Skylandic: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox language

| boxsize = 26em

| name = Skylandic

| altname = Himmeldeutsch, Ciellandais

| nativename = Chiveduts

| pronunciation = ɕiv.dy

| pronunciationkey = Help:IPA

| creator = Kazu Inoue

| created = first version, 2021; third and latest version, 2024

| setting = Alternate Earth where magic exists

| states = Skyland

| speakers = 1.5 million

| date = 1600

| speakers2 = 200,000 L2

| familycolor = Indo-European

| fam1 = Indo-European

| fam2 = Germanic

| fam3 = West Germanic

| fam4 = Aerial West Germanic

| ancestor1 = Old Skylandic

| ancestor2 = Middle Skylandic

| ancestor3 = Early Modern Skylandic

| posteriori = Proto-Germanic, German, French

| stand1 = Standard Vögelbergean Skylandic

| dia1 = Bernstein Skylandic

| dia2 = Primétoilean Skylandic

| scripts1 = Latin script

| nation = Germany · France · Liechtenstein · Belgium · Switzerland · Austria

| minority = Italy · the Netherlands · Luxembourg · Great Britain

| agency = European Language Round Table (ELRT)

}}

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'''Skylandic''' (''Chiveduts'', pronounced [ɕiv.dy]) is a West Germanic language in the Indo-European language family, mainly spoken in Western Europe. It is the national and official language of Skyland, the floating country above the Germany-France border. It is also the co-official language of Germany, France, Liechtenstein, Austria, Belgium and Switzerland; a recognized minority language in Italy, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Great Britain; and one of the official languages of the European Language Round Table (ELRT) alongside English, German, France, Neallish, Irish, Italian and Spanish.

It has over 1.5 million native speakers and over 200,000 L2 (or second language) speakers. A majority of its native speakers live in Skyland, Germany and France.

It has over 1.5 million native speakers and over 200,000 L2 (or second language) speakers. A majority of its native speakers live in Skyland, Germany and France. It has two major dialects — the '''''Bernstein''''' and '''''Primétoilean''''' dialects. The Bernstein dialect is spoken by the people living in the east German-side of the country while the Primétoilean dialect is spoken in the west French-side of the country. The Bernstein dialect has more native Germanic words and German calques while the Primétoilean dialect has more French loanwords and calques.

The floating island's first inhabitants were ancient West Germanic mages who had stumbled upon the island using their flight magic. A couple of centuries later, the Old French mages also decided to explore and live on the island. From the mingling of the two communities, a new dialect of West Germanic was born which, over time, developed into a language of its own now known as Modern Skylandic.

==Classification==

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The language has actually gone through three revisions with the third one being the current version. The first version used to have an Old English-y orthography while the second version used to have a German-ish orthography. According to the conlanger, the reason for the revision was that he was enthralled and fascinated by the spelling rule of the French language.

~~~~

~~<!-- Example categories/headings:~~

~~Goals~~

~~Setting~~

~~Inspiration~~

~~-->~~

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== Evolution of Skylandic ==

As unfortunate as it may seem, the ELRT hasn't found any sufficient amount of surviving records yet of the language's early and middle stages. But they did made an end-to-end evolutionary list of the language starting from Proto-Germanic (PGmc) or sometimes Proto-West Germanic (PWG). All thanks to help of the Great Sage. The sound changes are shown below, in no particular order.

=== '''<big>Sound and Spelling Changes</big>''' ===

● *sC → /eC/. *sk becomes ⟨ch⟩ before ⟨e, i, y⟩. But can also happen randomly with other vowels.

PGmc *skrīaną → Skylandic "écrien" [e.kʁi.jɑ̃] (to shout)

PGmc *skiwô → Skylandic "Chive" [ɕiv] (sky)

PGmc *skawwoną → Skylandic "chauven" [ɕo.vɑ̃] (to show)

PWG *spil → Skylandic "Épeau" [e.po]

● Intervocalic *t(j) and *k → Ø (Elision)

PGmc *flutjaną → Skylandic "fluire" [flɥiʁ] (to move)

● *Vsk(ij)- → -Vst-er → Vître. This is a consequence of the previous sound change with just an infinitive ending change involved.

PWGm *aiskōn → Skylandic "aître" [ɛtʁ] (to ask)

● *Cw → Cɥ ; xʷ → ɥ

PGmc *kwedaną → Skylandic "cuiden" [kɥidɑ̃] (to say)

PGmc *hwann → Skylandic "huen" [ɥɑ̃] (if, when)

● *sw → ɕɥ

PGmc *swīną → Skylandic "Chuin" [ɕɥɑ̃] (pig)

● *k, x → ɕ

PWGmc *bōk → Skylandic "Bouch" [buɕ] (book)

PGmc *þauh → Skylandic "dauch" [doɕ] (''infirmative'' yes)

● Word-initial *x → Ø (Elision).

PWG *hauh → Skylandic "hauch" [oɕ] (high)

● VxC → ViC

PGmc *nahts → Skylandic "Nait" [nɛ] (night)

● *iu, eu, ew → /ø/

PGmc *beudaz → Skylandic "Beute" [bøt] (table).

- Sometimes, this can arise from *au being fronted by a succeeding *i(j).

● *w → /v/ or /ɡ/

PGmc *aiwaz → Skylandic "Aive" [ɛv] (eternity)

PGmc *werþaną → Skylandic "guerdre" [ɡɛʁdʁ] (to become)

● *b → /v/, after and/or between vowels only.

PGmc *bilībjaną → Skylandic "bleivre" [blɛvʁ] (to stay)

PGmc *ab → Skylandic "av-" [av]

● *dj, dij, g → <y> /j/, sometimes ⟨i⟩.

PGmc *hūdijaną → Skylandic "huyen" [ɥi.jɑ̃] (to hide)

PGmc *dagaz → Skylandic "Daie" [dɛ] (day)

PGmc *maganą → Skylandic "mayen" [mɛ.jɑ̃] (would like, to want)

● *Vmb → Ṽʑ.

PWGmc *climbana → Skylandic "clingen" [klɛ̃ʑɑ̃] (to climb)

● *-Vng → /Ṽʑ/ <-Vnge>.

PWG *sangu → Skylandic "Sange" [sɑ̃ʑ] (song)

● *z → /ʁ/

PGmc *hauzjana → Skylandic "heuren" [øʁɑ̃] (to hear, listen)

● *r /r/ → /ʁ/

PGmc *rinnaną → Skylandic "rinnen" [ʁi.nɑ̃] (to run)

● *j → /ʑ/

PGmc *jainaz → Skylandic "jain" [ʑɛ̃] (that)

● *þ → /d/

PGmc *frawiþaz → Skylandic "Freude" [fʁød] (joy)

● *u, *ū → /y u/. Sometimes, if *ū is followed by *d(i)j, it becomes /ɥi(j)/.

PGmc *kunnaną → Skylandic "cunir" [ky.niʁ] (can, to be able)

PGmc *brūkan → Skylandic "brouchen" [bʁuɕɑ̃] (to need)

● *ei, oi → /wa/.Sometimes, this can stem from *-egi- where the *-g- is elided.

PGmc *legijaz → Skylandic "loir" [lwaʁ] (low)

● *Vn, Vm → /Ṽ/. The same SC as French except with *um, *un becoming /ʏ̃/.

PGmc *landą → Skylandic "Lant" [lɑ̃] (land)

PGmc *umbi → Skylandic "unge" [ʏ̃ʑ] (around)

● Intervocalic *g → /ʑ/. Sometimes, it fortizes into /g/.

PGmc *hlōgijaną → Skylandic "leugen" [løʑɑ̃] (to laugh)

● *Vl → ⟨Vu⟩

PGmc *albis → Skylandic "Euve" [øv] (elf)

● *Vkaną → ⟨Vire⟩

PGmc *makaną → Skylandic "maire" [mɛʁ] (to make)

● *okVną, *ukVną → ⟨uire⟩ /ɥiʁ/. Sometimes, if the PGmc verb contains *ū, it instead becomes ⟨ouire⟩ [wiʁ].

PGmc *hukaną → Skylandic "huire" [ɥiʁ] (to cower)

PGmc *lūkaną → Skylandic "louire" [lwiʁ] "to close"

● Word-final *-el, -il → /o/ or [ø]: ⟨eau⟩ or ⟨eu⟩

PGmc *wela → Skylandic "veau" [vo] (to make)

● *-aną in most verbs → /ɑ̃/ ⟨-en⟩

PGmc *haltaną → Skylandic "hauten" [otɑ̃] (to stop)

● *e (sometimes *a) between single consonants → /ə/, sometimes silent.

PGmc *upanana → Skylandic "ouvenir" [uvniʁ] (to open)

PGmc *lesaną → Skylandic "lesen" [lə.zɑ̃] (to read)

● *VsC → ⟨V̂C⟩

PGmc *isti → Skylandic "îte" [it] (be.PRES)

● *Vrh → /rVɕ/

PGmc *þurhw → Skylandic "druch" [dʁyɕ] (through)

● *l(i)j → /j/ ⟨ill⟩. Sometimes, this can happen even without the *j after *l.

PGmc *fallijana → Skylandic "faillen" [fajɑ̃] (to fall)

● *oCu → /ø/ ⟨œu⟩

PGmc *swotuz → Skylandic "sœuz" [sø] (sweet)

● Monosyllabic /ə/ from French loans → /ø/

French "que" → Skylandic "que" [kø] (''conjunctive'' that)

==Phonology==

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===~~Orthography~~===

The phonology of Skylandic is almost identical to that of French with only some minor differences.

===~~Consonants~~===

=== Consonant Inventory ===

[[File:Sky conso.png|500px|frameless|none]]

=== Vowel Inventories ===

'''Modal Vowels'''

[[File:Sky vowel-a.png|450px|frameless|none]]

'''Nasal Vowels'''

[[File:Sky vowels-b.png|450px|frameless|none]]

'''※''' The notation used on nasal vowels is based on Breton's spelling. The reason they are notated like that is that the conlanger is having a problem rendering the nasalization diacritic properly on MS Word. So he just resorted into using the n-tilde to signify nasalization.

===~~Vowels~~===

=== Allophones ===

~~===Prosody===~~

[[File:Sky vowels.png|thumb|right|Vowel phonemes of Skylandic.]]

~~====Stress====~~

The mid central vowel /ə/ is realized as a close mid unrounded vowel [ɘ] in stressed syllables. In the Primétoilean dialect, this vowel is realized as [ø].

~~====Intonation====~~

~~===Phonotactics===~~

The front close-mid rounded vowel /ø/ in the present tense of regular verbs is realized in the Bernstein dialect as a mid-central vowel [ə] but is silent in the Primétoilean dialect.

<!-~~- Explain the consonant clusters and~~ vowel ~~clusters that are permissible for use~~ in the ~~language. For example, "st"~~ is ~~an allowed consonant cluster~~ in ~~English while onset "ng" isn't.~~ -->

~~===Morphophonology===~~

~~==Morphology==~~

