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Vesenian (view source)

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Possessive adjectives, equivalent to -'s in English, are formed with the suffixes ''-vo'' (added after the final vowel of masculine nouns ending in ''-o'' or ''-e'') and ''-ino'' (added to non-masculine nouns, replacing the final vowel). When formed from a plural noun, the suffix is ''-sevo'' (added after the final vowel of the plural).
Possessive adjectives, equivalent to -'s in English, are formed with the suffixes ''-vo'' (added after the final vowel of masculine nouns ending in ''-o'' or ''-e'') and ''-ino'' (added to non-masculine nouns, replacing the final vowel). When formed from a plural noun, the suffix is ''-sevo'' (added after the final vowel of the plural).


The plural is regularly formed by changing the final vowel to ''-i'' (masculine) or ''-e'' (feminine). However, if this would result in the word ending in ''-iji'', the final vowel instead becomes ''-a'' (yielding ''-ija''). Many nouns have irregular plurals, often co-occurring with regular plurals.
The plural is regularly formed by changing the final vowel to ''-i'' (masculine) or ''-e'' (feminine). However, if this would result in the word ending in ''-ji'' or ''-ii'', the final vowel instead becomes ''-a'' (yielding ''-ja'' or ''-ia'' respectively). Many nouns have irregular plurals, often co-occurring with regular plurals.


An emphatic plural can be formed with the suffix ''-s'' added after the vowel of the regular plural. However, the emphatic plural is often used colloquially as the default plural.
An emphatic plural can be formed with the suffix ''-s'' added after the vowel of the regular plural. However, the emphatic plural is often used colloquially as the default plural.
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The approximative (meaning "around X", "in the area of X", "approximately X") is formed by adding a final (''-h'') to the plural form of the noun.
The approximative (meaning "around X", "in the area of X", "approximately X") is formed by adding a final (''-h'') to the plural form of the noun.
===Adjectives===
Adjectives are declined as nouns and agree with them.
Unlike other Slavic languages, the long/definite forms of adjectives have been completely lost except for some relics.
===Numerals===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Vesenian numerals
! # !! Cardinal !! Ordinal
|-
! 0
| zero; niťe
| zereno
|-
! 1
| eno, ena
| pervo
|-
! 2
| dova, dove
| votoro
|-
! 3
| tri
| trete
|-
! 4
| ťeteri
| ťeterto
|-
! 5
| piente
| piento
|-
! 6
| seste
| sesto
|-
! 7
| sedme
| sedmo
|-
! 8
| osme
| osmo
|-
! 9
| deviente
| deviento
|-
! 10
| desiente
| desiento
|-
! 11
| enaťie
|
|-
! 12
| dovanaťie
|
|-
! 13
| trinaťie
|
|-
! 14
| ťeterinaťie
|
|-
! 15
| pientenaťie
|
|-
! 16
| sestenaťie
|
|-
! 17
| sedmenaťie
|
|-
! 18
| osmenaťie
|
|-
! 19
| devientenaťie
|
|-
! 20
| dovaťién
|
|-
! 21
| dovaťién i eno
|
|-
! 30
| triťién
|
|-
! 40
| ťeteriťién
|
|-
! 50
| pienteťién
|
|-
! 60
| sesteťién
|
|-
! 70
| sedmeťién
|
|-
!80
| osmeťién
|
|-
! 90
| devienteťién
|
|-
! 100
| soto
| soteno
|-
! 200
| dueste
| duesteno
|-
! 300
| trista
| tristeno
|-
! 400
| ťeteristo
|
|-
! 500
| pientesto
|
|-
! 1000
| tesienťa
|
|-
! 2000
| dove tesienťe
|
|}
===Verbs===
===Verbs===
<!--
<!--
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* Develop new derivational and/or inflectional suffixes from other Proto-Slavic verbs, especially monosyllabic verbs-->
* Develop new derivational and/or inflectional suffixes from other Proto-Slavic verbs, especially monosyllabic verbs-->
====Features====
====Features====
* Lexical aspect is vestigal.
* Lexical aspect is highly regularized.
** Most verbs regularly form the perfective and habitual from the imperfective (via the prefix ''po-'' and the suffix ''-va-'' respectively).
* Most verbs regularly form the perfective and habitual from the imperfective (via the prefix ''po-'' and the suffix ''-va-'' respectively).
** Verbs that are inherently perfective form the imperfective via the ''-va-'' suffix appended to the perfective form. This applies to most prefixed verbs.
* Verbs that are inherently perfective form the imperfective via the ''-va-'' suffix appended to the perfective form. This applies to most prefixed verbs.
** Note: The ''-va-'' suffix is appended after the theme vowel, but a preceding ''-a-'' becomes ''-e-''.
** Note: The ''-va-'' suffix is appended after the theme vowel, but a preceding ''-a-'' becomes ''-e-'' (except in monosyllabic or originally monosyllabic stems).
<!--
* A durative can be formed from any base verb (whether imperfective or perfective) by combining the prefix ''po-'' and the suffix ''-va-''. This gives a meaning of "to do (verb) for a period of time".
** A secondary imperfective can be formed by combining the prefix ''po-'' and the suffix ''-e
* Aspectual counterparts essentially behave as tense/aspect counterparts of a single verb.
va-''. This usually gives a meaning of "to be doing X for a period of time".-->
* Verbs formed from imperfectives with prefixes other than ''po-'' are also usually perfective, but they have additional meaning and behave as derived verbs, with their own regularly formed imperfective, habitual, and durative aspectual forms.
** Aspectual counterparts essentially behave as tense/aspect counterparts of a single verb.


