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Nidâri is one of two extant members of the Duaric language family.  The language is spoken by roughly 1,200 people in Sašvân ("refuge"), a volcanic island approximately 1100 km southeast of Minhay.  Unlike its relative, Ín Duári, more than 90% of its inhabitants claim Nidâri as their first language.  The language's survival and relative health compared to Ín Duári, considered a moribund language, can be attributed to the physical separation of its speakers from the Minhast mainland.
Nidâri is one of two extant members of the Duaric language family.  The language is spoken by roughly 1,200 people in Sašvân ("refuge"), a volcanic island approximately 1100 km southeast of Minhay.  Unlike its relative, [[Ín_Duári| Ín Duári]], more than 90% of its inhabitants claim Nidâri as their first language.  The language's survival and relative health compared to Ín Duári, considered a moribund language, can be attributed to the physical separation of its speakers from the Minhast mainland.


Because of this separation, various phonemic and morphological changes have rendered Nidâri and Ín Duári mutually unintelligible.  While more innovations have occurred in Nidâri, it nevertheless has retained more of the original Duaric lexicon, as loanwords from the [[Minhast]] and Peshpeg languages have had a significant impact on the Ín Duári lexicon.
Because of this separation, various phonemic and morphological changes have rendered Nidâri and Ín Duári mutually unintelligible.  Ín Duári is considered the more conservative of the two languages, as it has preserved most of the protolanguage's noun class system and more archaic verb system.  While more innovations have indeed occurred in Nidâri, it nevertheless has retained more of the original Duaric lexicon, as loanwords from the [[Minhast]] and [[Peshpeg]] languages have had a significant impact on the Ín Duári lexicon.  Moreover, while it is the case that the Nidâri noun class system has been reduced to four classes, as opposed to Ín Duári's eight classes, the number of irregularities' in Nidâri's noun class system paradoxically reveals that it has preserved remnants of an even more extensive system from the protolanguage.


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===Nouns===
===Nouns===
Nouns inflect for gender, number and case.  The original Proto-Duaric gender system consisted of at least eight noun classes, perhaps even up to eleven<sup>‡</sup>, descended from an earlier system that distinguished animacy through noun classifiers.  Of this complex noun class system, Nidâri preserved four of them.
Nouns inflect for gender, number and case.  The original Proto-Duaric gender system consisted of at least eight noun classes, perhaps even up to eleven<ref>The putative eleven cases are based on the Nidâri suffixes ''-šni'', ''-jan'', and ''-qan'', which have no cognate forms in Ín Duári.</ref>, descended from an earlier system that distinguished animacy through noun classifiers.  Of this complex noun class system, Nidâri preserved four of them.


Animacy has some correlation amongst the surviving noun classes, with animacy tending to decrease from left to right across the noun classes.  However, the animacy distinctions have blurred, with some of the nouns in the protolanguage being reassigned to another class due to syncretism, as can be seen in the Class III and IV nouns, where both the singular and plural nominative and genitive forms are wildly irregular.  Across all noun classes, including the irregular paradigms, there is always an infixed ''-h-'' in the plural, reflecting an earlier ''-θ-'' in the Proto-language.
Animacy has some correlation amongst the surviving noun classes, with animacy tending to decrease from left to right across the noun classes.  However, the animacy distinctions have blurred, with some of the nouns in the protolanguage being reassigned to another class due to syncretism, as can be seen in the Class III and IV nouns, where both the singular and plural nominative and genitive forms are wildly irregular.  Across all noun classes, including the irregular paradigms, there is always an infixed ''-h-'' in the plural, reflecting an earlier ''-θ-'' in the Proto-language that is still preserved in Ín Duári.