~~~~

~~<!-- Here~~ are ~~some example subcategories:~~

The consonants /ɕ ʑ ʁ/ are often realized as [ʃ ʒ ɾ~r~ɹ], especially by younger generations. Bernstein dialect speakers vocalize the phoneme /ʁ/ as [ɐ] after vowels.

~~Nouns~~

=== Liaison and Enchaînement ===

~~Adjectives~~

Just like French, Skylandic also exhibits liaison and enchaînement. '''Liaison''' is a phonological phenomenon in which a silent final consonant of word is pronounced and becomes the onset consonant of the next word's initial vowel. Unlike French, though, there are only two rules where liaison is impossible (see below). Otherwise, it's always possible.

~~Verbs~~

~~Adverbs~~

~~Particles~~

~~Derivational morphology~~

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The two rules that predict impossible liaison are as follows:

# If the first word ends with a consonant followed by the '''''morpheme''''' -s, making the grapheme sequence silent.

# If the next word starts a new clause.

'''Enchaînement''' [ɑ̃.ɕɛn.mɑ̃], on the other hand, is a phonological phenomenon where a pronounced final consonant from a word forms its own syllable with the initial vowel of the next word, or when two vowels become one long vowel or a phonetic diphthong. Unlike liaison which is mandatory, enchaînement is just optional and depends on the person speaking. In this phenomenon, the full vowels /i u y/ become the semi-vowels [j w ɥ].

Liaison:

les House

[le.z‿uz]

"the house"

Enchaînement:

Tu îte gout.

[tɥ‿it ɡu]

"You are good."

=== Stress ===

Skylandic has no lexical stress. That is, words on their own have no stressed syllable. Instead, it has '''''sentential stress''''' — stress on the sentence level. Stress only appears when words are combined together to form a complete sentence. The stress pattern of Skylandic sentences is always in '''iambs''' — syllable pairs consisting of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. In fact, Skylandic poetry is entirely based on this stress pattern but in specific counts — [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iambic_pentameter iambic pentameter].

'''<big><big>Nauvement Huie Ich Isen Ai Préseunu.</big></big>'''

[nov''''mɑ̃'''.t‿ɥi ''''iɕ''' i''''zɑ̃'''.n‿ɛ ''''pʁe'''.zø'''ˌny''']

"Exactly How I Planned It."

=== Phonotactics ===

Unfortunately, according to the conlanger, he didn't actually lay out any phonotactic rules for the language. All he just said that the Skylandic might actually have an almost identical phonotactic rules as French.

== Orthography ==

Skylandic uses the same alphabet and grapheme-to-phoneme correspondence as French, again with minor differences.

'''Skylandic Alphabet'''

Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Xx Yy Zz

'''Collation Order'''

The alphabetical order is as shown above. However, for letters with diacritics, the base letter comes first before the one with diacritics. Thus, in a list or a dictionary, '''et''' comes first before '''ét''', '''èt''' and '''êt'''. Within diacritics, the order is acute first, then grave, and lastly circumplex. The diaeresis diacritic is rare in Skylandic.

The language used to be written using the Hebrew-based Grimoire script and the Georgian-based Elvish script. But ever since adopting the French spelling rule, all of Skyland has now switched to the Latin script.

== Grapheme-to-Phoneme Correspondence ==

=== Consonants and Clusters ===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

|+ Consonants

|-

! style="text-align:center" | Graphemes || Environment || Phoneme || Example

|-

| -bs, -cs, -ds, -fs, -gs, -ps, -ts || Word-final || Silent || dain'''cs''' [dɛ̃]

|-

| rowspan=2 | b || elsewhere || /b/ || '''b'''leivre [blɛvʁ]

|-

| word-final || silent || Cram'''b''' [kʁɑ̃]

|-

| rowspan=2 | c || before e, i, y || /s/ || '''c'''e [sø]

|-

| elsewhere || /k/ || '''C'''ou [ku]

|-

| ch || everywhere || /ɕ/ || '''ch'''ans [ɕɑ̃]

|-

| rowspan=2 | d || word-final || silent || gai'''d''' [ɡɛ]

|-

| elsewhere || /d/ || '''d'''ou [du]

|-

| f || everywhere || /f/ || '''f'''ur [fyʁ]

|-

| rowspan=2 | g || before <e, i, y> || /ʑ/ || '''g'''êtran [ʑɛ.tʁɑ]

|-

| elsewhere || /ɡ/ || '''g'''out [ɡu]

|-

| gn || everywhere || /ɲ/ || a'''gn'''euvre [a.ɲøvʁ]

|-

| h || everywhere || silent || '''H'''ant [ɑ̃]

|-

| colspan=2 | j || /ʑ/ || '''j'''e [ʑø]

|-

| l, ll || everywhere || /l/ || '''L'''ant [lɑ̃]

|-

| m, mm || everywhere || /m/ || '''M'''ann [man]

|-

| n, nn || everywhere || /n/ || '''n'''eun [nœ̃]

|-

| rowspan=2 | p || word-final || silent || Dam'''p''' [dɑ̃]

|-

| elsewhere || /p/ || '''p'''lus [ply]

|-

| q(u) || everywhere || /k/ || '''qu'''e [kø]

|-

| r || everywhere || /ʁ/ || '''R'''uie [ʁɥi]

|-

| rowspan=3 | s || between vowels || /z/ || Hou'''s'''e [uz]

|-

| word-final || silent || lasai'''s''' [la.zɛ]

|-

| elsewhere || /s/ || '''S'''aive [sɛv]

|-

| rowspan=2 | t || word-final || silent || Blou'''t''' [blu]

|-

| elsewhere || /t/ || '''T'''rive [tʁiv]

|-

| v || everywhere || /v/ || '''V'''eaut [vo]

|-

| rowspan=2 | x || word-final || silent || Éleu'''x''' [e.lø]

|-

| between vowels || /k.s/ || e'''x'''aient [ɛk.sɛ]

|-

| rowspan=2 | z || word-final || silent || hou'''z''' [u]

|-

| elsewhere || /z/ || '''Z'''ite [zit]

|}

=== Vowels ===

{| class="wikitable" cellspacing=3

|+ Vowels and Vowel Combinations

|-

! Graphemes !! Environment !! Phoneme !! Example

|-

| colspan=2 | a, à || /a/ || v'''a'''r [vaʁ] "true"

|-

| colspan =2 | â || /ɑ/ || f'''â'''tenir [fɑt.niʁ] "to secure"

|-

| colspan =2 | ai, aî, aie || /ɛ/ || N'''ai'''t [nɛ] "night" D'''aie''' [dɛ] "day"

|-

| colspan =2 | au || /o/ || Tr'''au'''me [tʁom] "dream"

|-

| colspan =2 | ay || /ɛj/ || d'''ay'''en [dɛ.jɑ̃] "to suck"

