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====Case and Number====
====Case and Number====
Peshpeg's three-way split in its morphological alignment underlies its nominal case-number system.  Thus, the case-number system reflects the nominal system's animacy hierarchy.  A nominative-accusative pattern is observed among Class I nouns, an ergative-absolutive pattern in Class II nouns, and a direct marking in its Class III nouns.  The nominative-accusative pattern in Class I nouns marks direct objects with the submorpheme ''-j-''.  The ergative-absolutive system is distinguished by the submorpheme ''-d-'' for ergative arguments.  Class III nouns do not distinguish agent-patient roles, reflecting the direct alignment of these nouns.
Peshpeg's three-way split in its morphological alignment underlies its nominal case-number system.  Thus, the case-number system reflects the nominal system's animacy hierarchy.  A nominative-accusative pattern is observed among Class I nouns, an ergative-absolutive pattern in Class II nouns, and a direct marking pattern in its Class III nouns.  The nominative-accusative pattern in Class I nouns marks direct objects with the submorpheme ''-j-''.  The ergative-absolutive system is distinguished by the submorpheme ''-d-'' for ergative arguments.  Class III nouns do not distinguish agent-patient roles, reflecting the direct alignment of these nouns.


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
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2. Unmarked Agent + Unmarked Patient (Class I Nominative + Class II Absolutive):
2. Unmarked Agent + Unmarked Patient (Class I Nominative + Class II Absolutive):
{{Gloss
{{Gloss
|phrase = Torzhadu Kodzorinjor munembiri jorlu.
|phrase = Kodzorin torzha munembiri jorlu.
| IPA =   
| IPA =   
| morphemes = kodzorin torzha mu-nembiri jorlu.
| morphemes = kodzorin torzha mu-nembiri jorlu.
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| IPA =  
| IPA =  
| morphemes = golahát-in i-ru-nki daltashi
| morphemes = golahát-in i-ru-nki daltashi
| gloss = in_duari-CL3 PST-go-CL3.S alone
| gloss = dirt-CL3 PST-go-CL3.S alone
| translation = The Ín Duári (man) went unaccompanied.
| translation = The Ín Duári (man) went unaccompanied.
}}
}}
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible"
|+ '''Pronominal Agreement Markers'''
|+ '''Verb Template of ''-mb-'' '''
|-
|-
! Object !! Subject !! Connective !! Locative !! Tense !! Mood
! Object !! Subject !! Root !! Tense !! Mood
|-
|-
|  
|  
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*gu-, -g-
*gu-, -g-
*gi-, -g-
*gi-, -g-
| -mon-
| -mb-  
| 
-bi-
|
|
*-ji-  
*-ji-  
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Unlike periphrastic verbs, which require two separate lexemes, an auxiliary verb plus a verb root, synthetic verbs encode all verbal inflections on the verb root itself.  Synthetic verbs are conservative, preserving the original Peshpeg verbal paradigms.  The majority of the roots of synthetic verbs are monosyllabic and are high-frequency words, the latter of which has led to their preservation.
Unlike periphrastic verbs, which require two separate lexemes, an auxiliary verb plus a verb root, synthetic verbs encode all verbal inflections on the verb root itself.  Synthetic verbs are conservative, preserving the original Peshpeg verbal paradigms.  The majority of the roots of synthetic verbs are monosyllabic and are high-frequency words, the latter of which has led to their preservation.


===== Non-stative Verbs =====
Three tenses are distinguished: present (unmarked), past (marked with the prefix ''i-''), and future (prefix ''ta-'').  Aspect marking is distinguished by null-marking for the perfect, and the prefix ''dal-'' for the imperfect.  The prefixes show vowel harmony with the first vowel of the verb root.
Three tenses are distinguished: present (unmarked), past (marked with the prefix ''i-''), and future (prefix ''ta-'').  Aspect marking is distinguished by null-marking for the perfect, and the prefix ''dal-'' for the imperfect.  The prefixes show vowel harmony with the first vowel of the verb root.


