Linguifex

Skylandic: Difference between revisions

Page Discussion

Skylandic (view source)

Revision as of 09:43, 17 February 2025

4,847 bytes added ,  17 February
→‎Cases
 
(37 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 13: Line 13:
| states = Skyland
| states = Skyland
| speakers = 1.5 million
| speakers = 1.5 million
| date = 950 AD
| date = 1600
| speakers2 = 200,000 L2
| speakers2 = 200,000 L2
| familycolor = Indo-European
| familycolor = Indo-European
Line 46: Line 46:


The floating island's first inhabitants were ancient West Germanic mages who had stumbled upon the island using their flight magic. A couple of centuries later, the Old French mages also decided to explore and live on the island. From the mingling of the two communities, a new dialect of West Germanic was born which, over time, developed into a language of its own now known as Modern Skylandic.
The floating island's first inhabitants were ancient West Germanic mages who had stumbled upon the island using their flight magic. A couple of centuries later, the Old French mages also decided to explore and live on the island. From the mingling of the two communities, a new dialect of West Germanic was born which, over time, developed into a language of its own now known as Modern Skylandic.
==Classification==
==Classification==


Line 166: Line 167:
-->
-->
The phonology of Skylandic is almost identical to that of French with only some minor differences.
The phonology of Skylandic is almost identical to that of French with only some minor differences.
=== Consonant Inventory ===
[[File:Sky conso.png|500px|frameless|none]]


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" cellpadding=1
=== Vowel Inventories ===
|+ Consonant Inventory
'''Modal Vowels'''
|-
[[File:Sky vowel-a.png|450px|frameless|none]]
!  !! Labials !! Coronals !! Dorsals !! Other
<br>
|-
'''Nasal Vowels'''
| '''Nasals''' ||  m ||  n ||  ɲ ||
[[File:Sky vowels-b.png|450px|frameless|none]]
|-
| '''Plosives''' ||  p  b ||  t  d ||  k  g ||
|-
| '''Fricatives''' ||  f  v ||  s  z ||   ɕ  ʑ ||
|-
| '''Approximants''' ||  w ||  ||  ʁ  j ||  ɥ
|-
| '''Lateral''' || ||  l ||  ||
|}


'''Vowel Inventory'''
'''※''' The notation used on nasal vowels is based on Breton's spelling. The reason they are notated like that is that the conlanger is having a problem rendering the nasalization diacritic properly on MS Word. So he just resorted into using the n-tilde to signify nasalization.
{| class="wikitable" cellspacing=2 style="text-align:center"
|+  Modal Vowels
|-
!  !! Front !! Central !! Back
|-
| '''Close''' || i  y ||  || -  u
|-
| '''Close Mid''' || e  ø ||  || -  o
|-
| '''Mid''' ||  || ə ||
|-
| '''Open Mid''' || ɛ  - ||  || - ɔ
|-
| '''Open''' || a ||  || ɑ  -
|}
 
{| border="1" class="wikitable article-table" cellpadding="1" style="text-align:center"
|+ Nasal Vowels
|-
! !! Front !! Back
|-
| '''Near Close''' || - ʏ̃ ||
|-
| '''Open Mid''' || ɛ̃  œ̃ || - ɔ̃
|-
| '''Open''' ||  || ɑ̃  -
|}


=== Allophones ===
=== Allophones ===
Line 245: Line 212:
[nov''''mɑ̃'''.t‿ɥi ''''iɕ''' i''''zɑ̃'''.n‿ɛ ''''pʁe'''.zø'''ˌny'''] <br>
[nov''''mɑ̃'''.t‿ɥi ''''iɕ''' i''''zɑ̃'''.n‿ɛ ''''pʁe'''.zø'''ˌny'''] <br>
"Exactly How I Planned It."
"Exactly How I Planned It."
.
 
=== Phonotactics ===
Unfortunately, according to the conlanger, he didn't actually lay out any phonotactic rules for the language. All he just said that the Skylandic might actually have an almost identical phonotactic rules as French.