|-

| rowspan=7 | e || elsewhere || /ə/ or Ø || ouv'''e'''nir [uv.niʁ] "to open" b'''e'''reuven [bəʁovɑ̃] "to rob"

|-

| before multiple consonants || rowspan=3 | /ɛ/ || br'''e'''chen [bʁɛɕɑ̃] "to break"

|-

| before a pronounced final consonant || Aff'''e'''l [afɛl] "apple"

|-

| before ⟨x⟩ || '''e'''xaient [ɛk.sɛ] "was going out"

|-

| before a silent final consonant || /e/ || d'''e'''s [de] "of the (singular)"

|-

| word-final in SG nouns || Ø || Triv'''e''' [tʁiv] "tree"

|-

| word-final in mono- syllabic open words || /ø/ || j'''e''' [ʑø] 1SG.INTR

|-

| colspan=2 | é, ée || /e/ || '''é'''liven [elivɑ̃] "to split"

|-

| colspan=2 | è, ê || /ɛ/ || g'''ê'''tran [ʑɛtʁɑ̃] "to split"

|-

| colspan=2 | eau || /o/ || V'''eau'''t [vo] "world"

|-

| colspan=2 | ei, eî || /ɛ/ || r'''ei'''t [ʁɛ] "right. correct"

|-

| colspan=2 | eu, eû || /ø/ || h'''eu'''ren [øʁɑ̃] "to hear, listen"

|-

| rowspan=2 | i || elsewhere || /i/ || m'''i'''t [mi] "with"

|-

| before other vowels || /j/ || ét'''i'''enne [e.tjɛn] (eat.PRES.SJV)

|-

| colspan=2 | î || rowspan=2 | /i/ || '''î'''te [it] "is/am/are"

|-

| -ie || word-final only || Fantais'''ie''' [fɑ̃tɛzi] "fantasy"

|-

| rowspan=2 | o || phonologically final || /o/ || f'''o'''s [fo] (nurture.PRES)

|-

| elsewhere || /ɔ/ || H'''o'''ff [ɔf] "hope"

|-

| colspan=2 | ô || /o/ || f'''ô'''tre [fotʁ] "to nurture"

|-

| colspan=2 | oi, oie, oî || /wa/ || l'''oi'''r [lwaʁ] "low"

|-

| colspan=2 | œu || /ø/ || M'''œu'''r [møʁ] "mother"

|-

| colspan=2 | ou, oû || rowspan=2 | /u/ || Fl'''ou'''ch [fluɕ] "curse"

|-

| oue || word-final only || Cl'''oue''' [klu] "lump"

|-

| colspan=2 | oy || /waj/ || d'''oy'''en [dwajɑ̃] "to die"

|-

| rowspan=3 | u || elsewhere || /y/ || f'''u'''r [fyʁ] "for"

|-

| after ⟨g1, q⟩ || Ø || g'''u'''irds [ɡiʁ] "become/s" dainq'''u'''ons [dɛ̃kɔ̃] (thank.IMP)

|-

| before other vowels || /ɥ/ || h'''u'''iss [ɥis] "white"

|-

| colspan=2 | û || /y/ || pl'''û'''jain que [plyʑɛ̃ kø] "furthermore"

|-

| rowspan=2 | ue || elsewhere || /ɥɛ/ || m'''ue'''nir [mɥɛniʁ] "may, be allowed to"

|-

| word-final, after ⟨g, q⟩ || Ø || chainq'''ue''' [ɕɛ̃k] (bestow-IMP)

|-

| colspan=2 | -uie || /ɥi/ || l'''uie''' [lɥi] (lie.PRES)

|-

| colspan=2 | uy || /ɥij/ || l'''uy'''en [lɥi.jɑ̃] "to lie"

|-

| rowspan=2 | y || elsewhere || /i/ || '''y''' [i] 3SG.N.ERG

|-

| before vowels || /j/ || eu'''y'''en [ø.jɑ̃] "to show"

|}

1 Only applies if another vowel succeeds ⟨u⟩. Otherwise, it's pronounced as usual — /y/.

=== Vowels and Consonants ===

{| class="wikitable"

|+ Vowel and Consonant Combos

|-

! Graphemes !! Environment !! Phonemes !! Example

|-

| aim, ain || before consonant or finally || /ɛ̃/ || '''Ain'''te [ɛ̃t] "fear"

|-

| am, an || before consonant or finally || /ɑ̃/ || L'''an'''t [lɑ̃] "land" Nam [nɑ̃] "name

|-

| colspan=2 | cqu || /k/ || a'''cqu'''imen [akimɑ̃] "to arrive"

|-

| eim, ein || before consonant or finally || /ɛ̃/ || '''ein'''houten- [ɛ̃.u.tɑ̃] "to contain"

|-

| rowspan=2 | em, en || before consonant or finally elsewhere || /ɑ̃/ || -m'''en'''t [mɑ̃] "-ly"

|-

| PRES of some verbs, after /j/ || /ɛ̃/ || ouvi'''en'''s [u.vjɛ̃] "open/s"

|-

| -ent || conjugation ending in verbs || Ø || aiv'''ent''' [ɛv] (have.PRES.SJV)

|-

| -er || elsewhere finally || /e/ || ni'''er''' [nje] "under"

|-

| es || word-sinally || Ø || Veaut'''es''' [vot] "worlds"

|-

| eun || before consonant or finally || /œ̃/ || ch'''eun''' [ɕœ̃] "beautiful"

|-

| ge || before ⟨a, o, u⟩ || /ʑ/ || han'''ge'''ant [ɑ̃ʑɑ̃] "hanging"

|-

| gu || before ⟨e, i, y⟩ || /ɡ/ || '''gu'''erdre [ɡɛʁdʁ] "to become"

|-

| rowspan=2 | il || after ⟨a, e, eu, œ, ou, u, ue⟩ || /j/ || Fa'''il'''e [faj] "mistake"

|-

| elsewhere || depends || déto'''il'''en [detwalɑ̃] "to depart"

|-

| rowspan=2 | ill || after ⟨a, e, eu, œ, ou, u, ue⟩ || /j/ || écou'''ill'''ir [ekujiʁ] "should"

|-

| elsewhere || depends || ép'''ill'''en [epilɑ̃] "to play"

|-

| im, in || before consonant or finally || /ɛ̃/ || V'''in'''t [vɛ̃] "wind"

|-

| oin || before consonant or finally || /wɛ̃/ || m'''oin''' [mwɛ̃] "hello"

|-

| om, on || before consonant or finally || /ɔ̃/ || hay'''on'''s [ɛjɔ̃] (have.IMP)

|-

| tiV || anywhere || /tj/ || fâ'''ti'''ens [fɑtjɛ̃] "fasten/s"

|-

| um, un || before consonant or finally || /ʏ̃/ || '''un'''ge [ʏ̃ʑ] "around"

|}

== Nouns ==

=== Morphology ===

Just like German, Skylandic nouns have their first letter capitalized wherever they appear in the sentence. However, unlike German and French, Skylandic nouns don't have gender. While they do decline according to case, they rarely do so that much. The only grammatical feature that they almost consistently inflect is number — that is, whether they're singular or plural.

=== Cases ===

Skylandic has five cases — namely, ergative, intransitive, accusative, dative and ''genitive''.

<big> A. Ergative Case (ERG) </big>

The ERG case is used in marking the agent of a transitive verb and the subject of a relative clause. Depending on the noun's spelling, the nouns form their singular ERG form as follows:

'''1.''' If the noun ends in a silent -e, it doesn't really change form.

Trive ''tree'' → Trive

'''2.''' If the noun ends with a silent consonant, a silent -e is added.

Lant [lɑ̃] ''country'' → Lant'''e''' [lɑ̃t]

'''3.''' If the noun ends in a consonant phoneme, the suffix -ée is added.

Bouch [buɕ] ''book'' → Bouch'''ée''' [bu.ɕe]

<big> B. Intransitive Case (INTR) </big>

The INTR case is the dictionary form of the nouns. It is used in marking the lone argument (subject) of an intransitive verb. Lone nouns in books and plays are usually in this case. Even if the verb can be transitive, as long as no direct object is present in the sentence, the subject still declines in INTR case. Both the subject and the complement of a copular verb like "guesen" are also declined into INTR (or more like doesn't really decline).

''Soyons un Mann!''

be.IMP NDEF.INTR man

"Be a man!"

<big> C. Accusative Case (ACC) </big>

The ACC case is most commonly used in marking the patient of transitive verbs. Most locational prepositions also require their objects to be in ACC case. The object in a relative case is also declined in ACC case even though the subject has been replaced by the relative pronoun.

''Essons den Fiche.''

eat-IMP DEF.ACC.SG fish

"Eat the fish."

<big> D. Dative Case (DAT) </big>

The DAT case is mainly used in marking the indirect object of ditransitive verbs. The preposition "du" ''to'', a majority of directional prepositions and other prepositions require the DAT case. Some verbs of feeling also require a DAT object. AN example of which is '''laid-toire''' "to feel sorry".

''Dou tois mir laid.''

