Cruckeny: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name              = Cruckeny
|name              = Cruckeny
|nativename        = Crucunee
|nativename        = Cruckenee
|pronunciation    = ˈkʰɻʌk(ə)nɪi
|pronunciation    = ˈkʰɻʌk(ə)nɪi
|pronunciation_key = IPA for Cruckeny
|pronunciation_key = IPA for Cruckeny
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|fam2              = [[w:Celtic languages|Celtic]]
|fam2              = [[w:Celtic languages|Celtic]]
|familycolor      = Indo-European
|familycolor      = Indo-European
|ancestor          = [[w:Irish language|Irish]]
|ancestor          = [[w:Ulster Irish|Ulster Irish]] (c. 1600)
|creator          = Dillon Hartwig
|creator          = Dillon Hartwig
|script            = Latn
|script            = Latn
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}}
}}


'''Cruckeny''' /ˈkrʌkəni/ (<small>Cruckeny:&nbsp;</small><span class="nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">Crucunee [[IPA for Cruckeny|[ˈkʰɻʌk(ə)nɪi]]]</span>) is a Celtic language spoken in central Appalachia.
'''Cruckeny''' /ˈkrʌkəni/ (<small>Cruckeny:&nbsp;</small><span class="nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">Cruckenee [[IPA for Cruckeny|[ˈkʰɻʌk(ə)nɪi]]]</span>) is a Celtic language spoken in central Appalachia (primarily in Logan and Boone Counties, West Virginia).


==Etymology==
==Etymology==
''Cruckeny'' is from ''Crucunee'', from Irish ''cnoc-theanga'' "hill speech."
''Cruckeny'' is from ''Cruckenee'', from Irish ''cnoc-theanga'' "hill speech."