====''a''-stems====
====''a''-stems====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Conjugation of ''dielati'' "to be doing" (impf.)
|+ Conjugation of ''dielati'' "to be doing" (impf.)
! colspan="2"| Infinitive
| colspan="2"| diel'''ati'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Present active participle
| colspan="2"| diel'''anťe'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Past active participle
| colspan="2"| diel'''alo'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Passive participle
| colspan="2"| diel'''ano'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Verbal noun
| colspan="2"| diel'''anie'''
|-
! Person/Number !! Present !! Past !! Imperative
! Person/Number !! Present !! Past !! Imperative
|-
|-
! 1S
! 1S
| diel'''ó''' || diel'''aho''' ||
| diel'''ó''' || diel'''ah''' ||
|-
|-
! 2S
! 2S
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|-
|-
! 3P
! 3P
| diel'''án''' || diel'''asen''' ||  
| diel'''án''' || diel'''ahon''' ||  
|}
|}
<!--
<!--
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{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Conjugation of ''bilieti'' "to be whitening" (impf.)
|+ Conjugation of ''bilieti'' "to be whitening" (impf.)
! colspan="2"| Infinitive
| colspan="2"| bil'''ieti'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Present active participle
| colspan="2"| bil'''ienťe'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Past active participle
| colspan="2"| bil'''ielo'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Passive participle
| colspan="2"| bil'''ieno'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Verbal noun
| colspan="2"| bil'''ienie'''
|-
! Person/Number !! Present !! Past !! Imperative
! Person/Number !! Present !! Past !! Imperative
|-
|-
! 1S
! 1S
| bil'''ijo''' || bil'''ieho''' ||
| bil'''ijo''' || bil'''ieh''' ||
|-
|-
! 2S
! 2S
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|-
|-
! 3P
! 3P
| bil'''ijon''' || bil'''iesen''' ||  
| bil'''ijon''' || bil'''iehon''' ||  
|}
|}
<!--
<!--
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{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Conjugation of ''voditi'' "to be leading" (impf.)
|+ Conjugation of ''voditi'' "to be leading" (impf.)
! colspan="2"| Infinitive
| colspan="2"| vod'''iti'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Present active participle
| colspan="2"| vod'''ienťe'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Past active participle
| colspan="2"| vod'''ilo'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Passive participle
| colspan="2"| vod'''ino'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Verbal noun
| colspan="2"| vod'''inie'''
|-
! Person/Number !! Present !! Past !! Imperative
! Person/Number !! Present !! Past !! Imperative
|-
|-
! 1S
! 1S
| vod'''io''' || vod'''iho''' ||
| vod'''io''' || vod'''ih''' ||
|-
|-
! 2S
! 2S
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|-
|-
! 3P
! 3P
| vod'''ien''' || vod'''isen''' ||  
| vod'''ien''' || vod'''ihon''' ||  
|}
|}
<!--
<!--
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{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Conjugation of ''tolkuati'' "to be interpreting" (impf.)
|+ Conjugation of ''tolkuati'' "to be interpreting" (impf.)
! colspan="2"| Infinitive
| colspan="2"| tolk'''uati'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Present active participle
| colspan="2"| tolk'''ujenťe'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Past active participle
| colspan="2"| tolk'''ualo'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Passive participle
| colspan="2"| tolk'''uano'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Verbal noun
| colspan="2"| tolk'''uanie'''
|-
! Person/Number !! Present !! Past !! Imperative
! Person/Number !! Present !! Past !! Imperative
|-
|-
! 1S
! 1S
| tolk'''ujo''' || tolk'''uaho''' ||
| tolk'''ujo''' || tolk'''uah''' ||
|-
|-
! 2S
! 2S
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|-
|-
! 1P
! 1P
| tolk'''ujmo''' || tolk'''uasmo''' <br /> tolk'''uahmo''' || tolk'''ujmo'''
| tolk'''ujmo''' || tolk'''uasmo''' || tolk'''ujmo'''
|-
|-
! 2P
! 2P
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|-
|-
! 3P
! 3P
| tolk'''ujon''' || tolk'''uasen''' <br /> tolk'''uahon''' ||  
| tolk'''ujon''' || tolk'''uahon''' ||  
|}
|}
<!--
<!--
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====Consonant stems====
====Consonant stems====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Conjugation of ''paseti'' "to be grazing" (impf.)
! colspan="2"| Infinitive
| colspan="2"| pas'''eti'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Present active participle
| colspan="2"| pas'''ienťe'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Past active participle
| colspan="2"| pas'''elo'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Passive participle
| colspan="2"| pas'''eno'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Verbal noun
| colspan="2"| pas'''enie'''
|-
! Person/Number !! Present !! Past !! Imperative
|-
! 1S
| pas'''o''' || pas'''eh''' ||
|-
! 2S
| pas'''es''' || pas'''eses''' || pas'''i'''
|-
! 3S
| pas'''e''' || pas'''ese''' ||
|-
! 1P
| pas'''emo''' || pas'''esmo'''  || pas'''imo'''
|-
! 2P
| pas'''ete''' || pas'''este''' || pas'''ite'''
|-
! 3P
| pas'''on''' || pas'''ehon''' ||
|}
<!--
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Conjugation of ''pasete'' "to be grazing" (impf.)
|+ Conjugation of ''pasete'' "to be grazing" (impf.)
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! 3P
! 3P
| ner'''on''' || ner'''esen''' <br /> ner'''ehon''' <br /> ner'''iasen''' <br /> ner'''iahon''' <br/> nier'''hon''' ||  
| ner'''on''' || ner'''esen''' <br /> ner'''ehon''' <br /> ner'''iasen''' <br /> ner'''iahon''' <br/> nier'''hon''' ||  
|}
|}-->