2SG.ERG do.PRES 1SG.DAT displeasing

"I feel sorry for you."

ERG and DAT case are the only cases that declinable nouns really do decline in their singular form. The inflection rules of the dative case are the same as with ERG.

<big> E. Genitive Case (GEN) </big>

The main function of the GEN case is to mark the possessor noun in a possessive phrase. Some adverbial phrases relating to points in time are also declined in GEN.

'''Ainis Daie''', vinniront je.

one-GEN.SG day | win-FUT 1SG.INTR

"One day I'll win."

''End des Veaut''

end DEF.GEN.SG world

"End of the World"

=== Articles ===

Because Skylandic nouns don't really decline that much, one must rely on grammatical articles to denote or signify the positional function of a word in a sentence. The articles of Skylandic only decline in number and case. These articles are shown on the image below.

[[File:Articles.png|frameless|center|Grammatical articles of Skylandic.]]

=== Plural Nouns ===

Nouns form their plurals depending on how their singular form is spelled.

'''1.''' Nouns ending in a silent final -e form their plural in all cases by just adding a final '''-n'''.

Trive → Trive'''n''' trees

'''2.''' Nouns ending in -el and -al form their INTR, ACC and GEN plurals by changing those endings to '''-eux''' and '''-aux''', respectively; and their ERG and DAT plural by changing those endings to '''-euse''' and '''-ause'''.

[[File:Type 2 plural.png|frameless|none]]

'''3.''' Monosyllabic nouns ending with a cluster grapheme where the last consonant is silent form their INTR, ACC and GEN plurals by '''umlauting''' and adding the suffix '''-er''' [e]; and their ERG and DAT plurals by adding the '''-reux''' instead of -er.

[[File:Type 3 noun.png|frameless|none]]

'''4.''' Nouns that end in a single silent consonant form their INTR, ACC, and GEN by adding the silent final '''-es'''; and their ERG and DAT plurals by adding '''-en'''.

[[File:Type 4 noun.png|frameless|none]]

'''5.''' Some nouns are just plain irregular.

[[File:Irreg sky noun.png|frameless|none]]

== Pronouns ==

=== <big> Personal Pronouns </big> ===

[[File:Pronouns.png|500px|frameless|none]]

◆ NOTES:

# The pronouns '''je''' and '''mich''' become clitics '''j'''' and '''m'''' before vowels. As for "tu", it only becomes a clitic '''t'''' before a word that starts with ⟨u⟩.

# "'''Y'''" is pronounced [i] before consonants but [i.j‿] before vowels.

=== <big> Relative Pronoun </big> ===

There are two types of relative pronouns in Skylandic. Namely, the '''anaphoric''' and '''non-anaphoric''' relative pronouns.

''Anaphoric'' REL pronouns are used when an antecedent word or phrase is present in the sentence. The pronoun '''huich''' and its forms below are anaphoric.

[[File:Relpron.png|500px|frameless|none]]

=== <big> Interrogative Pronouns </big> ===

[[File:Questionpro.png|600px|frameless|none]]

== Verbs ==

=== <big> Morphology and Types </big> ===

Skylandic verbs are classified using two sets of classifications — based on how they conjugate and on how they look. Based on how they look, a Skylandic verb can either be '''Germanic''' or '''French-y'''. Germanic verbs are called that not because they evolved from PGmc, but because end in the infinitive suffix '''-en''' while French-y verbs are called that not because they are French loans, but because they end in one of these endings: '''-ir, oir,''' or '''-re'''. Based on how they conjugate, they can be '''strong, weak, irregular''' or '''special'''. Most of the Germanic verbs are either weak or strong (depending on spelling; see below) while French-y verbs are mostly irregular. ''Special verbs'', on the other hand, are a set of regular French-y verbs that have a separate regular conjugation scheme of their own.

=== <big> Strong Verbs </big> ===

'''Strong verbs''' are verbs that conjugate by changing their stem vowel alongside annexing a conjugation suffix. This kind of vowel change is usually called '''''ablaut''''' and in this case it's a PIE or '''Proto-Indo-European ablaut'''. But unlike its IRL relatives, Skylandic doesn't classify strong verbs based on its etymological root's spelling, but on the verbs' current spelling themselves. Also, instead of having all seven classes, Skylandic now only has five (5) strong verb classes.

'''Class 1.''' These are verbs that contain the stem vowel '''-ei-''' [ɛ]. Most of these verbs evolved from PGmc verbs that has the stem vowel *ī. Their vowel changes are as follows.

[[File:Class 1.png|frameless|none]]

'''Class 2.''' These are verbs that contain the stem vowel digraph '''-eu-''' [ø]. These verbs evolved from PGmc verbs that have the diphthong *eu or an *au that has undergone an umlaut.

[[File:Class 2.png|frameless|none]]

'''Class 3.''' These are verbs that contain the stem vowel '''-e-''' or '''-i-''' followed by a consonant cluster or a double consonant. Sometimes, these consonant clusters are reduced to a single consonant and their previous presence is now just signaled by a circumplex diacritic (ê î) before the remaining consonant of the stem. This diacritic is carried onto the verb's conjugations.

[[File:Class 3a.png|frameless|none]]

[[File:Class 3b.png|frameless|none]]

'''Class 4.''' These are verbs that contain the stem vowel '''-é-''' followed by any of the four sonorants (''l, m, n,'' or ''r'') and no other consonants. The sonorants may or may not be doubled.

[[File:Class 4.png|frameless|none]]

'''Class 5.''' The last of the five classes of Skylandic strong verbs. These are verbs that contain the stem vowel '''-e-''' followed by a lone non-sonorant consonant.

[[File:Class 5.png|frameless|none]]

=== Weak Verbs ===

The '''weak verbs''' are the so-called "regular verbs" of the language. All verbs under this category follow the same conjugation pattern and all of them don't change their spelling except from their infinitive ending -en.

[[File:Regular2.png|frameless|none]]

'''Take Note:'''

1. The imperfect subjunctive conjugation suffix becomes '''-asse''' if the verb's stem ends in ⟨y⟩.

2. The strong verbs also use the same conjugation endings for PRES, PRESP, PRES.SJV, FUT, and IMP "tenses".

=== <big> Special Verbs </big> ===

The following are the sets of special verbs.

'''1. -enir Verbs'''

These are verbs that have the infinitive ending '''''-enir''''' preceded by a consonant, thus excluding the modal verb "muenir". These verbs are attested to have evolved from PGmc class 4 weak verbs — the ones that end in *-naną, though there are exceptions, like '''ouvenir''' below. Their conjugation scheme is as follows:

[[File:-enir.png|frameless|none]]

'''2. -ayen, -oyen & -uyen Verbs'''

The ELRT is still debating on whether to include this in the sets of Special Verbs or if they are just special cases of weak verbs. Because, while they conjugate like weak verbs, the ⟨y⟩ on their INF ending becomes when followed by a silent ⟨e⟩. Examples are '''dayen, reinoyen''' and '''luyen'''.

~~==Syntax==~~

~~===Constituent order===~~

~~===Noun phrase===~~

~~===Verb phrase===~~

~~===Sentence phrase===~~

~~===Dependent clauses===~~

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==Other resources==

[https://docs.google.com/document/d/13xbxCMxDudxK0kaxXPYLzeU8A8LJ_B8ti-OkWtUqIvw/edit?usp=drivesdk Skylandic Book]

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[[Category:Languages]]

[[Category:Conlangs]]

[[Category:A posteriori]]

[[Category:Indo-European languages]]

[[Category:Germanic languages]]

