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Jokelang 2: Difference between revisions
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|created = 2023 | |created = 2023 | ||
|creator = Dillon Hartwig | |creator = Dillon Hartwig | ||
|familycolor = isolate | |||
|script = Latn | |script = Latn | ||
}} | }} | ||
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==Orthography and phonology== | ==Orthography and phonology== | ||
Jokelang 2 orthography and phonology are identical to modern [[w:General_American_English|General American]] and [[w:Received Pronunciation|Received Pronunciation]] English, except the General American accent retains /ʍ/ and the Received Pronunciation accent has [[w:Linking_and_intrusive_R#IntrusiveR|intrusive R]], and a small number of | Jokelang 2 orthography and phonology are identical to modern [[w:General_American_English|General American]] and [[w:Received Pronunciation|Received Pronunciation]] English, except the General American accent retains /ʍ/ and the Received Pronunciation accent has [[w:Linking_and_intrusive_R#IntrusiveR|intrusive R]], and a small number of words have non-GA/RP pronunciations. | ||
See also [[Jokelang_2#Accent agreement|Accent agreement]]. | See also [[Jokelang_2#Accent agreement|Accent agreement]]. | ||
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====Pronouns==== | ====Pronouns==== | ||
Pronouns mark number, gender, and many other categories. | Pronouns mark number, gender, and many other categories. Informal plural pronouns in formal are instead singular. | ||
====Demonstratives==== | |||
Nouns and pronouns can be reduplicated with the opposite accent to act as preceding demonstratives. | |||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
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===Questions=== | ===Questions=== | ||
Jokelang 2 has no overt question marking. Questions are asked by stating an affirmative sentence and demanding that the listener answers, usually with ''"Spillet capiche," "Answer (threatening imperative)." | |||
===Negation=== | ===Negation=== | ||
===Circumpositions=== | ===Circumpositions=== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 | ! !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 | ||
|- | |||
! British | |||
| cocky || lua || five || colspan="2" | ha | |||
|- | |- | ||
! American | ! American | ||
| beer || ick || ooch || colspan="2" | dirt | | beer || ick || ooch || colspan="2" | dirt | ||
|- | |||
! !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 | |||
|- | |- | ||
! British | ! British | ||
| | | oh no || hick || wall || ewe || oomie | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! American | ! American | ||
| alty || yeti || seckies || dokas || on | | alty || yeti || seckies || dokas || on | ||
|- | |||
! !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 | |||
|- | |- | ||
! British | ! British | ||
| | | cockimie || lumie || coalmie || colspan="2" | hamie | ||
|- | |- | ||
! American | ! American | ||
| beer-on || ick-on || ooch-on || colspan="2" | dirt-on | | beer-on || ick-on || ooch-on || colspan="2" | dirt-on | ||
|- | |||
! !! 16 !! 17 !! 18 !! 19 !! 20 | |||
|- | |- | ||
! British | ! British | ||
| | | oh nomie || hickmie || wallmie || ewemie || ukalue | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! American | ! American | ||
| alty-on || yeti-on || seckies-on || dokas-on || yermie | | alty-on || yeti-on || seckies-on || dokas-on || yermie | ||
|- | |||
! !! 30 !! 40 !! 50 !! 60 !! 70 | |||
|- | |- | ||
! British | ! British | ||
| | | canoke || cow || lime || rowspan="2" | on-alty || rowspan="2" | on-yeti | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! American | ||
| oats || kirk || elly | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! !! 80 !! 90 !! 100 !! 1,000 !! 1,000,000 | ||
|- | |- | ||
! British | ! British | ||
| | | rowspan="2" | on-seckies || rowspan="2" | on-dokas || hanele || kaukany || rowspan="2" | big | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! American | ! American | ||
| use || bin | |||
|} | |} | ||
====Units of measurement==== | ====Units of measurement==== | ||
All unit words have paired imperial and metric meanings based on the noun they modify, imperial for American nouns and metric for British nouns. | All unit words have paired imperial and metric meanings based on the noun they modify, imperial for American nouns and metric for British nouns. These pairs are not always near-equivalent. | ||
===Classifiers=== | ===Classifiers=== | ||
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==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
===Constituent order=== | ===Constituent order=== | ||
Word order is strictly SVO. | Word order is strictly SVO, except in the dialect spoken in the Soviet Union and post-Soviet states where the predominant order is OVS. | ||
===Noun and verb phrases=== | ===Noun and verb phrases=== | ||
Possessors, adjectives, and adverbs follow their head. Numerals and demonstratives precede their head. | |||
===Dependent clauses=== | ===Dependent clauses=== | ||
Dependent clauses follow their head. | |||
==Example texts== | ==Example texts== | ||
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article 1=== | ===Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article 1=== | ||
'''A murican whizz paw freedombuh ah reddingbuh | '''A murican whizz paw freedombuh ah reddingbuh foo digity bar ah foo diggity bar. Yodel shoob why ah whoe ah forwhittling ation again undlebuh again jon. | ||
{{interlinear | {{interlinear | ||
|A murican whizz paw freedom-buh ah redding-buh foo | |A murican whizz paw freedom-buh ah redding-buh foo digity bar ah foo diggity bar. | ||
|PL.US person {all known and unknown} bear.PASS.US free.US-ESS and equal.US-ESS in | |PL.US person {all known and unknown} bear.PASS.US free.US-ESS and equal.US-ESS in dignity in and in rights in | ||
||display-messages=no|italics2=no|italics3=no|ablist=US:American gender}} | ||display-messages=no|italics2=no|italics3=no|ablist=US:American gender}} | ||
<br> | <br> | ||
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==Other resources== | ==Other resources== | ||
[https://cals.info/language/jokelang-2/ CALS] | *[https://cals.info/language/jokelang-2/ CALS] | ||
*[[Jokelang 2/Swadesh]] | |||
[[Category:Jokelang 2 language]] | [[Category:Jokelang 2 language]] | ||
[[Category:Jokelangs]] | |||
[[Category:Languages]] | [[Category:Languages]] | ||
[[Category:Conlangs]] | [[Category:Conlangs]] | ||