Old Kurmian: Difference between revisions
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m (→Mutations) |
m (→Initials) |
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! | Labial | ! | Labial | ||
! | Coronal | ! | Coronal | ||
! | Coarticulated | ! | Coarticulated | ||
! | Velar | ! | Velar | ||
| Line 32: | Line 31: | ||
| /m̊/ | | /m̊/ | ||
| /n̊/ | | /n̊/ | ||
| /ŋ̊!/ | | /ŋ̊!/ | ||
| /ŋ̊/ | | /ŋ̊/ | ||
| Line 40: | Line 38: | ||
| /m/ | | /m/ | ||
| /n/ | | /n/ | ||
| /ŋ!/ | | /ŋ!/ | ||
| /ŋ/ | | /ŋ/ | ||
| Line 49: | Line 46: | ||
| /p/ | | /p/ | ||
| /t/ | | /t/ | ||
| /!/ | | /!/ | ||
| /k/ | | /k/ | ||
| Line 57: | Line 53: | ||
| /pʰ/ | | /pʰ/ | ||
| /tʰ/ | | /tʰ/ | ||
| /!ʰ/ | | /!ʰ/ | ||
| /kʰ/ | | /kʰ/ | ||
| Line 65: | Line 60: | ||
| /b/ | | /b/ | ||
| /d/ | | /d/ | ||
| /g!/ | | /g!/ | ||
| /g/ | | /g/ | ||
| Line 73: | Line 67: | ||
| /bʱ/ | | /bʱ/ | ||
| /dʱ/ | | /dʱ/ | ||
| /g!ʱ/ | | /g!ʱ/ | ||
| /gʱ/ | | /gʱ/ | ||
| Line 82: | Line 75: | ||
| /f/ | | /f/ | ||
| /s/ | | /s/ | ||
| /ɧ/ | | /ɧ/ | ||
| /x/ | | /x/ | ||
| Line 90: | Line 82: | ||
| | | | ||
| /z/ | | /z/ | ||
| /ɧ̬/ | | /ɧ̬/ | ||
| /ɣ/ | | /ɣ/ | ||
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| | | | ||
| /r/ | | /r/ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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!colspan=2| Approximant | !colspan=2| Approximant | ||
| /w/, /ɥ/ | | /w/, /ɥ/ | ||
| /l/ | | /l/ | ||
| | | | ||
Revision as of 01:59, 29 December 2015
Introduction
Old Kurmian is inspired by Middle Chinese and Irish.
Sound changes
- short e > short i, short i > ə
- short a o u > short ä ö ü
- /au ai/ > /aː/, /oy/ > /we/
- back vowels should break as in OC > MC
- final fricatives > breathy tone > low tone
- Prefixes correspond to lexical mutations in RW
- grammatical mutation
- standardize Irish-style orthography?
- slenderization and labialization yielding MC-style medials
- vowel length lost
- assuming vocalized r at the same conditions as bühnendeutsch:
- fám, dàuigh, neág, đâbh, séil, stúm, rút, leá, speáb, cia
Phonology
Initials
| Labial | Coronal | Coarticulated | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | voiceless | /m̊/ | /n̊/ | /ŋ̊!/ | /ŋ̊/ | |
| voiced | /m/ | /n/ | /ŋ!/ | /ŋ/ | ||
| Stop | tenuis | /p/ | /t/ | /!/ | /k/ | /ʔ/ |
| aspirated | /pʰ/ | /tʰ/ | /!ʰ/ | /kʰ/ | ||
| voiced | /b/ | /d/ | /g!/ | /g/ | ||
| breathy voiced | /bʱ/ | /dʱ/ | /g!ʱ/ | /gʱ/ | ||
| Fricative | voiceless | /f/ | /s/ | /ɧ/ | /x/ | /h/ |
| voiced | /z/ | /ɧ̬/ | /ɣ/ | |||
| Trill | /r/ | |||||
| Approximant | /w/, /ɥ/ | /l/ | /j/ | |||
Vowels
There are many permissible rimes. There are four possible "medials": zero, /-j-/, /-w-/, and /-jw-/.
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | /i/ | /ɨ/ | /u/ |
| Close-mid | /e/ | /ə/ | /o/ |
| Open-mid | /ɛ/ | ||
| Open | /a/ |
Finals
Permissible finals: /-p -t -k -m -n -l/
Tones
Grammar
Mutations
- /p/ <p> > /f/ /b/ /pʰ/ (from AW pf)
- /b/ <b> > /v/ /m/ /bʰ/
- /pʰ/ <p̂> > /f/ /m̊/ /pʰ/
- /f/ <f> > /0/ /v/ /f/ (from AW f and w)
- /m/ <m> > /ṽ/ /m/ /m̊/
- /t/ <t> > /θ/ /d/ /tʰ/
- /d/ <d> > /ð/ /n/ /dʰ/
- /tʰ/ <t̂> > /θ/ /n̊/ /tʰ/
- /s/ <ƨ> > /h/ /z/ /s/
- /z/ <s> > /0/ /z/ /z/
- /n/ <n> > /n/ /n/ /n̊/
- /!/ <ŧ> > /ɧ/ /g!/ /!ʰ/
- /g!/ <đ> > /ɧ̬/ /ŋ!/ /g!ʰ/
- /!ʰ/ <ŧ> > /ɧ/ /ŋ̊!/ /!ʰ/
- /ɧ/ <sc> > /h/ /ɧ̬/ /ɧ/
- /k/ <c> > /x/ /g/ /kʰ/
- /g/ <g> > /ɣ/ /ŋ/ /gʰ/
Tenses
- Present: is V S O, negation má V is S O
- Past: do-L V S O, negation mádh-L V S O