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| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| utorunki <br/>utorunkik
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| utorunki <br/>utorunkik
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| tutorunki <br/> tutorunkik
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| tutorunki <br/> tutorunkik
|}
<br/>
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible"
|+ '''Conjugation of <span style="font-style:italic">jor-/jóru-</span> "to say"'''
! rowspan="4" | Person
|-
! colspan="6" | Tense
|-
! colspan="2" | Present !!colspan="2"| Past !!colspan="2"| Future
|-
!  Singular !! Plural !! Singular!! Plural !! Singular !! Plural
|-
! 1
|| jorni || jorunti || ijorni || ijorunti || tajorni || tajorunti
|-
! 2
|| jorzi || jorusti|| ijorzi || ijorusti|| tajorzi || tajorusti
|-
! Class I
|| jor|| jorti||ijor || ijorti || tajor || tajorti
|-
! Class II
|| jorumvi || jorumvit ||ijorumvi || ijorumvit || tajorumvi || tajorumvit
|-
! Class III
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" |jorunki <br/>jorunkik
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| ijorunki <br/>ijorunkik
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| tajorunki <br/> tajorunkik
|}
|}


*<span style="font-weight:bold; font-style:italic"> jóru-</span> to say
<!--
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible"
|+ '''Present'''
|+ '''Present'''
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| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"|tajórunki < tajóru-nk-i <br/> tajórunkik < tajóru-nk-i-t
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"|tajórunki < tajóru-nk-i <br/> tajórunkik < tajóru-nk-i-t
|-
|-
|}
-->
===== Stative Verbs =====
<br/>
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible"
|+ '''Conjugation of <span style="font-style:italic">doc-</span> "be red"'''
! rowspan="4" | Person
|-
! colspan="6" | Tense
|-
! colspan="2" | Present !!colspan="2"| Past !!colspan="2"| Future
|-
!  Singular !! Plural !! Singular!! Plural !! Singular !! Plural
|-
! 1
|| docni || docunti || idocni || idocunti || udocni || udocunti
|-
! 2
|| dozi || dosti|| idozi || idosti|| udozin || udosti
|-
! Class I
|| doc || dosti||udoc || udoci || udoz || udosti
|-
! Class II
|| dozi || dozit || dozün || dozüt || udozin || udozüt
|-
! Class III
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" |docunki <br/>docunkik
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| idocunki <br/>idocunkik
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| udocunki <br/> udocunkik
|}
<br/>
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible"
|+ '''Conjugation of <span style="font-style:italic">tava-</span> "be blue"'''
! rowspan="4" | Person
|-
! colspan="6" | Tense
|-
! colspan="2" | Present !!colspan="2"| Past !!colspan="2"| Future
|-
!  Singular !! Plural !! Singular!! Plural !! Singular !! Plural
|-
! 1
|| tavani || tavanti || itavani || itavanti || etavani || etavanti
|-
! 2
|| tavasi || tavasti|| itavagi || itavasti|| etavagin || etavasti
|-
! Class I
|| tava || tavati||etava || etavai || etavagi || etavasti
|-
! Class II
|| tavagi || tavagit || tavagün || tavagüt || etavagin || etavagüt
|-
! Class III
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" |tavanki <br/>tavankik
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| itavanki <br/>itavankik
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| etavanki <br/> etavankik
|}
|}


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| temon || no || Clause-initial
| temon || no || Clause-initial
|-
|-
| igam...bi || not || ''igam'': Clause initial; ''bi'': Clause-final
| igam, bi || not || ''igam'': Clause initial; ''bi'': Clause-final
|-
|-
| beshlor || not || Scope-ordered, clause-final barred
| beshlor || not || Scope-ordered, clause-final barred
Line 998: Line 1,086:


===Noun phrase===
===Noun phrase===
===Adjectival phrse===
===Adjectival phrase===
Adjectives take minimal inflection, based on its position relative to its noun head.  A suffix ''-em'' simply indicates the adjective is dependent on another element, and appears when the adjective follows its head.  Interestingly, if a periphrastic verb  construction appears immediately after the adjective, the adjective is displaced and must appear before its noun head.  A connective ''mon'' surfaces between the pre-nominal adjective and its noun.  This rule does not apply with synthetic verbs, however, following the default noun-adjective order, wherein the ''-em'' suffix obligatorily surfaces.
Adjectives take minimal inflection, based on its position relative to its noun head.  A suffix ''-em'' simply indicates the adjective is dependent on another element, and appears when the adjective follows its head.  Interestingly, if a periphrastic verb  construction appears immediately after the adjective, the adjective is displaced and must appear before its noun head.  A connective ''mon'' surfaces between the pre-nominal adjective and its noun.  This rule does not apply with synthetic verbs, however, following the default noun-adjective order, wherein the ''-em'' suffix obligatorily surfaces.


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