Old Kurmian: Difference between revisions

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Line 117: Line 117:
! Close-mid
! Close-mid
| /ʲe/ /ʲeː/ /ʷeː/ /ʲʷe/ /ʲʷeː/
| /ʲe/ /ʲeː/ /ʷeː/ /ʲʷe/ /ʲʷeː/
| /ə/ /əː/
|
| /(ʷ)o/ /(ʷ)oː/
| /ɤ/ /ɤː/ /ʷo/ /ʷoː/
|-
|-
! Open
! Open

Revision as of 03:49, 31 December 2015

Introduction

Old Kurmian is inspired by Old Irish.

Sound changes

  • short e > short i, short i > ə
  • short a o u > short ä ö ü
  • /au ai/ > /aː/, /oy/ > /we/
  • back vowels should break as in OC > MC
  • final fricatives > breathy tone > low tone
  • Prefixes correspond to lexical mutations in RW
  • grammatical mutation
  • standardize Irish-style orthography?
  • slenderization and labialization yielding MC-style medials
  • AW final /ŋ/ > /-w/
  • AW aː to æː > ʲaː
    • feám, dòigh, neag, đâbh, séil, stúm, rút, leá, peab, cia

Phonology

Initials

Old Kurmian initials
Labial Coronal Coarticulated Velar Glottal
Nasal voiceless /m̊/ /n̊/ /ŋ̊!/ (/ŋ̊/)
voiced /m/ /n/ /ŋ!/ /ŋ/
Stop tenuis /p/ /t/ /!/ /k/ /ʔ/
aspirated /pʰ/ /tʰ/ /!ʰ/ /kʰ/
voiced /b/ /d/ /g!/ /g/
breathy voiced /bʱ/ /dʱ/ /g!ʱ/ /gʱ/
Fricative voiceless /f/ /s/ /ɧ/ /x/ /h/
voiced /z/ /ɧ̬/ /ɣ/
Trill /r/
Approximant /w/, /ɥ/ /l/ /j/

Vowels

  Front Central Back
Close /ʲi/ /ʲiː/ /ʲʷi/ /ʲʷiː/ /(ʷ)u/ /(ʷ)uː/
Close-mid /ʲe/ /ʲeː/ /ʷeː/ /ʲʷe/ /ʲʷeː/ /ɤ/ /ɤː/ /ʷo/ /ʷoː/
Open /ʲa/ /aː/ /ʲaː/ /ʷa/ /ʲʷa/

Diphthongs: /ʲia ʲʷia ua/

Finals

Permissible finals: /-p -t -k -m -n -l -w -j/

Suprasegmentals

Each syllable could have two registers: plain (a á) and breathy (à â).

Grammar

Mutations

  • /pʰ/ <p> > /f/ /b/ /p/ (from AW pf)
  • /b/ <b> > /w/ /m/ /b/
  • /p/ <sp> > /p/ /m̊/ /p/
  • /f/ <f> > /0/ /w/ /f/ (from AW f and w)
  • /m/ <m> > /ṽ/ /m/ /m̊/
  • /m̊/ <sm> > /m̊/ /m̊/ /m̊/
  • /tʰ/ <t> > /θ/ /d/ /t/
  • /d/ <d> > /ð/ /n/ /d/
  • /t/ <st> > /t/ /n̊/ /t/
  • /s/ <ƨ> > /h/ /z/ /s/
  • /z/ <s> > /0/ /z/ /z/
  • /n/ <n> > /n/ /n/ /n̊/
  • /n̊/ <sn> > /n̊/ /n̊/ /n̊/
  • /!ʰ/ <ŧ> > /ɧ/ /g!/ /!/
  • /g!/ <đ> > /ɧ̬/ /ŋ!/ /g!/
  • /!/ <> > /!/ /ŋ̊!/ /!/
  • /ɧ/ <sc> > /h/ /ɧ̬/ /ɧ/
  • /kʰ/ <c> > /x/ /g/ /k/
  • /g/ <g> > /ɣ/ /ŋ/ <n-g> /gʰ/
  • /ŋ/ <ng> > /ŋ/ /ŋ/ /ŋ̊/ (in loanwords)

Tenses

  • Present: is V S O, negation má V is S O
  • Past: do-L V S O, negation mádh-L V S O