====Example of a regular verb====
====Example of a regular verb====
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|-
|-
! 1S
! 1S
| diel'''ó''' || <!--diél'''aho''' ||--> diel'''aho''' ||
| diel'''ó''' || <!--diél'''aho''' ||--> diel'''ah''' ||
|-
|-
! 2S
! 2S
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|-
|-
! 3P
! 3P
| diel'''án''' || <!--diél'''asen''' ||-- diel'''ahon'''--> diel'''asen''' ||  
| diel'''án''' || <!--diél'''asen''' ||-- diel'''ahon'''--> diel'''ahon''' ||  
|}
|}


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|-
|-
! 1S
! 1S
| podiel'''ó''' || <!--diél'''aho''' ||--> podiel'''aho''' ||
| podiel'''ó''' || <!--diél'''aho''' ||--> podiel'''ah''' ||
|-
|-
! 2S
! 2S
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|-
|-
! 3P
! 3P
| podiel'''án''' || <!--diél'''asen''' ||-- diel'''ahon'''--> podiel'''asen''' ||  
| podiel'''án''' || <!--diél'''asen''' ||-- diel'''ahon'''--> podiel'''ahon''' ||  
|}
|}
<!--
<!--
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|-
|-
! 1S
! 1S
| diel'''evó''' || <!--diél'''aho''' ||--> diel'''evaho''' ||
| diel'''evó''' || <!--diél'''aho''' ||--> diel'''evah''' ||
|-
|-
! 2S
! 2S
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|-
|-
! 3P
! 3P
| diel'''eván''' || <!--diél'''asen''' ||-- diel'''ahon'''--> diel'''evasen''' ||  
| diel'''eván''' || <!--diél'''asen''' ||-- diel'''ahon'''--> diel'''evahon''' ||  
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Conjugation of ''podielevati'' "to do for a while" (dur.)
! Person/Number !! Present !! <!--Perfect !!--> Past !! Imperative
|-
! 1S
| podiel'''evó''' || <!--diél'''aho''' ||--> podiel'''evah''' ||
|-
! 2S
| podiel'''evás''' || <!--diel'''as''' ||--> podiel'''evases''' || podiel'''evaj'''
|-
! 3S
| podiel'''evá''' || <!--diel'''a''' ||--> podiel'''evase''' ||
|-
! 1P
| podiel'''evamo''' || <!--podiel'''ahomo''' ||-- diel'''ahmo'''--> podiel'''evasmo''' || podiel'''evajmo'''
|-
! 2P
| podiel'''evate''' || <!--diél'''aste''' ||--> podiel'''aste''' || podiel'''evajte'''
|-
! 3P
| podiel'''eván''' || <!--diél'''asen''' ||-- diel'''ahon'''--> podiel'''evahon''' ||
|}
====Example of a highly irregular verb====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Conjugation of ''beti'' "to be" (impf.)
! colspan="2"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| beti
|-
! colspan="2"| Present active participle
| colspan="3"| sienťe
|-
! colspan="2"| Past active participle
| colspan="3"| belo
|-
! colspan="2"| Passive participle
| colspan="3"| beno
|-
! colspan="2"| Verbal noun
| colspan="3"| benie
|-
! Person/Number !! Present !! Past !! Future !! Imperative
|-
! 1S
| esme || beh || buendo ||
|-
! 2S
| es || beses || buendes || buendi
|-
! 3S
| e || bese || buende ||
|-
! 1P
| esmo || besmo  || buendemo || buendimo
|-
! 2P
| este || beste || buendete || buendite
|-
! 3P
| suen || behon || buendon ||
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Conjugation of ''estati'' "to be, become" (perf.)
