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Qasunattuuji: Difference between revisions

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Qasunattuuji (view source)

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{{construction}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|image            =  
|image            =  
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[ŋ] can only come at the beginning of a medial syllable after another [ŋ]. <br>
[ŋ] can only come at the beginning of a medial syllable after another [ŋ]. <br>
If there is a long and a short vowel in sequence, and vice versa, for example [aːi], an epenthetic [ŋ] appears to break this hiatus, in this case, becoming [aːŋi]. <br>
If there is a long and a short vowel in sequence, and vice versa, for example [aːi], an epenthetic [ŋ] appears to break this hiatus, in this case, becoming [aːŋi]. <br>
[t] and [b] become [ʐ] and [v], respectively, between vowels (assibilation). <br>
[t] and [p] become [ʐ] and [v], respectively, between vowels (assibilation). <br>
[k], [q] and [t] become [ŋ], [ʁ] and [n], respectively, before [n] <br>
[t] becomes [n] before [n] <br>
Consonants can be geminated, but in this case, they should be pronounced as if there were two of them.
Consonants can be geminated, but in this case, they should be pronounced as if there were two of them.


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|-
|-
|  '''Perlative'''  
|  '''Perlative'''  
| ÷hapi / -pi
| ÷havi / -pi
| ÷it¹ / -t
| ÷it¹ / -t
| ÷pix²
| ÷pix²
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|-
|-
|  '''Locative'''  
|  '''Locative'''  
| miha'''qi'''
| miha'''haqi'''
| miha'''qu'''
| miha'''haqu'''
| miha'''qix'''
| miha'''qix'''
|-
|-
|  '''Perlative'''  
|  '''Perlative'''  
| miha'''pi'''
| miha'''havi'''
| mih'''it'''
| mih'''it'''
| miha'''pix'''
| miha'''vix'''
|-
|-
|  '''Similative'''  
|  '''Similative'''  
| miha'''si'''
| miha'''hasi'''
| miha'''sit'''
| miha'''sit'''
| miha'''six'''
| miha'''six'''
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|-
|-
|  '''Perlative'''  
|  '''Perlative'''  
| puulu'''pi'''
| puulu'''vi'''
| puulu'''t'''
| puulu'''t'''
| puulu'''pix'''
| puulu'''vix'''
|-
|-
|  '''Similative'''  
|  '''Similative'''  
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|+
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="8"| '''vijunipisigik {{red|qayipi?}}'''  
| colspan="8"| '''vijunivisigik {{red|qayivi?}}'''  
|-
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="8"| /viʐuniˈsiʁik qaˈjipi/
| colspan="8"| /viʐuniˈsiʁik qaˈjivi/
|-
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
<!-- Morphemes-->
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|<small>-pisigik</small>
|<small>-pisigik</small>
|<small>qayi-</small>
|<small>qayi-</small>
|<small>-pi</small>
|<small>-vi</small>
|-
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
<!-- Gloss-->
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====Derivation and structure====
====Derivation and structure====
The morpheme ''ti'' is suffixed to the verbs in order to indicate the agent: pi (hunt) → pi'''ji''' (hunter).<br>
The morpheme ''ti'' is suffixed to the verbs in order to indicate the agent: pi (hunt) → pi'''ji''' (hunter).<br>