[[Category:West Germanic languages]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{construction}}
+{{private}}
+{{Infobox language
+| boxsize = 26em
+| name = Skylandic
+| altname = Himmeldeutsch, Ciellandais
+| nativename = Chiveduts
+| pronunciation = ɕiv.dy
+| pronunciationkey = Help:IPA
+| creator = Kazu Inoue
+| created = first version, 2021; third and latest version, 2024
+| setting = Alternate Earth where magic exists
+| states = Skyland
+| speakers = 1.5 million
+| date = 1600
+| speakers2 = 200,000 L2
+| familycolor = Indo-European
+| fam1 = Indo-European
+| fam2 = Germanic
+| fam3 = West Germanic
+| fam4 = Aerial West Germanic
+| ancestor1 = Old Skylandic
+| ancestor2 = Middle Skylandic
+| ancestor3 = Early Modern Skylandic
+| posteriori = Proto-Germanic, German, French
+| stand1 = Standard Vögelbergean Skylandic
+| dia1 = Bernstein Skylandic
+| dia2 = Primétoilean Skylandic
+| scripts1 = Latin script
+| nation = Germany · France · Liechtenstein · Belgium · Switzerland · Austria
+| minority = Italy · the Netherlands · Luxembourg · Great Britain
+| agency = European Language Round Table (ELRT)
+}}
 <!--
@@ Line 12: / Line 43: @@
 '''Skylandic''' (''Chiveduts'', pronounced [ɕiv.dy]) is a West Germanic language in the Indo-European language family, mainly spoken in Western Europe. It is the national and official language of Skyland, the floating country above the Germany-France border. It is also the co-official language of Germany, France, Liechtenstein, Austria, Belgium and Switzerland; a recognized minority language in Italy, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Great Britain; and one of the official languages of the European Language Round Table (ELRT) alongside English, German, France, Neallish, Irish, Italian and Spanish.
-It has over 1.5 million native speakers and over 200,000 L2 (or second language) speakers. A majority of its native speakers live in Skyland, Germany and France.
+It has over 1.5 million native speakers and over 200,000 L2 (or second language) speakers. A majority of its native speakers live in Skyland, Germany and France. It has two major dialects — the '''''Bernstein''''' and '''''Primétoilean''''' dialects. The Bernstein dialect is spoken by the people living in the east German-side of the country while the Primétoilean dialect is spoken in the west French-side of the country. The Bernstein dialect has more native Germanic words and German calques while the Primétoilean dialect has more French loanwords and calques.
 The floating island's first inhabitants were ancient West Germanic mages who had stumbled upon the island using their flight magic. A couple of centuries later, the Old French mages also decided to explore and live on the island. From the mingling of the two communities, a new dialect of West Germanic was born which, over time, developed into a language of its own now known as Modern Skylandic.
 ==Classification==
@@ Line 25: / Line 57: @@
 The language has actually gone through three revisions with the third one being the current version. The first version used to have an Old English-y orthography while the second version used to have a German-ish orthography. According to the conlanger, the reason for the revision was that he was enthralled and fascinated by the spelling rule of the French language.
-<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? -->
-<!-- Example categories/headings:
-Goals
-Setting
-Inspiration
--->
 <!-- ***Phonology*** -->
@@ Line 46: / Line 69: @@
 -->
+== Evolution of Skylandic ==
+As unfortunate as it may seem, the ELRT hasn't found any sufficient amount of surviving records yet of the language's early and middle stages. But they did made an end-to-end evolutionary list of the language starting from Proto-Germanic (PGmc) or sometimes Proto-West Germanic (PWG). All thanks to help of the Great Sage. The sound changes are shown below, in no particular order.
+=== '''<big>Sound and Spelling Changes</big>''' ===
+● *sC → /eC/. *sk becomes ⟨ch⟩ before ⟨e, i, y⟩. But can also happen randomly with other vowels. <br>
+PGmc *skrīaną → Skylandic "écrien" [e.kʁi.jɑ̃] (to shout) <br>
+PGmc *skiwô → Skylandic "Chive" [ɕiv] (sky) <br>
+PGmc *skawwoną → Skylandic "chauven" [ɕo.vɑ̃] (to show) <br>
+PWG *spil → Skylandic "Épeau" [e.po] <br> <br>
+● Intervocalic *t(j) and *k → Ø (Elision) <br>
+PGmc *flutjaną → Skylandic "fluire" [flɥiʁ] (to move) <br> <br>
+● *Vsk(ij)- → -Vst-er → Vître. This is a consequence of the previous sound change with just an infinitive ending change involved.<br>
+PWGm *aiskōn → Skylandic "aître" [ɛtʁ] (to ask) <br> <br>
+● *Cw → Cɥ ; xʷ → ɥ <br>
+PGmc *kwedaną → Skylandic "cuiden" [kɥidɑ̃] (to say) <br>
+PGmc *hwann → Skylandic "huen" [ɥɑ̃] (if, when) <br> <br>
+● *sw → ɕɥ <br>
+PGmc *swīną → Skylandic "Chuin" [ɕɥɑ̃] (pig) <br> <br>
+● *k, x → ɕ <br>
+PWGmc *bōk → Skylandic "Bouch" [buɕ] (book) <br>
+PGmc *þauh → Skylandic "dauch" [doɕ] (''infirmative'' yes) <br> <br>
+● Word-initial *x → Ø (Elision). <br>
+PWG *hauh → Skylandic "hauch" [oɕ] (high) <br> <br>
+● VxC → ViC <br>
+PGmc *nahts → Skylandic "Nait" [nɛ] (night) <br><br>
+● *iu, eu, ew → /ø/<br>
+PGmc *beudaz → Skylandic "Beute" [bøt] (table).<br>
+- Sometimes, this can arise from *au being fronted by a succeeding *i(j). <br> <br>
+● *w → /v/ or /ɡ/<br>
+PGmc *aiwaz → Skylandic "Aive" [ɛv] (eternity)<br>
+PGmc *werþaną → Skylandic "guerdre" [ɡɛʁdʁ] (to become) <br> <br>
+● *b → /v/, after and/or between vowels only. <br>
+PGmc *bilībjaną → Skylandic "bleivre" [blɛvʁ] (to stay) <br>
+PGmc *ab → Skylandic "av-" [av] <br><br>
+● *dj, dij, g → <y> /j/, sometimes ⟨i⟩. <br>
+PGmc *hūdijaną → Skylandic "huyen" [ɥi.jɑ̃] (to hide) <br>
+PGmc *dagaz → Skylandic "Daie" [dɛ] (day)<br>
+PGmc *maganą → Skylandic "mayen" [mɛ.jɑ̃] (would like, to want) <br><br>
+● *Vmb → Ṽʑ. <br>
+PWGmc *climbana → Skylandic "clingen" [klɛ̃ʑɑ̃] (to climb) <br> <br>
+● *-Vng → /Ṽʑ/ <-Vnge>. <br>
+PWG *sangu → Skylandic "Sange" [sɑ̃ʑ] (song) <br> <br>
+● *z → /ʁ/ <br>
+PGmc *hauzjana → Skylandic "heuren" [øʁɑ̃] (to hear, listen) <br> <br>
+● *r /r/ → /ʁ/ <br>
+PGmc *rinnaną → Skylandic "rinnen" [ʁi.nɑ̃] (to run) <br> <br>
+● *j → /ʑ/ <br>
+PGmc *jainaz → Skylandic "jain" [ʑɛ̃] (that) <br> <br>
+● *þ → /d/ <br>
+PGmc *frawiþaz → Skylandic "Freude" [fʁød] (joy) <br> <br>
+● *u, *ū → /y u/. Sometimes, if *ū is followed by *d(i)j, it becomes /ɥi(j)/. <br>
+PGmc *kunnaną → Skylandic "cunir" [ky.niʁ] (can, to be able) <br>
+PGmc *brūkan → Skylandic "brouchen" [bʁuɕɑ̃] (to need) <br> <br>
+● *ei, oi → /wa/.Sometimes, this can stem from *-egi- where the *-g- is elided. <br>
+PGmc *legijaz → Skylandic "loir" [lwaʁ] (low) <br> <br>
+● *Vn, Vm → /Ṽ/. The same SC as French except with *um, *un becoming /ʏ̃/. <br>
+PGmc *landą → Skylandic "Lant" [lɑ̃] (land) <br>
+PGmc *umbi → Skylandic "unge" [ʏ̃ʑ] (around) <br> <br>
+● Intervocalic *g → /ʑ/. Sometimes, it fortizes into /g/. <br>
+PGmc *hlōgijaną → Skylandic "leugen" [løʑɑ̃] (to laugh) <br> <br>
+● *Vl → ⟨Vu⟩ <br>
+PGmc *albis → Skylandic "Euve" [øv] (elf) <br> <br>
+● *Vkaną → ⟨Vire⟩ <br>
+PGmc *makaną → Skylandic "maire" [mɛʁ] (to make) <br> <br>
+● *okVną, *ukVną → ⟨uire⟩ /ɥiʁ/. Sometimes, if the PGmc verb contains *ū, it instead becomes ⟨ouire⟩ [wiʁ]. <br>
+PGmc *hukaną → Skylandic "huire" [ɥiʁ] (to cower) <br>
+PGmc *lūkaną → Skylandic "louire" [lwiʁ] "to close" <br> <br>
+● Word-final *-el, -il → /o/ or [ø]: ⟨eau⟩ or ⟨eu⟩ <br>
+PGmc *wela → Skylandic "veau" [vo] (to make) <br> <br>
+● *-aną in most verbs → /ɑ̃/ ⟨-en⟩ <br>