== Orthography ==
== Orthography ==
Line 482: Line 451:
The INTR case is the dictionary form of the nouns. It is used in marking the lone argument (subject) of an intransitive verb. Lone nouns in books and plays are usually in this case. Even if the verb can be transitive, as long as no direct object is present in the sentence, the subject still declines in INTR case. Both the subject and the complement of a copular verb like "guesen" are also declined into INTR (or more like doesn't really decline).<br><br>
The INTR case is the dictionary form of the nouns. It is used in marking the lone argument (subject) of an intransitive verb. Lone nouns in books and plays are usually in this case. Even if the verb can be transitive, as long as no direct object is present in the sentence, the subject still declines in INTR case. Both the subject and the complement of a copular verb like "guesen" are also declined into INTR (or more like doesn't really decline).<br><br>


''Guésons un Mann!''<br>
''Soyons un Mann!''<br>
be.IMP NDEF.INTR man<br>
be.IMP NDEF.INTR man<br>
"Be a man!"
"Be a man!"
Line 519: Line 488:
Nouns form their plurals depending on how their singular form is spelled.
Nouns form their plurals depending on how their singular form is spelled.
<br><br>
<br><br>
'''1.''' Nouns ending in a silent final -e form their plural in all cases by just adding a final -n.<br><br>
'''1.''' Nouns ending in a silent final -e form their plural in all cases by just adding a final '''-n'''.<br><br>
Trive → Trive'''n''' <i>trees</i><br><br>
Trive → Trive'''n''' <i>trees</i><br><br>


Line 528: Line 497:
[[File:Type 3 noun.png|frameless|none]]
[[File:Type 3 noun.png|frameless|none]]


'''4.''' Nouns that end in a single silent vowels form their INTR, ACC, and GEN by adding the silent final '''-es'''; and their ERG and DAT plurals by adding '''-en'''.
'''4.''' Nouns that end in a single silent consonant form their INTR, ACC, and GEN by adding the silent final '''-es'''; and their ERG and DAT plurals by adding '''-en'''.
[[File:Type 4 noun.png|frameless|none]]
[[File:Type 4 noun.png|frameless|none]]


==Syntax==
'''5.''' Some nouns are just plain irregular.
===Constituent order===
[[File:Irreg sky noun.png|frameless|none]]
===Noun phrase===
 
===Verb phrase===
== Pronouns ==
===Sentence phrase===
=== <big> Personal Pronouns </big> ===
===Dependent clauses===
[[File:Pronouns.png|500px|frameless|none]]
 
◆ NOTES:
# The pronouns '''je''' and '''mich''' become clitics '''j'''' and '''m'''' before vowels. As for "tu", it only becomes a clitic '''t'''' before a word that starts with ⟨u⟩.
# "'''Y'''" is pronounced [i] before consonants but [i.j‿] before vowels.
 
=== <big> Relative Pronoun </big> ===
There are two types of relative pronouns in Skylandic. Namely, the '''anaphoric''' and '''non-anaphoric''' relative pronouns.
 
''Anaphoric'' REL pronouns are used when an antecedent word or phrase is present in the sentence. The pronoun '''huich''' and its forms below are anaphoric.
[[File:Relpron.png|500px|frameless|none]]
 
=== <big> Interrogative Pronouns </big> ===
[[File:Questionpro.png|600px|frameless|none]]
 
== Verbs ==
 
=== <big> Morphology and Types </big> ===
Skylandic verbs are classified using two sets of classifications — based on how they conjugate and on how they look. Based on how they look, a Skylandic verb can either be '''Germanic''' or '''French-y'''. Germanic verbs are called that not because they evolved from PGmc, but because end in the infinitive suffix '''-en''' while French-y verbs are called that not because they are French loans, but because they end in one of these endings: '''-ir, oir,''' or '''-re'''. Based on how they conjugate, they can be '''strong, weak, irregular''' or '''special'''. Most of the Germanic verbs are either weak or strong (depending on spelling; see below) while French-y verbs are mostly irregular. ''Special verbs'', on the other hand, are a set of regular French-y verbs that have a separate regular conjugation scheme of their own.
 