The suffix ''-miq'' transforms a verb into an instrument to do so: sayu (sew) → sayu'''miq''' (sewing machine).<br>
The suffix ''-un'' transforms a verb into an instrument to do so: sayu (sew) → sayu'''un''' (sewing machine).<br>
The suffix ''-(ŋ)ilu'' indicates the diminutive: viin (woman) → vin'''ilu''' (ggirl).<br>
The suffix ''-(ŋ)il'' indicates the diminutive: viin (woman) → viin'''ilu''' (girl).<br>
The suffix ''-ppak'' creates a noun that in theory is bigger than the primitive: ixav (caribou) → ixa'''ppak''' (horse).<br>
The suffix ''-ppak'' creates a noun that in theory is bigger than the primitive: ixav (caribou) → ixa'''ppak''' (horse).<br>
There are also suffixes for quantities, such as ''hayaat'' (many) or ''payaak'' (each).
There are also suffixes for quantities, such as ''hayaat'' (many) or ''payaak'' (each).
Line 498: Line 497:
!11||12||13||14||15
!11||12||13||14||15
|-
|-
|tixaqi
|tixaqii
|tixajuvu
|tixajuvu
|tixajaji
|tixajaji
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|tixisivat
|tixisivat
|tixamuxat
|tixamuxat
|tixaqanun
|tixaqanuun
|iŋuiŋŋaq
|iŋuiŋŋaq
|}
|}
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|-
|-
|8000
|8000
|qiipak
|qiippak
|1x8000
|1x8000
|}
|}
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Multiplication: viimixah + number in the ergative + number in the allative, e.g. viimixah tuvujuh tuvuhip pijaujut (2 multiplied by 2 equals 4).<br>
Multiplication: viimixah + number in the ergative + number in the allative, e.g. viimixah tuvujuh tuvuhip pijaujut (2 multiplied by 2 equals 4).<br>
Division: yaka+ number in the ergative + number in the allative, e.g. yaka tajimixi tuvuhip tuvuujut (4 divided by 2 equals 2).<br>
Division: yaka+ number in the ergative + number in the allative, e.g. yaka tajimixi tuvuhip tuvuujut (4 divided by 2 equals 2).<br>
===Demonstrative adverbs===
===Demonstrative adverbs===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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|-
|-
|{{center|{{Interlinear|2PL}}}}
|{{center|{{Interlinear|2PL}}}}
|{{center|Ilivix}}
|{{center|Ilivimix}}
|{{center|Ilivixi}}
|{{center|Ilivixi}}
|{{center|Ilivihim}}
|{{center|Ilivihim}}
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|-
|-
|{{center|{{Interlinear|3SG-REFL}}}}
|{{center|{{Interlinear|3SG-REFL}}}}
|{{center|Iŋmi}}
|{{center|Iimi}}
|{{center|Iŋmihuu}}
|{{center|Iimihuu}}
|{{center|Iŋmihi}}
|{{center|Iimihi}}
|{{center|Iŋmihip}}
|{{center|Iimihip}}
|{{center|Iŋmiqi}}
|{{center|Iimiqi}}
|{{center|Iŋmipi}}
|{{center|Iimipi}}
|{{center|Iŋmisi}}
|{{center|Iimisi}}
|-
|-
|{{center|{{Interlinear|3DU-REFL}}}}
|{{center|{{Interlinear|3DU-REFL}}}}
|{{center|Iŋmiju}}
|{{center|Iimiju}}
|{{center|Iŋmijuh}}
|{{center|Iimijuh}}
|{{center|Iŋmihit}}
|{{center|Iimihit}}
|{{center|Iŋmihuut}}
|{{center|Iimihuut}}
|{{center|Iŋmiqu}}
|{{center|Iimiqu}}
|{{center|Iŋmit}}
|{{center|Iimit}}
|{{center|Iŋmisit}}
|{{center|Iimisit}}
|-
|-
|{{center|{{Interlinear|3PL-REFL}}}}
|{{center|{{Interlinear|3PL-REFL}}}}
|{{center|Iŋmimix}}
|{{center|Iimimix}}
|{{center|Iŋmimixi}}
|{{center|Iimimixi}}
|{{center|Iŋmihim}}
|{{center|Iimihim}}
|{{center|Iŋmihum}}
|{{center|Iimihum}}
|{{center|Iŋmiqix}}
|{{center|Iimiqix}}
|{{center|Iŋmipix}}
|{{center|Iimipix}}
|{{center|Iŋmisix}}
|{{center|Iimisix}}
|}
|}