+PGmc *haltaną → Skylandic "hauten" [otɑ̃] (to stop) <br> <br>
+● *e (sometimes *a) between single consonants → /ə/, sometimes silent. <br>
+PGmc *upanana → Skylandic "ouvenir" [uvniʁ] (to open) <br>
+PGmc *lesaną → Skylandic "lesen" [lə.zɑ̃] (to read) <br> <br>
+● *VsC → ⟨V̂C⟩ <br>
+PGmc *isti → Skylandic "îte" [it] (be.PRES) <br> <br>
+● *Vrh → /rVɕ/ <br>
+PGmc *þurhw → Skylandic "druch" [dʁyɕ] (through) <br> <br>
+● *l(i)j → /j/ ⟨ill⟩. Sometimes, this can happen even without the *j after *l.<br>
+PGmc *fallijana → Skylandic "faillen" [fajɑ̃] (to fall) <br> <br>
+● *oCu → /ø/ ⟨œu⟩ <br>
+PGmc *swotuz → Skylandic "sœuz" [sø] (sweet) <br> <br>
+● Monosyllabic /ə/ from French loans → /ø/ <br>
+French "que" → Skylandic "que" [kø] (''conjunctive'' that) <br> <br>
 ==Phonology==
 <!-- ***Phonology*** -->
@@ Line 58: / Line 166: @@
 -->
-===Orthography===
+The phonology of Skylandic is almost identical to that of French with only some minor differences.
-===Consonants===
+=== Consonant Inventory ===
+[[File:Sky conso.png|500px|frameless|none]]
+=== Vowel Inventories ===
+'''Modal Vowels'''
+[[File:Sky vowel-a.png|450px|frameless|none]]
+<br>
+'''Nasal Vowels'''
+[[File:Sky vowels-b.png|450px|frameless|none]]
+'''※''' The notation used on nasal vowels is based on Breton's spelling. The reason they are notated like that is that the conlanger is having a problem rendering the nasalization diacritic properly on MS Word. So he just resorted into using the n-tilde to signify nasalization.
-===Vowels===
+=== Allophones ===
-===Prosody===
+[[File:Sky vowels.png|thumb|right|Vowel phonemes of Skylandic.]]
-====Stress====
+The mid central vowel /ə/ is realized as a close mid unrounded vowel [ɘ] in stressed syllables. In the Primétoilean dialect, this vowel is realized as [ø].
-====Intonation====
-===Phonotactics===
+The front close-mid rounded vowel /ø/ in the present tense of regular verbs is realized in the Bernstein dialect as a mid-central vowel [ə] but is silent in the Primétoilean dialect.
-<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
-===Morphophonology===
-==Morphology==
-<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
-<!-- Here are some example subcategories:
+The consonants /ɕ ʑ ʁ/ are often realized as [ʃ ʒ ɾ~r~ɹ], especially by younger generations. Bernstein dialect speakers vocalize the phoneme /ʁ/ as [ɐ] after vowels.
-Nouns
+=== Liaison and Enchaînement ===
-Adjectives
+Just like French, Skylandic also exhibits liaison and enchaînement. '''Liaison''' is a phonological phenomenon in which a silent final consonant of word is pronounced and becomes the onset consonant of the next word's initial vowel. Unlike French, though, there are only two rules where liaison is impossible (see below). Otherwise, it's always possible.
-Verbs
-Adverbs
-Particles
-Derivational morphology
--->
+The two rules that predict impossible liaison are as follows:
+# If the first word ends with a consonant followed by the '''''morpheme''''' -s, making the grapheme sequence silent.
+# If the next word starts a new clause.
+'''Enchaînement''' [ɑ̃.ɕɛn.mɑ̃], on the other hand, is a phonological phenomenon where a pronounced final consonant from a word forms its own syllable with the initial vowel of the next word, or when two vowels become one long vowel or a phonetic diphthong. Unlike liaison which is mandatory, enchaînement is just optional and depends on the person speaking. In this phenomenon, the full vowels /i u y/ become the semi-vowels [j w ɥ].
+Liaison: <br>
+les House <br>
+[le.z‿uz] <br>
+"the house"
+Enchaînement:<br>
+Tu îte gout. <br>
+[tɥ‿it ɡu] <br>
+"You are good."
+=== Stress ===
+Skylandic has no lexical stress. That is, words on their own have no stressed syllable. Instead, it has '''''sentential stress''''' — stress on the sentence level. Stress only appears when words are combined together to form a complete sentence. The stress pattern of Skylandic sentences is always in '''iambs''' — syllable pairs consisting of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. In fact, Skylandic poetry is entirely based on this stress pattern but in specific counts — [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iambic_pentameter iambic pentameter]. <br><br>
+'''<big><big>Nauvement Huie Ich Isen Ai Préseunu.</big></big>'''<br>
+[nov''''mɑ̃'''.t‿ɥi ''''iɕ''' i''''zɑ̃'''.n‿ɛ ''''pʁe'''.zø'''ˌny'''] <br>
+"Exactly How I Planned It."
+=== Phonotactics ===
+Unfortunately, according to the conlanger, he didn't actually lay out any phonotactic rules for the language. All he just said that the Skylandic might actually have an almost identical phonotactic rules as French.
+== Orthography ==
+Skylandic uses the same alphabet and grapheme-to-phoneme correspondence as French, again with minor differences.
+'''Skylandic Alphabet''' <br>
+Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Xx Yy Zz <br>
+'''Collation Order''' <br>
+The alphabetical order is as shown above. However, for letters with diacritics, the base letter comes first before the one with diacritics. Thus, in a list or a dictionary, '''et''' comes first before '''ét''', '''èt''' and '''êt'''. Within diacritics, the order is acute first, then grave, and lastly circumplex. The diaeresis diacritic is rare in Skylandic.<br><br>
+The language used to be written using the Hebrew-based Grimoire script and the Georgian-based Elvish script. But ever since adopting the French spelling rule, all of Skyland has now switched to the Latin script.
+== Grapheme-to-Phoneme Correspondence ==
+=== Consonants and Clusters ===
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
+|+ Consonants
+|-
+! style="text-align:center" | Graphemes || Environment || Phoneme || Example
+|-
+| -bs, -cs, -ds, -fs,<br> -gs, -ps, -ts || Word-final || Silent || dain'''cs''' [dɛ̃]
+|-
+| rowspan=2 | b || elsewhere || /b/ || '''b'''leivre [blɛvʁ]
+|-
+| word-final || silent || Cram'''b''' [kʁɑ̃]
+|-
+| rowspan=2 | c || before e, i, y || /s/ || '''c'''e [sø]
+|-
+| elsewhere || /k/ || '''C'''ou [ku]
+|-
+| ch || everywhere || /ɕ/ || '''ch'''ans [ɕɑ̃]
+|-
+| rowspan=2 | d || word-final || silent || gai'''d''' [ɡɛ]
+|-
+| elsewhere || /d/ || '''d'''ou [du]
+|-
+| f || everywhere || /f/ || '''f'''ur [fyʁ]
+|-
+| rowspan=2 | g || before <e, i, y> || /ʑ/ || '''g'''êtran [ʑɛ.tʁɑ]
+|-
+| elsewhere || /ɡ/ || '''g'''out [ɡu]
+|-
+| gn || everywhere || /ɲ/ || a'''gn'''euvre [a.ɲøvʁ]
+|-
+| h || everywhere || silent || '''H'''ant [ɑ̃]
+|-
+| colspan=2 | j || /ʑ/ || '''j'''e [ʑø]
+|-
+| l, ll || everywhere || /l/ || '''L'''ant [lɑ̃]
+|-
+| m, mm || everywhere || /m/ || '''M'''ann [man]
+|-
+| n, nn || everywhere || /n/ || '''n'''eun [nœ̃]
+|-
+| rowspan=2 | p || word-final || silent || Dam'''p''' [dɑ̃]
+|-
+| elsewhere || /p/ || '''p'''lus [ply]
+|-
+| q(u) || everywhere || /k/ || '''qu'''e [kø]
+|-
+| r || everywhere || /ʁ/ || '''R'''uie [ʁɥi]
+|-
+| rowspan=3 | s || between vowels || /z/ || Hou'''s'''e [uz]
+|-
+| word-final || silent || lasai'''s''' [la.zɛ]
+|-
+| elsewhere || /s/ || '''S'''aive [sɛv]
+|-
+| rowspan=2 | t || word-final || silent || Blou'''t''' [blu]
+|-
+| elsewhere || /t/ || '''T'''rive [tʁiv]
+|-
+| v || everywhere || /v/ || '''V'''eaut [vo]
+|-
+| rowspan=2 | x || word-final || silent || Éleu'''x''' [e.lø]
+|-
+| between vowels || /k.s/ || e'''x'''aient [ɛk.sɛ]
+|-
+| rowspan=2 | z || word-final || silent || hou'''z''' [u]
+|-
+| elsewhere || /z/ || '''Z'''ite [zit]
+|}
+=== Vowels ===
+{| class="wikitable" cellspacing=3
+|+ Vowels and Vowel Combinations
+|-