=== <big> Strong Verbs </big> ===
'''Strong verbs''' are verbs that conjugate by changing their stem vowel alongside annexing a conjugation suffix. This kind of vowel change is usually called '''''ablaut''''' and in this case it's a PIE or '''Proto-Indo-European ablaut'''. But unlike its IRL relatives, Skylandic doesn't classify strong verbs based on its etymological root's spelling, but on the verbs' current spelling themselves. Also, instead of having all seven classes, Skylandic now only has five (5) strong verb classes.<br><br>
 
'''Class 1.''' These are verbs that contain the stem vowel '''-ei-''' [ɛ]. Most of these verbs evolved from PGmc verbs that has the stem vowel *ī. Their vowel changes are as follows.
[[File:Class 1.png|frameless|none]]
 
'''Class 2.''' These are verbs that contain the stem vowel digraph '''-eu-''' [ø]. These verbs evolved from PGmc verbs that have the diphthong *eu or an *au that has undergone an umlaut.
[[File:Class 2.png|frameless|none]]
 
'''Class 3.''' These are verbs that contain the stem vowel '''-e-''' or '''-i-''' followed by a consonant cluster or a double consonant. Sometimes, these consonant clusters are reduced to a single consonant and their previous presence is now just signaled by a circumplex diacritic (ê î) before the remaining consonant of the stem. This diacritic is carried onto the verb's conjugations.<br>
 
[[File:Class 3a.png|frameless|none]]
 
[[File:Class 3b.png|frameless|none]]
 
'''Class 4.''' These are verbs that contain the stem vowel '''-é-''' followed by any of the four sonorants (''l, m, n,'' or ''r'') and no other consonants. The sonorants may or may not be doubled.
[[File:Class 4.png|frameless|none]]
 
'''Class 5.''' The last of the five classes of Skylandic strong verbs. These are verbs that contain the stem vowel '''-e-''' followed by a lone non-sonorant consonant.
[[File:Class 5.png|frameless|none]]
 
=== Weak Verbs ===
The '''weak verbs''' are the so-called "regular verbs" of the language. All verbs under this category follow the same conjugation pattern and all of them don't change their spelling except from their infinitive ending -en.
[[File:Regular2.png|frameless|none]]
'''Take Note:'''<br>
1. The imperfect subjunctive conjugation suffix becomes '''-asse''' if the verb's stem ends in ⟨y⟩.<br>
2. The strong verbs also use the same conjugation endings for PRES, PRESP, PRES.SJV, FUT, and IMP "tenses".
 
=== <big> Special Verbs </big> ===
The following are the sets of special verbs.<br><br>
'''1. -enir Verbs'''<br>
These are verbs that have the infinitive ending '''''-enir''''' preceded by a consonant, thus excluding the modal verb "muenir". These verbs are attested to have evolved from PGmc class 4 weak verbs — the ones that end in *-naną, though there are exceptions, like '''ouvenir''' below. Their conjugation scheme is as follows:
[[File:-enir.png|frameless|none]]
 
'''2. -ayen, -oyen & -uyen Verbs'''
<br>The ELRT is still debating on whether to include this in the sets of Special Verbs or if they are just special cases of weak verbs. Because, while they conjugate like weak verbs, the ⟨y⟩ on their INF ending becomes when followed by a silent ⟨e⟩. Examples are '''dayen, reinoyen''' and '''luyen'''.
 
<!-- etc. etc. -->
<!-- etc. etc. -->


Line 543: Line 569:
==Other resources==
==Other resources==
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
[https://docs.google.com/document/d/13xbxCMxDudxK0kaxXPYLzeU8A8LJ_B8ti-OkWtUqIvw/edit?usp=drivesdk Skylandic Book]


<!-- Template area -->
<!-- Template area -->
KazuInoue
175

edits

Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/433092...445580"