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Interrogative pronouns
|+Interrogative pronouns
! colspan="4" |{{center|kina (who?)}}
! colspan="4" |{{center|kiŋa (who?)}}
|-
|-
|
|
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|-
|-
|{{center|'''Absolutive'''}}
|{{center|'''Absolutive'''}}
|{{center|kina}}
|{{center|kiŋa}}
|{{center|kina-ju}}
|{{center|kiŋa-ju}}
|{{center|kina-mix}}
|{{center|kiŋa-mix}}
|-
|-
|{{center|'''Ergative'''}}
|{{center|'''Ergative'''}}
|{{center|kina-hu}}
|{{center|kiŋa-hu}}
|{{center|kina-juh}}
|{{center|kiŋa-juh}}
|{{center|kina-mixi}}
|{{center|kiŋa-mixi}}
|-
|-
|{{center|'''Instrumental'''}}
|{{center|'''Instrumental'''}}
|{{center|kina-k}}
|{{center|kiŋa-k}}
|{{center|kina-juk}}
|{{center|kiŋa-juk}}
|{{center|kina-kix}}
|{{center|kiŋa-kix}}
|-
|-
|{{center|'''Allative'''}}
|{{center|'''Allative'''}}
|{{center|kina-hi}}
|{{center|kiŋa-hi}}
|{{center|kina-hit}}
|{{center|kiŋa-hit}}
|{{center|kina-him}}
|{{center|kiŋa-him}}
|-
|-
|{{center|'''Ablative'''}}
|{{center|'''Ablative'''}}
|{{center|kina-hip}}
|{{center|kiŋa-hip}}
|{{center|kina-hut}}
|{{center|kiŋa-hut}}
|{{center|kina-hum}}
|{{center|kiŋa-hum}}
|-
|-
|{{center|'''Locative'''}}
|{{center|'''Locative'''}}
|{{center|kina-qi}}
|{{center|kiŋa-qi}}
|{{center|kina-qu}}
|{{center|kiŋa-qu}}
|{{center|kina-qix}}
|{{center|kiŋa-qix}}
|-
|-
|{{center|'''Perlative'''}}
|{{center|'''Perlative'''}}
|{{center|kina-pi}}
|{{center|kiŋa-pi}}
|{{center|kina-t}}
|{{center|kiŋa-t}}
|{{center|kina-pix}}
|{{center|kiŋa-pix}}
|-
|-
|{{center|'''Similative'''}}
|{{center|'''Similative'''}}
|{{center|kina-si}}
|{{center|kiŋa-si}}
|{{center|kina-sit}}
|{{center|kiŋa-sit}}
|{{center|kina-six}}
|{{center|kiŋa-six}}
|-
|-
! colspan="4" |{{center|pit (what?)}}
! colspan="4" |{{center|put (what?)}}
|-
|-
|
|
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|-
|-
|{{center|'''Absolutive'''}}
|{{center|'''Absolutive'''}}
|{{center|pit}}
|{{center|put}}
|{{center|pit-tu}}
|{{center|put-tu}}
|{{center|pij-ix}}
|{{center|puj-ix}}
|-
|-
|{{center|'''Ergative'''}}
|{{center|'''Ergative'''}}
|{{center|pi-hu}}
|{{center|pu-hu}}
|{{center|pit-tuh}}
|{{center|put-tuh}}
|{{center|pij-ixi}}
|{{center|puj-ixi}}
|-
|-
|{{center|'''Instrumental'''}}
|{{center|'''Instrumental'''}}
|{{center|pi-hak}}
|{{center|pu-hak}}
|{{center|pi-kat}}
|{{center|pu-kat}}
|{{center|pi-kix}}
|{{center|pu-kix}}
|-
|-
|{{center|'''Allative'''}}
|{{center|'''Allative'''}}
|{{center|pi-hi}}
|{{center|pu-hi}}
|{{center|pi-hit}}
|{{center|pu-hit}}
|{{center|pi-him}}
|{{center|pu-him}}
|-
|-
|{{center|'''Ablative'''}}
|{{center|'''Ablative'''}}
|{{center|pi-hahip}}
|{{center|pu-hahip}}
|{{center|pi-huut}}
|{{center|pu-huut}}
|{{center|pi-hum}}
|{{center|pu-hum}}
|-
|-
|{{center|'''Locative'''}}
|{{center|'''Locative'''}}
|{{center|pi-haqi}}
|{{center|pu-haqi}}
|{{center|pi-haq}}
|{{center|pu-haq}}
|{{center|pi-qix}}
|{{center|pu-qix}}
|-
|-
|{{center|'''Perlative'''}}
|{{center|'''Perlative'''}}
|{{center|pi-hapi}}
|{{center|pu-hapi}}
|{{center|pij-it}}
|{{center|puj-it}}
|{{center|pi-pix}}
|{{center|pu-pix}}
|-
|-
|{{center|'''Similative'''}}
|{{center|'''Similative'''}}
|{{center|pi-hasi}}
|{{center|pu-hasi}}
|{{center|pi-sit}}
|{{center|pu-sit}}
|{{center|pi-six}}
|{{center|pu-six}}
|}
|}