+! Graphemes !! Environment !! Phoneme !! Example
+|-
+| colspan=2 | a, à || /a/ || v'''a'''r [vaʁ] "true"
+|-
+| colspan =2 | â || /ɑ/ || f'''â'''tenir [fɑt.niʁ] "to secure"
+|-
+| colspan =2 | ai, aî, aie || /ɛ/ || N'''ai'''t [nɛ] "night" <br> D'''aie''' [dɛ] "day"
+|-
+| colspan =2 | au || /o/ || Tr'''au'''me [tʁom] "dream"
+|-
+| colspan =2 | ay || /ɛj/ || d'''ay'''en [dɛ.jɑ̃] "to suck"
+|-
+| rowspan=7 | e || elsewhere || /ə/ or Ø || ouv'''e'''nir [uv.niʁ] "to open"<br> b'''e'''reuven [bəʁovɑ̃] "to rob"
+|-
+| before multiple consonants || rowspan=3 | /ɛ/ || br'''e'''chen [bʁɛɕɑ̃] "to break"
+|-
+| before a pronounced final<br> consonant || Aff'''e'''l [afɛl] "apple"
+|-
+| before ⟨x⟩ || '''e'''xaient [ɛk.sɛ] "was going out"
+|-
+| before a silent final<br> consonant || /e/ || d'''e'''s [de] "of the (singular)"
+|-
+| word-final in SG nouns || Ø || Triv'''e''' [tʁiv] "tree"
+|-
+| word-final in mono-<br>syllabic open words || /ø/ || j'''e''' [ʑø] 1SG.INTR
+|-
+| colspan=2 | é, ée || /e/ || '''é'''liven [elivɑ̃] "to split"
+|-
+| colspan=2 | è, ê || /ɛ/ || g'''ê'''tran [ʑɛtʁɑ̃] "to split"
+|-
+| colspan=2 | eau || /o/ || V'''eau'''t [vo] "world"
+|-
+| colspan=2 | ei, eî || /ɛ/ || r'''ei'''t [ʁɛ] "right. correct"
+|-
+| colspan=2 | eu, eû || /ø/ || h'''eu'''ren [øʁɑ̃] "to hear, listen"
+|-
+| rowspan=2 | i || elsewhere || /i/ || m'''i'''t [mi] "with"
+|-
+| before other vowels || /j/ || ét'''i'''enne [e.tjɛn] (eat.PRES.SJV)
+|-
+| colspan=2 | î || rowspan=2 | /i/ || '''î'''te [it] "is/am/are"
+|-
+| -ie || word-final only || Fantais'''ie''' [fɑ̃tɛzi]  "fantasy"
+|-
+| rowspan=2 | o || phonologically<br> final || /o/ || f'''o'''s [fo] (nurture.PRES)
+|-
+| elsewhere || /ɔ/ || H'''o'''ff [ɔf] "hope"
+|-
+| colspan=2 | ô || /o/ || f'''ô'''tre [fotʁ] "to nurture"
+|-
+| colspan=2 | oi, oie, oî || /wa/ || l'''oi'''r [lwaʁ] "low"
+|-
+| colspan=2 | œu || /ø/ || M'''œu'''r [møʁ] "mother"
+|-
+| colspan=2 | ou, oû || rowspan=2 | /u/ || Fl'''ou'''ch [fluɕ] "curse"
+|-
+|  oue || word-final only || Cl'''oue''' [klu] "lump"
+|-
+| colspan=2 | oy || /waj/ || d'''oy'''en [dwajɑ̃] "to die"
+|-
+| rowspan=3 | u || elsewhere || /y/ || f'''u'''r [fyʁ] "for"
+|-
+| after ⟨g<sup>1</sup>, q⟩ || Ø || g'''u'''irds [ɡiʁ] "become/s"<br>dainq'''u'''ons [dɛ̃kɔ̃] (thank.IMP)
+|-
+| before other vowels || /ɥ/ || h'''u'''iss [ɥis] "white"
+|-
+| colspan=2 | û || /y/ || pl'''û'''jain que [plyʑɛ̃ kø] "furthermore"
+|-
+| rowspan=2 | ue || elsewhere || /ɥɛ/ || m'''ue'''nir [mɥɛniʁ] "may, be allowed to"
+|-
+| word-final, after ⟨g, q⟩ || Ø || chainq'''ue''' [ɕɛ̃k] (bestow-IMP)
+|-
+| colspan=2 | -uie || /ɥi/ || l'''uie''' [lɥi] (lie.PRES)
+|-
+| colspan=2 | uy || /ɥij/ || l'''uy'''en [lɥi.jɑ̃] "to lie"
+|-
+| rowspan=2 | y || elsewhere || /i/ || '''y''' [i] 3SG.N.ERG
+|-
+| before vowels || /j/  || eu'''y'''en [ø.jɑ̃] "to show"
+|}
+<sup>1</sup> Only applies if another vowel succeeds ⟨u⟩. Otherwise, it's pronounced as usual — /y/.
+=== Vowels and Consonants ===
+{| class="wikitable"
+|+ Vowel and Consonant Combos
+|-
+! Graphemes !! Environment !! Phonemes !! Example
+|-
+| aim,<br>ain || before consonant<br> or finally || /ɛ̃/ || '''Ain'''te [ɛ̃t] "fear"
+|-
+| am, an || before consonant<br> or finally || /ɑ̃/ || L'''an'''t [lɑ̃] "land"<br> Nam [nɑ̃] "name
+|-
+| colspan=2 | cqu || /k/ || a'''cqu'''imen [akimɑ̃] "to arrive"
+|-
+| eim, ein || before consonant<br> or finally || /ɛ̃/ || '''ein'''houten- [ɛ̃.u.tɑ̃] "to contain"
+|-
+| rowspan=2 | em, en || before consonant<br> or finally elsewhere || /ɑ̃/ || -m'''en'''t [mɑ̃] "-ly"
+|-
+| PRES of some<br> verbs, after /j/ || /ɛ̃/ || ouvi'''en'''s [u.vjɛ̃] "open/s"
+|-
+| -ent || conjugation ending <br> in verbs || Ø || aiv'''ent''' [ɛv] (have.PRES.SJV)
+|-
+| -er || elsewhere finally || /e/ || ni'''er''' [nje] "under"
+|-
+| es || word-sinally || Ø || Veaut'''es''' [vot] "worlds"
+|-
+| eun || before consonant or<br> finally || /œ̃/ || ch'''eun''' [ɕœ̃] "beautiful"
+|-
+| ge || before ⟨a, o, u⟩ || /ʑ/ || han'''ge'''ant [ɑ̃ʑɑ̃] "hanging"
+|-
+| gu || before ⟨e, i, y⟩ || /ɡ/ || '''gu'''erdre [ɡɛʁdʁ] "to become"
+|-
+| rowspan=2 | il || after ⟨a, e, eu, <br>œ, ou, u, ue⟩ || /j/ || Fa'''il'''e [faj] "mistake"
+|-
+| elsewhere || depends || déto'''il'''en [detwalɑ̃] "to depart"
+|-
+| rowspan=2 | ill || after ⟨a, e, eu, <br>œ, ou, u, ue⟩ || /j/ || écou'''ill'''ir [ekujiʁ] "should"
+|-
+| elsewhere || depends || ép'''ill'''en [epilɑ̃] "to play"
+|-
+| im, in || before consonant or<br> finally || /ɛ̃/ || V'''in'''t [vɛ̃] "wind"
+|-
+| oin || before consonant <br> or finally || /wɛ̃/ || m'''oin''' [mwɛ̃] "hello"
+|-
+| om, on || before consonant <br> or finally || /ɔ̃/ || hay'''on'''s [ɛjɔ̃] (have.IMP)
+|-
+| tiV || anywhere || /tj/ || fâ'''ti'''ens [fɑtjɛ̃] "fasten/s"
+|-
+| um, un || before consonant <br> or finally || /ʏ̃/ || '''un'''ge [ʏ̃ʑ] "around"
+|}
+== Nouns ==
+=== Morphology ===
+Just like German, Skylandic nouns have their first letter capitalized wherever they appear in the sentence. However, unlike German and French, Skylandic nouns don't have gender. While they do decline according to case, they rarely do so that much. The only grammatical feature that they almost consistently inflect is number — that is, whether they're singular or plural.
+=== Cases ===
+Skylandic has five cases — namely, <i>ergative, intransitive, accusative, dative</i> and ''genitive''.
+<br><br>
+<b><big> A. Ergative Case (ERG) </big></b><br>
+The ERG case is used in marking the agent of a transitive verb and the subject of a relative clause. Depending on the noun's spelling, the nouns form their singular ERG form as follows:<br>
+'''1.''' If the noun ends in a silent -e, it doesn't really change form.<br>
+Trive ''tree'' → Trive<br><br>
+'''2.''' If the noun ends with a silent consonant, a silent -e is added.<br>
+Lant [lɑ̃] ''country'' → Lant'''e''' [lɑ̃t]<br><br>
+'''3.''' If the noun ends in a consonant phoneme, the suffix -ée is added.<br>
+Bouch [buɕ] ''book'' → Bouch'''ée''' [bu.ɕe] <br><br>
+<b><big> B. Intransitive Case (INTR) </big></b><br>
+The INTR case is the dictionary form of the nouns. It is used in marking the lone argument (subject) of an intransitive verb. Lone nouns in books and plays are usually in this case. Even if the verb can be transitive, as long as no direct object is present in the sentence, the subject still declines in INTR case. Both the subject and the complement of a copular verb like "guesen" are also declined into INTR (or more like doesn't really decline).<br><br>
+''Soyons un Mann!''<br>
+be.IMP NDEF.INTR man<br>
+"Be a man!"
+<br><br>
+<b><big> C. Accusative Case (ACC) </big></b><br>
+The ACC case is most commonly used in marking the patient of transitive verbs. Most locational prepositions also require their objects to be in ACC case. The object in a relative case is also declined in ACC case even though the subject has been replaced by the relative pronoun.
+<br><br>
+''Essons den <b>Fiche</b>.''<br>
+eat-IMP DEF.ACC.SG fish<br>
+"Eat the fish."<br><br>
+<b><big> D. Dative Case (DAT) </big></b><br>
+The DAT case is mainly used in marking the indirect object of ditransitive verbs. The preposition "du" ''to'', a majority of directional prepositions and other prepositions require the DAT case. Some verbs of feeling also require a DAT object. AN example of which is '''laid-toire''' "to feel sorry".<br><br>
+''Dou tois <b>mir</b> laid.''<br>
+SG.ERG do.PRES 1SG.DAT displeasing<br>
+"I feel sorry for you." <br><br>
