited nom stem]+men ød+[lenited nom stem]+ær ød+[lenited nom stem]+ør
Vocative [lenited nom stem] [lenited nom stem]+me [lenited nom stem]+æ [lenited nom stem]+ø

Here's an example:

newæth 'root' Indefinite Singular Indefinite Plural Definite Singular Definite Plural
Nominative newæth newæthme newæthæ newæthø
Genitive newæsj newæthmen newæthær newæthør
Accusative newæt newæthmeth newæthæth newæthøth
Dative ænnewæsj ænnewæthmen ænnewæthær ænnewæthør
Locative menewæsj menewæthmen menewæthær menewæthør
Exlocative ownewæsj ownewæthmen ownewæthær ownewæthør
Instrumental rønewæsj rønewæthmen rønewæthær rønewæthør
Abessive tsønewæsj tsønewæthmen tsønewæthær tsønewæthør
Equative λønewæsj λønewæthmen λønewæthær λønewæthør
Anti-equative ødnewæsj ødnewæthmen ødnewæthær ødnewæthør
Vocative newæth newæthme newæthæ newæthø
Second declension

Second declension masculine nouns end in vowels. The genitive stem is formed by:

  • suffixing -r if the last vowel is preceded immediately by a consonant cluster ending in a consonant that's not p, t, c, b, d, g, f, th, ch, v, dh or gh;
  • otherwise, replacing the last vowel with -r.

The paradigm is as follows:

Case Indefinite Singular Indefinite Plural Definite Singular Definite Plural
Nominative [nom stem] [gen stem]+em [gen stem]+æ [gen stem]+ø
Genitive [gen stem]+e [gen stem]+emen [gen stem]+ær [gen stem]+ør
Accusative [gen stem]+th [gen stem]+emeth [gen stem]+æth [gen stem]+øth
Dative æn+[gen stem]+e æn+[gen stem]+emen æn+[gen stem]+ær æn+[gen stem]+ør
Locative me+[lenited gen stem]+e me+[lenited gen stem]+emen me+[lenited gen stem]+ær me+[lenited gen stem]+ør
Exlocative ow+[lenited gen stem]+e ow+[lenited gen stem]+emen ow+[lenited gen stem]+ær ow+[lenited gen stem]+ør
Instrumental rø+[lenited gen stem]+e rø+[lenited gen stem]+emen rø+[lenited gen stem]+ær rø+[lenited gen stem]+ør
Abessive tsø+[lenited gen stem]+e tsø+[lenited gen stem]+emen tsø+[lenited gen stem]+ær tsø+[lenited gen stem]+ør
Equative λø+[lenited gen stem]+e λø+[lenited gen stem]+emen λø+[lenited gen stem]+ær λø+[lenited gen stem]+ør
Anti-equative ød+[lenited gen stem]+e ød+[lenited gen stem]+emen ød+[lenited gen stem]+ær ød+[lenited gen stem]+ør
Vocative [lenited nom stem] [lenited gen stem]+em [lenited gen stem]+æ [lenited gen stem]+ø

An example:

mæλnø 'love' Indefinite Singular Indefinite Plural Definite Singular Definite Plural
Nominative mæλnø mæλnørem mæλnøræ mæλnørø
Genitive mæλnøre mæλnøremen mæλnørær mæλnørør
Accusative mæλnørth mæλnøremeth mæλnøræth mæλnørøth
Dative ænmæλnøre ænmæλnøremen ænmæλnørær ænmæλnørør
Locative mewæλnøre mewæλnøremen mewæλnørær mewæλnørør
Exlocative owwæλnøre owwæλnøremen owwæλnørær owwæλnørør
Instrumental røwæλnøre røwæλnøremen røwæλnørær røwæλnørør
Abessive tsøwæλnøre tsøwæλnøremen tsøwæλnørær tsøwæλnørør
Equative λøwæλnøre λøwæλnøremen λøwæλnørær λøwæλnørør
Anti-equative ødwæλnøre ødwæλnøremen ødwæλnørær ødwæλnørør
Vocative wæλnø wæλnørem wæλnøræ wæλnørø

Verbal nouns ending in -ø are always second declension masculine.

  • deλø 'to rest', genitive stem deλr-
  • ithø 'to eat', genitive stem ithr-
  • mærthø 'to sit', genitive stem mærthr-


Syntax

Constituent order

The Rencadian word order is TSVO (tense-subject-verb-object) or TSOV (tense-subject-object-verb). The tense is indicated by a particle:

co = present progressive pæ = past sjin = future cøvo = simple present pænwæ = past habitual (the equivalent of "used to" in English)

Tense particles, like prepositions, may fuse with pronouns.

(yet to create tables)

Noun phrase

Noun phrases are consistently head-initial.

There are no adjectives per se in Rencadian, only abstract nouns whose genitives can function as adjectives:

zjær = 'smallness' (genitive zjære) doasc ære = small number zaweth zjære = small ant

Adjectives lenite after feminine nouns but not after masculine nouns.

Relative clauses are marked with the words 're' or 'tje' (both meaning 'of', but 're' is used when the complement is definite). Rencadian uses resumptive pronouns a lot -- so "the man who the wolf ate" literally translates as "the man of the wolf eating him"

the man who the wolf ate: λanæ tje porew menithre cæwth (insert gloss)

the man from Frichorsj (a place) = λanæ re nFrichorsjnæ

the man in Frichorsj = λanæ tje menFrichorsjnær (there's polyagglutination)

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Numerals

Number Rencadian symbol Word
0 Ψ dira
1 I æth
2 V slonw
3 N dænr
4 M stjiw
5 E dhasjtur
6 mæch
7 II æthach
8 IV slonwach
9 IN dænrach
10 IM stjiwach
11 IE dhasjturach
12 slonwæσ
13 VI slonwæσ a næth
14 VV slonwæσ a hlonw
15 VN slonwæσ a dhænr
16 VM slonwæσ a htjiw
17 VE slonwæσ a ndhasjtur
18 dænræσ
35 EE dhasjturæσ a ndhasjtur
36 IΨΨ rægh
1295 EEEE dhasjturæσ a ndhasjtur rægh a dhasjturæσ a ndhasjtur
1296 IʼΨΨΨΨ dmozj
2592 VʼΨΨΨΨ slonw dmozj
3888 NʼΨΨΨΨ dænr dmozj
5184 MʼΨΨΨΨ stjiw dmozj
6480 EʼΨΨΨΨ dhasjtur dmozj
7776 IΨʼΨΨΨΨ mæch dhmozj
9072 IIʼΨΨΨΨ æthach dhmozj
1679616 IʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨ dmozjir
2176782336 IʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨ tsifed
2821109907456 IʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨ tsifedir
3656158440062976 IʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨ verσiw
4738381338321616896 IʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨ verσiwir

Example texts

Other resources

Rencadian/Lexicon