Line 1,150: Line 1,150:
===Conjunctions===
===Conjunctions===
aaŋa means “but”, asiiŋ and suli mean “and”, but asiiŋ is contrastive (that is, and, in contrast)
aaŋa means “but”, asiiŋ and suli mean “and”, but asiiŋ is contrastive (that is, and, in contrast)
===Cross-class morphology and wordhood definition===
Nouns cannot be conjugated or negated as verbs, nor verbs, declinated. When a noun is negated, it becomes a verb. Only verbs can bear the nominalizer suffix -(ŋ)iiŋi.<br>
Assibilation and hiatus breaking don't occur between words.


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
In order to express a phrase that in the Western languages would be with the phrase "big dog", in Qasunattuuji can be expressed in two ways: with a noun with the augmentative suffix or with a verbal phrase with the verb "to be big". If there are verbs with incorporated nouns, the quantifiers come before the verb.
Indirect objects, oblique objects and comparatives' objects cannot be relativized. <br>
An ergative can be promoted (passivized) to an absolutive through an antipassive (suffix -(i)si) before the person-number-mood suffix. <br>
Titles come before nouns, and geographic names, after the noun that characterizes it e.g. Iluuhuusaji Muppak (North Sea). <br>
The verb ''to be'' is always conjugated in the dual or plural after a mathematical operation that results in 2 or more.
===Constituent order===
===Constituent order===
The basic word order is relatively free due to grammatical cases, but it's generally VSO.
The basic word order is relatively free due to grammatical cases, but it's generally VSO.
===Noun phrase===
===Noun phrase===
If present, the possessor should come before the nucleus and if colors, numbers or quantifiers are used, they come before the nucleus.
If present, the possessor should come before the nucleus and if colors, numbers or quantifiers are used, they come before the nucleus.


===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===
===Dependent clauses===
Usually, relative sentences come after the main sentence. <br>
===Some other valid transformations===
===Some other valid transformations===
*WH fronting: only one WH can be fronted.
*Quotation inversion: a quotation can be placed before the verbs of saying or thinking, but only if the subject isn't a pronoun.
*Sentence-level prepositional phrases can be reordered, but only one verbal argument can be fronted. For example, the sentence ''with the lawyer, about money, we talked'' is invalid.
*Heavy-NP backing: a long noun phrase can be placed at the end of a sentence.
*A sentence with ''as'' can be easily deleted. E.g.<br>
:Kiŋahu iijuliaŋupisaxanipisa ilaasi upisaxanituaq? <br>
:Who can write a story as s/he can write?<br>
:can become<br>
:Kiŋahu iijuliaŋupisaxaniggaa ''ilaa''?
:Who can write a story as ''s/he''?
*Gapping can also happen with negated verbs. For example:<br>
:Huuŋihuu qagigaaŋit nuuŋukalija suli Qiqahuu, nuuŋukijimiq<br>
:Huuŋi didn't buy a new car, and Qiqaj, a new refrigerator <br>
:is perfectly valid.<br>
*Another kind of gapping (stripping) can occur even when the sentences' objects are different. For example:<br>
:Qiqaaŋa hilippihahuu sajijajilugu suli ilaahuu, sul<br>
:I ate some of the leftover bread and s/he, cheese <br>
:is perfectly possible in Qasunattuuji.
*In certain contexts, a sentence that has nothing to do with the main sentence can be inserted. For example:<br>
:Tisaa (vigamigaa simavihi) qusajiqagijittuq<br>
:The king (may he live forever) isn't receiving visitors<br>
:is possible.