+ERG and DAT case are the only cases that declinable nouns really do decline in their singular form. The inflection rules of the dative case are the same as with ERG.
+<b><big> E. Genitive Case (GEN) </big></b><br>
+The main function of the GEN case is to mark the possessor noun in a possessive phrase. Some adverbial phrases relating to points in time are also declined in GEN.
+<br><br>
+'''Ainis Daie''', vinniront je.<br>
+one-GEN.SG day | win-FUT 1SG.INTR<br>
+"One day I'll win."<br><br>
+''End des Veaut''<br>
+end DEF.GEN.SG world<br>
+"End of the World"
+=== Articles ===
+Because Skylandic nouns don't really decline that much, one must rely on grammatical articles to denote or signify the positional function of a word in a sentence. The articles of Skylandic only decline in number and case. These articles are shown on the image below.
+[[File:Articles.png|frameless|center|Grammatical articles of Skylandic.]]
+=== Plural Nouns ===
+Nouns form their plurals depending on how their singular form is spelled.
+<br><br>
+'''1.''' Nouns ending in a silent final -e form their plural in all cases by just adding a final '''-n'''.<br><br>
+Trive → Trive'''n''' <i>trees</i><br><br>
+'''2.''' Nouns ending in -el and -al form their INTR, ACC and GEN plurals by changing those endings to '''-eux''' and '''-aux''', respectively; and their ERG and DAT plural by changing those endings to '''-euse''' and '''-ause'''.
+[[File:Type 2 plural.png|frameless|none]]
+'''3.''' Monosyllabic nouns ending with a cluster grapheme where the last consonant is silent form their INTR, ACC and GEN plurals by '''umlauting''' and adding the suffix '''-er''' [e]; and their ERG and DAT plurals by adding the '''-reux''' instead of -er.
+[[File:Type 3 noun.png|frameless|none]]
+'''4.''' Nouns that end in a single silent consonant form their INTR, ACC, and GEN by adding the silent final '''-es'''; and their ERG and DAT plurals by adding '''-en'''.
+[[File:Type 4 noun.png|frameless|none]]
+'''5.''' Some nouns are just plain irregular.
+[[File:Irreg sky noun.png|frameless|none]]
+== Pronouns ==
+=== <big> Personal Pronouns </big> ===
+[[File:Pronouns.png|500px|frameless|none]]
+◆ NOTES:
+# The pronouns '''je''' and '''mich''' become clitics '''j'''' and '''m'''' before vowels. As for "tu", it only becomes a clitic '''t'''' before a word that starts with ⟨u⟩.
+# "'''Y'''" is pronounced [i] before consonants but [i.j‿] before vowels.
+=== <big> Relative Pronoun </big> ===
+There are two types of relative pronouns in Skylandic. Namely, the '''anaphoric''' and '''non-anaphoric''' relative pronouns.
+''Anaphoric'' REL pronouns are used when an antecedent word or phrase is present in the sentence. The pronoun '''huich''' and its forms below are anaphoric.
+[[File:Relpron.png|500px|frameless|none]]
+=== <big> Interrogative Pronouns </big> ===
+[[File:Questionpro.png|600px|frameless|none]]
+== Verbs ==
+=== <big> Morphology and Types </big> ===
+Skylandic verbs are classified using two sets of classifications — based on how they conjugate and on how they look. Based on how they look, a Skylandic verb can either be '''Germanic''' or '''French-y'''. Germanic verbs are called that not because they evolved from PGmc, but because end in the infinitive suffix '''-en''' while French-y verbs are called that not because they are French loans, but because they end in one of these endings: '''-ir, oir,''' or '''-re'''. Based on how they conjugate, they can be '''strong, weak, irregular''' or '''special'''. Most of the Germanic verbs are either weak or strong (depending on spelling; see below) while French-y verbs are mostly irregular. ''Special verbs'', on the other hand, are a set of regular French-y verbs that have a separate regular conjugation scheme of their own.
+=== <big> Strong Verbs </big> ===
+'''Strong verbs''' are verbs that conjugate by changing their stem vowel alongside annexing a conjugation suffix. This kind of vowel change is usually called '''''ablaut''''' and in this case it's a PIE or '''Proto-Indo-European ablaut'''. But unlike its IRL relatives, Skylandic doesn't classify strong verbs based on its etymological root's spelling, but on the verbs' current spelling themselves. Also, instead of having all seven classes, Skylandic now only has five (5) strong verb classes.<br><br>
+'''Class 1.''' These are verbs that contain the stem vowel '''-ei-''' [ɛ]. Most of these verbs evolved from PGmc verbs that has the stem vowel *ī. Their vowel changes are as follows.
+[[File:Class 1.png|frameless|none]]
+'''Class 2.''' These are verbs that contain the stem vowel digraph '''-eu-''' [ø]. These verbs evolved from PGmc verbs that have the diphthong *eu or an *au that has undergone an umlaut.
+[[File:Class 2.png|frameless|none]]
+'''Class 3.''' These are verbs that contain the stem vowel '''-e-''' or '''-i-''' followed by a consonant cluster or a double consonant. Sometimes, these consonant clusters are reduced to a single consonant and their previous presence is now just signaled by a circumplex diacritic (ê î) before the remaining consonant of the stem. This diacritic is carried onto the verb's conjugations.<br>
+[[File:Class 3a.png|frameless|none]]
+[[File:Class 3b.png|frameless|none]]
+'''Class 4.''' These are verbs that contain the stem vowel '''-é-''' followed by any of the four sonorants (''l, m, n,'' or ''r'') and no other consonants. The sonorants may or may not be doubled.
+[[File:Class 4.png|frameless|none]]
+'''Class 5.''' The last of the five classes of Skylandic strong verbs. These are verbs that contain the stem vowel '''-e-''' followed by a lone non-sonorant consonant.
+[[File:Class 5.png|frameless|none]]
+=== Weak Verbs ===
+The '''weak verbs''' are the so-called "regular verbs" of the language. All verbs under this category follow the same conjugation pattern and all of them don't change their spelling except from their infinitive ending -en.
+[[File:Regular2.png|frameless|none]]
+'''Take Note:'''<br>
+. The imperfect subjunctive conjugation suffix becomes '''-asse''' if the verb's stem ends in ⟨y⟩.<br>
+. The strong verbs also use the same conjugation endings for PRES, PRESP, PRES.SJV, FUT, and IMP "tenses".
+=== <big> Special Verbs </big> ===
+The following are the sets of special verbs.<br><br>
+'''1. -enir Verbs'''<br>
+These are verbs that have the infinitive ending '''''-enir''''' preceded by a consonant, thus excluding the modal verb "muenir". These verbs are attested to have evolved from PGmc class 4 weak verbs — the ones that end in *-naną, though there are exceptions, like '''ouvenir''' below. Their conjugation scheme is as follows:
+[[File:-enir.png|frameless|none]]
+'''2. -ayen, -oyen & -uyen Verbs'''
+<br>The ELRT is still debating on whether to include this in the sets of Special Verbs or if they are just special cases of weak verbs. Because, while they conjugate like weak verbs, the ⟨y⟩ on their INF ending becomes when followed by a silent ⟨e⟩. Examples are '''dayen, reinoyen''' and '''luyen'''.
-==Syntax==
-===Constituent order===
-===Noun phrase===
-===Verb phrase===
-===Sentence phrase===
-===Dependent clauses===
 <!-- etc. etc. -->
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 ==Other resources==
 <!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
+[https://docs.google.com/document/d/13xbxCMxDudxK0kaxXPYLzeU8A8LJ_B8ti-OkWtUqIvw/edit?usp=drivesdk Skylandic Book]
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 [[Category:Languages]]
 [[Category:Conlangs]]
+[[Category:A posteriori]]
+[[Category:Indo-European languages]]
+[[Category:Germanic languages]]
+[[Category:West Germanic languages]]