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<sup>‡</sup> The putative eleven cases are based on the Nidâri suffixes ''-šni'', ''-jan'', and ''-qan'', which have no cognate forms in Ín Duári.
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|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| vaš
| šuda
| veš
| šuha
| jan
| gardaš
| zay
| gardân
| nay
| nia
| zay
| nihâ
| āni
| ni
| zan
| niah
| zane
| nešq
| zan
| nâhe
| hašvin
| niškâr
| haš
| našin
|-  
|-  
! Genitive
! Genitive
| vašân
| šudâni
|
| šuhân
|  
| gardaq
|  
| garâdi
|  
| niani
|  
| nihâni
|
| niar
|
| nihâr
|
| nešqân
|
| na’i
|
| nin
|  
| našvâz
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
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|-
|-
! Present
! Present
| bâz << bey-ân-z, biy-ân-z
| bâz <!-- << bey-ân-z, biy-ân-z -->
| bâš, bâšq << bey-ân-z-g, biy-ân-z-g
| bâš, bâšq <!-- << bey-ân-z-g, biy-ân-z-g -->
|-
|-
! Future/Irrealis
! Future/Irrealis
| bidâz << biy-ad-ân-z
| bidâz <!-- << biy-ad-ân-z -->
| bidâšq << biy-ad-ân-z-g
| bidâšq <!-- << biy-ad-ân-z-g -->
|-
|-
! Past
! Past
| baštân << ba-š-t-ân
| baštân <!-- << ba-š-t-ân-->
| baštâq << ba-št-ân-g
| baštâq <!-- << ba-št-ân-g -->
|-
|-
! Imperative
! Imperative
| baš << ba-š
| baš <!-- << ba-š -->
| bašqân, bašgân << ba-š-g-ân
| bašqân, bašgân <!-- << ba-š-g-ân -->
|-
|-
|}
|}
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
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|-
! rowspan="3"| Tense-Aspect
! colspan="12" |  Person
|-
! colspan="2" | 1st
! colspan="2" | 2nd
! colspan="2" | Class I
! colspan="2" | Class II
! colspan="2" | Class III
! colspan="2" | Class IV
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Present
| šubâz
| šubâzan
| garbâz
| garbâzan
| bâz
| bâzan
| nebâz
| nehbâzan
| nibâz
| nehbâzan
|
|
|-
! Future/Irrealis
| šubidâz
| šubidâzan
|
|
| bidâz
| bidâzan
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! Perfective
| šubaštân
| šubaštânan
|
|
| baštân
| baštânan
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! Imperfective
| šušbaš
| šušbâšan
|
|
| bibaš
| bibašan
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! Purposive
| šubâšaniš  //c.f. Ín Duári suffix "-iţ" (e.g. varánu-iţ "in order to see"//
| šubâšananiš
|
|
| bâšaniš
| bâšananiš
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! Imperative
|
|
|
|
| baš
| bašan
|
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|
|}
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The copula originates from two roots, ''ba-'' and ''biy-''.  The root ''bi-'' is used to form the Future/Irrealis stem, whilst ''ba-'' forms the rest of the TAM stems.  Both ''ba-'' and ''biy-'' are cognate with Ín Duári ''bean'', “to sit, be in a sitting position”
The copula originates from two roots, ''ba-'' and ''biy-''.  The root ''bi-'' is used to form the Future/Irrealis stem, whilst ''ba-'' forms the rest of the TAM stems.  Both ''ba-'' and ''biy-'' are cognate with Ín Duári ''bean'', “to sit, be in a sitting position”
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|phrase = Birân bagdaman baštân.
|phrase = Birân bagdaman baštân.
| IPA = /bi'rɒ:n bagda'man baʃ'tɒn/
| IPA = /bi'rɒ:n bagda'man baʃ'tɒn/
| morphemes = birân bagda-man baštân
| morphemes = bir-ân bagda-man baštân
| gloss = to.house running-CL1.NOM was
| gloss = to.house-CL4.NOM running-CL1.NOM was
| translation = He ran home.
| translation = He ran home.
}}
}}
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|phrase = Han gabagdaman baštâq gureh birân.
|phrase = Han gabagdaman baštâq gureh birân.
| IPA = /han gabagda'man baʃ'taɣ gu'rɛh bi'rɒ:n /
| IPA = /han gabagda'man baʃ'taɣ gu'rɛh bi'rɒ:n /
| morphemes = han ga=bagdam-an baštaq gureh birân
| morphemes = han ga=bagdam-an baštaq gureh bir-ân
| gloss = NEG NEG=running-CL1.NOM was.NEG try to.house
| gloss = NEG NEG=running-CL1.NOM was.NEG try to.house-CL4.NOM
| translation = He did not try to run home.
| translation = He did not try to run home.
}}
}}
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{{Gloss
{{Gloss
|phrase = Han gatâqivan birânen baštâqešan gureh.
|phrase = Han gatâqivan birânen baštâqešan gureh.
| IPA = /han gatɒ'ɣivan birɒ'nɛn bagda'min baʃtaɣe'ʃan gu'rɛh/
| IPA = /han gatɒɣi'van birɒ'nɛn baʃtaɣe'ʃan gu'rɛh/
| morphemes = han ga=tâqiv-an birân-en baštâq-ešan gureh
| morphemes = han ga=tâqiv-an bir-ânen baštâq-ešan gureh
| gloss = NEG NEG=burning-CL1.NOM house-GEN was.NEG=CAUS try
| gloss = NEG NEG=burning-CL1.NOM house-CL4.GEN was.NEG-CAUS try
| translation = He did not try to burn down the house.
| translation = He did not try to burn down the house.
}}
}}


<!-- "bir-" ("house, home"), cognate with Ín Duári "ber-" ("stone") -->
===Adjectives===
==Syntax==
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Constituent order===
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===Noun phrase===
===Noun phrase===
====Possessive Constructions====
====Comparison====
===Verb phrase===
===Verb phrase===
As mentioned in the [[Nidâri#The_Participial|Participial Section]], the participial and its head, the object, are in form identical with that of a nominal possessive phrase.  The possessor of the NP serves as head and the possessum its dependent, just as the direct object serves as the head of its dependent, the participial.  Both the possessor and the direct object receive genitive marking.  The participial must also agree with the subject in gender and number, as illustrated in the following example:
As mentioned in the [[Nidâri#The_Participial|Participial Section]], the participial and its head, the object, are in form identical with that of a nominal possessive phrase.  The possessor of the NP serves as head and the possessum its dependent, just as the direct object serves as the head of its dependent, the participial.  Both the possessor and the direct object receive genitive marking.  The participial must also agree with the subject in gender and number, as illustrated in the following example:
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==Example texts==
==Example texts==
== Footnotes ==
{{reflist}}
==Other resources==
==Other resources==
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