==Example texts==
==Example texts==
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. -->
Iluuhuusaji Haviqan suli Sahuu (The North Wind and the Sun): Imaaŋa, igajuxiinijunikkaŋa Iluuhuusaji Haviqahuu suli Sahuu vixalilujuq kiŋa, qaaŋalan vijuq qiihuu mujunajihuu majiyakanuugaa ayuaqujuq. Aŋigaajin mihaxxaniniagaa iŋŋahuu kiŋahuu mujinajihuu muugittuq ilaa maajiyahuu ilusuisihattuq vixalilujuq hinajihahip. Aaxiiŋ havijuq vixaliluxanijuq Iluuhuusaji Haviqan, vixalilujuq havijuq aaŋa kaluuqi, maajiyaviijuq mujunaji kanuukkaŋa ilaa. Aaxiiŋ xaviluni ayuaqujuq Sahuu suli uusa maajiyamuugittuq mujunaji. Qajukajijujuq malugu Iluuhuusaji Haviqahuu pit vixaligik Sahuu tuvuhuut.
 
/i.luː.χuːˈsa.ʐi χaˈvi.qan ˈsu.li ˈsa.χuː/ (transcription): /iˈmaːŋ.a, i.ʁa.ʐu.ʂiː.ni.ʐu.nikˈkaŋ.a i.luːχuːˈsa.ʐi χa.viˈqa.χuː su.li ˈsa.χuː vi.ʂa.liˈlu.ʐuq ˈki.na, qaːŋˈa.lan ˈvi.ʐuq ˈqiː.χuː mu.ʐu.naˈʐi.χuː ma.ʐi.ja.kaˈnuː.ʁaː a.juaˈqu.ʐuq. aŋ.iˈʁaː.ʐin mi.χaʂ.ʂa.niˈnia.ʁaː iŋˈŋa.χuː kiˈna.χuː mu.ʐi.naˈʐi.χuː muːˈʁit.tuq ˈi.laː maː.ʐiˈja.χuː i.lu.sui.siˈχat.tuq vi.ʂa.liˈlu.ʐuq χi.na.ʐiˈχa.χip. ˈaː.ʂiːŋ χaˈvi.ʐuq vi.ʂa.li.lu.ʂaˈni.ʐuq i.luː.χuːˈsa.ʐi χaˈvi.qan, vi.ʂa.liˈlu.ʐuq χaˈvi.ʐuq ˈaː.ŋa kaˈluː.qi, maː.ʐi.jaˈviː.ʐuq mu.ʐuˈna.ʐi ka.nuːkˈka.ŋa ˈi.laː. ˈaː.ʂiːŋ ʂa.viˈlu.ni a.juaˈqu.ʐuq ˈsa.χuː ˈsu.li ˈuː.sa maː.ʐi.ja.muːˈʁit.tuq mu.ʐuˈna.ʐi. qa.ʐu.ka.ʐiˈʐu.ʐuq maˈlu.ɢu i.luː.χuːˈsa.ʐi χa.viˈqa.χuː pit vi.ʂaˈli.ʁik ˈsa.χuː tuˈvu.χuːt/
 
Text with gloss:<br>
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="8"| '''Kaluusaakiiŋaviŋiiŋi, vuhuu tisaal tisalisaakuugnuqittuq aaq ilaa xajijajiiŋihuu'''
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="8"| /kaluːsaːkiːŋaviˈʐiŋu ˈvuχuː ˈtisaːl tisalisaːkuːʁnuˈqittuq aːq ˈilaː ʂaʐiʐaʐiŋˈiχuː/
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
|<small>kaluusaakiiŋavijŋiiŋi</small>
|<small>vuj-</small>
|<small>-huu</small>
|<small>tisaa</small>
|<small>tisalisa-</small>
|<small>-akuugnuq-</small>
|<small>-it-</small>
|<small>-tuq</small>
|<small>aaq</small>
|<small>ilaa</small>
|<small>xajijaŋiiŋi-</small>
|<small>-huu</small>
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
|yesterday
| court-
| -{{sc|erg}}
| king
| queen-
| -accept-
| -{{sc|neg}}-
| -{{sc|3s.intr}}
| because
| s/he
| belief-
| -{{sc|erg}}
|-
<!-- Translations -->
| colspan="8"| '' The king's court rejected the new queen due to her faith.''
|}
 
Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights: xaxajut qaluujut suli iikujut  haniyumixi taxahaqi suli mijayuqix, ihihiimixi isummiq suli sulijalaqaxannigiiŋu, igigaixaxu qiimixi hinajihim qajihajuŋiiŋiqi vihuu.
 
 
Uvisa suli Ixappix (The Sheep and the Horses — Schleicher's Fable): Xisukaajuaqit uvisahuu ixxapavijijax, kalijaqajuujunigaa vijujuaq qii, yuqijunigaa mijuaq qii, suli viqaqijunigaa qilamik qii. Vigaa uvisahuu ixappahum: “ihigaaŋa uvaŋahuu xijahuu viqavilugu ixappajajiijunigaa”. Vijut ixappix: “xaluuja, uvisaa, ihigaix uvaŋamixi xijix viqavilugu manna: viqahuu, pujihuu, xaagaa uvisa xisuhuu tiihuu, visajijiiŋuhi ayuaqujuq uvaŋahi xisukaajuaqinu.” Kajunilugu xaluulugu manna, quugaa uvisahuu hixahi.
 
Vavilun Paaniahuu (The Tower of Babel):
#Sajiijigaa iluqaqiluuhuu tanaqupaaluk qii, qii vipaaluhuu vipiiŋu.
#Qavijunilugu viqixi Huusajihip, kugaat qii palit Sinnaal igulunisiluvajunu paana iŋmimix.
#Vigaix qiimixi hinajihim: “qilamihalijuŋ suli viqinalaniagivut.” Qijasulijalaqamihagaix hixamalix suli pijum laavulaluaq.
#Huujij vijut: “iguluttiijilijuŋ sulijalaqaq paania qajiikkaŋa tayuumix. Xannigiiŋuniasijuli qanihuu suli qilukisigiput iliihuu tiqi.
#Ilusuyumajuq Pujis tijagaa kuluhuu suli paaniahuu tiijijuat viqixi.
#Vijunu Pujis: ”Tuujiujut qiipaaluk suli tanaquvigaat qiipaaluk aakajunu tiijigaat una. Kaluuŋunaxavixanimisiagai niahuu unaxamijuat mihajut.
#Vilik, ilusuyumali suli sulijalaqavalaujilaaput tanaquhuu vijuat mijijax qasunaminiaigaux qiimixi hinajihim.”
#Qiluugaili Pujihuu aanahahip tiyuhi, tuujunu iguluttiiji.
#Aaq Vavilukulaqasujuq, aaq sulijalaqavalaujigaa tanaquhuu iluuyu. Aanahahip Pujihuu qiluugai tiyupi..


Pahaat Uvaŋa (Lord's Prayer)<br>
Pahaat uvaŋa, kiŋa tayuuŋujujin:<br>
Xaviiŋattijuniajuq  Ilivix qanihuu.<br>
Viniajuq Ilivix Tisaattuu.<br>
Mihaxisijuq Ilivix iluuqiiŋuhuu.<br>
Qajittigu uvaŋamix hilihuu iluuyu.<br>
Pujuimuulagittigu uvaŋamix qajigijaxujiihix, pujuimuulagigivuli qajigijaxujimix.<br>
Yumajiuŋnu killuhim, uujau qaluujit huuqihum.<br>
Aaq Ilivihuu Tisaattuuŋujuq, vixuŋujuq, suli qijaqunatujuq, simavihi.<br>
Unauniajuq.
[[Category:Qasunattuuji]]
[[Category:Qasunattuuji]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
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