! colspan="2"| Infinitive
| colspan="2"| estati
|-
! colspan="2"| Present active participle
| colspan="2"| estanťe
|-
! colspan="2"| Past active participle
| colspan="2"| estalo
|-
! colspan="2"| Passive participle
| colspan="2"| —
|-
! colspan="2"| Verbal noun
| colspan="2"| estanie
|-
! Person/Number !! Present !! Past !! Imperative
|-
! 1S
| estano || estah ||
|-
! 2S
| estanes || estases || estani
|-
! 3S
| estane || estase ||
|-
! 1P
| estanemo || estasmo  || estanimo
|-
! 2P
| estanete || esaste || estanite
|-
! 3P
| estanon || estahon ||
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Conjugation of ''bevati'' "to be" (hab.)
! colspan="2"| Infinitive
| colspan="2"| bevati
|-
! colspan="2"| Present active participle
| colspan="2"| bevanťe
|-
! colspan="2"| Past active participle
| colspan="2"| bevalo
|-
! colspan="2"| Passive participle
| colspan="2"| —
|-
! colspan="2"| Verbal noun
| colspan="2"| bevanie
|-
! Person/Number !! Present !! Past !! Imperative
|-
! 1S
| bevó || bevah ||
|-
! 2S
| bevás || bevases || bevaj
|-
! 3S
| bevá || bevase ||
|-
! 1P
| bevamo || bevasmo  || bevajmo
|-
! 2P
| bevate || bevaste || bevajte
|-
! 3P
| beván || bevahon ||
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Conjugation of ''estavati'' "to become" (hab.)
! colspan="2"| Infinitive
| colspan="2"| estavati
|-
! colspan="2"| Present active participle
| colspan="2"| estavanťe
|-
! colspan="2"| Past active participle
| colspan="2"| estavalo
|-
! colspan="2"| Passive participle
| colspan="2"| —
|-
! colspan="2"| Verbal noun
| colspan="2"| estavanie
|-
! Person/Number !! Present !! Past !! Imperative
|-
! 1S
| estavó || estavah ||
|-
! 2S
| estavás || estavases || estavaj
|-
! 3S
| estavá || estavase ||
|-
! 1P
| estavamo || estavasmo  || estavajmo
|-
! 2P
| estavate || estavaste || estavajte
|-
! 3P
| estaván || estavahon ||
|}
Other forms:
* Durative: ''postavati'' "to be for a while"


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
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==Example texts==
==Example texts==
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. -->
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. -->
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)===
<!--
PS: Vьśi ľudьje rodętь sę svobodьni i orvьni vъ dostojьnьstvě i zakoně. Oni sǫtь odařeni orzumomь i sъvěstьjǫ i dъlžьni vesti sę drugъ kъ drugu vъ duśě bratrьstva.
OCS: Vĭsi bo ljudije rodętŭ sę svobodĭni i ravĭni vŭ dostoinĭstvě i zakoně. Oni sǫtŭ odarjeni razumomĭ i sŭvědijǫ i dŭlžĭni sǫtŭ dějati vŭ dusě bratĭstva.-->
Vesi ľudie rodien se soboni e isti vo dostineston i zakonon. Suen odaruani so uerzumon i soviesten, i tierba ťe  ...
IPA: /ˈvesi ˈʎudje ˈrodjen‿se soˈboni e ˈisti vo dostiˈneston i zaˈkonon ‖ swen odaˈɾwani so weɾˈzumon i soˈvjesten | i ˈtjeɾba θe  .../
==Other resources==
==Other resources==
[[Vesenian/Swadesh_list|Swadesh list]]
[[Vesenian/Swadesh_list|Swadesh list]]
Shariifka
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