==Orthography==
==Orthography==
Line 25: Line 25:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! A a !! Aa aa !! Au au !! Ai ai !! B b !! By by !! C c !! Ch ch !! Cy cy !! D d
! A a !! Aa aa !! Au au !! Ai ai !! B b !! By by !! C c !! Ch ch !! Ky ky !! D d
|-
|-
| /æ/ || /aː/ || /æɒ/ || /eɪ/ || /b/ || /bʲ/ || /k/ || /t͡ʃ/ || /kʲ/ || /d/
| /æ/ || /aː/ || /æɒ/ || /eɪ/ || /b/ || /bʲ/ || /k/ || /t͡ʃ/ || /kʲ/ || /d/
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! E e !! Ee ee !! Er er !! F f !! Fy fy !! G g !! Gh gh !! Gy gy !! H h !! I i
! E e !! Ee ee !! Er er !! F f !! Fy fy !! G g !! Gh gh !! Gy gy !! H h !! I i
|-
|-
| /ɛ/ || /ɪi/ || /ɚ/ || /f/ || /fʲ/ || /g/ || /ɣ/ || /gʲ/ || /h/ || /ɪ/
| /ɛ,ə/ || /ɪi/ || /ɚ/ || /f/ || /fʲ/ || /g/ || /ɣ/ || /gʲ/ || /h/ || /ɪ/
|-
|-
! J j !! Kh kh !! Khy khy !! L l !! Ly ly !! M m !! My my !! N n !! Ny ny !! Ng ng
! J j !! Kh kh !! Khy khy !! L l !! Ly ly !! M m !! My my !! N n !! Ny ny !! Ng ng
|-
|-
| /d͡ʒ/ || /ɫ/ || /lʲ/ || /x/ || /xʲ/ || /m/ || /mʲ/ || /n/ || /nʲ/ || /ŋ/
| /d͡ʒ/ || /x/ || /xʲ/ || /ɫ/ || /lʲ/ || /m/ || /mʲ/ || /n/ || /nʲ/ || /ŋ/
|-
|-
! Ngy ngy !! O o !! Oa oa !! Oar oar !! Oi oi !! Oo oo !! Ou ou !! Our our !! P p !! Py py
! Ngy ngy !! O o !! Oa oa !! Oar oar !! Oi oi !! Oo oo !! Ou ou !! Our our !! P p !! Py py
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! R r !! S s !! Sh sh !! T t !! U u !! V v !! Vy vy !! W w !! Y y
! R r !! S s !! Sh sh !! T t !! U u !! V v !! Vy vy !! W w !! Y y
|-
|-
| /ɻ/ || /s/ || /ʃ/ || /t/ || /ə,ʌ/ || /v/ || /vʲ/ || /w/ || /j/
| /ɻ/ || /s/ || /ʃ/ || /t/ || /ʌ/ || /v/ || /vʲ/ || /w/ || /j/
|}
|}
*⟨c⟩ is instead ⟨k⟩ before ⟨i,e⟩, or ⟨ck⟩ postvocalically.
*⟨ky⟩ is instead ⟨cky⟩ postvocalically.
*⟨sh⟩ is instead ⟨s⟩ before consonants.
*⟨'⟩ disambiguates some mono/multigraphs.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonants
|-
! colspan="2" | !! colspan="2" | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]] !! colspan="2" | [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] !! colspan="2" | [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]] !! rowspan="2" | [[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="2" | !! plain !! [[w:Palatalization|pal.]] !! plain !! pal. !! plain !! pal.
|-
! colspan="2" | [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]] || mʲ || [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]] || nʲ || [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]] || ŋʲ
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]
! [[w:Voicelessness|Voiceless]]
| [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] || pʲ || [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || [[w:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]] || [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || kʲ
|-
! [[w:Voice (phonetics)|Voiced]]
| [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]] || bʲ || [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]] || [[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|d͡ʒ]] || [[w:Voiced velar stop|g]] || gʲ
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! [[w:Voicelessness|Voiceless]]
| [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]] || fʲ || [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]] || [[w:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]] || [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]] || xʲ || [[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]]
|-
! [[w:Voice (phonetics)|Voiced]]
| [[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]] || vʲ || colspan="2" | || [[w:Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]
|-
! colspan="2" | [[w:Approximant|Approximant]]
| [[w:Voiced labial–velar approximant|w]] || || [[w:Voiced retroflex approximant|ɻ]] [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|ɫ]] || lʲ || || [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
|}
*/v/ only occurs in loanwords, and is often replaced by /vʲ/ or /w/.
*Voiceless stops (not including /t͡ʃ/) are aspirated word-initially and before stressed vowels syllable-initially.
*/t,d/ are realized as [ɾ] intervocalically unless aspirated, except poetry and music.
*/s/ is realized as [ʃ] before consonants, except across word boundaries.
**[s,ʃ] are realized as [z,ʒ] before voiced obstruents, including across word boundaries.
*Epenthetic [h] is inserted before vowels phrase-initially.
===Vowels===
===Vowels===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Vowels
|-
! !! [[w:Front vowel|Front]] !! [[w:Central vowel|Central]] !! [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[w:Close vowel|High]]
| [[w:Near-close near-front unrounded vowel|ɪ]] ɪi || ᵿʉ || ([[w:Near-close near-back rounded vowel|ʊ]])
|-
! [[w:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
| || rowspan="2" | [[w:Mid central vowel|ə]] əᵿ [[w:R-colored vowel|ɚ]] || [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]] oi
|-
! [[w:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
| [[w:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ]] ɛɪ || [[w:Open-mid back unrounded vowel|ʌ]] [[w:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]]
|-
! [[w:Open vowel|Low]]
| [[w:Near-open front unrounded vowel|æ]] æɒ || [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|aː]] || [[w:Open back unrounded vowel|ɑ]] ɑɒ
|}
*/o,ɔ/ only occur before /ɻ/.
*/ʌ/ only occurs in stressed syllables.
*/ə/ only occurs in unstressed syllables.
*/ɪ,ɪi/ are realized as [i] before coda /ɫ,lʲ/.
*/əR,əv(ʲ)/ are realized as syllabic consonants.
**Syllabic consonants variably desyllabify prevocalically.
**/ə#{j,w}/ are realized as [ɪ,ʊ], and the lost glide is re-inserted prevocalically.
===Prosody===
===Prosody===
===Phonotactics===
Cruckeny stress is variable, but in native words is predominantly initial.
 
==Morphology==
==Morphology==
===Nouns===
===Nouns===
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==Syntax==
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Constituent order===
Cruckeny word order is strictly SVO outside of music, where VSO also occurs.
Cruckeny word order is strictly SVO outside of poetry and music, where VSO also occurs.


===Noun and verb phrases===
===Noun and verb phrases===
Possessors and numerals strictly precede their heads. Adjectives variably follow their heads. Adverbs variably follow their clause.
===Dependent clauses===
===Dependent clauses===
Dependent clauses directly follow their head.


==Example texts==
==Example texts==
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==Other resources==
==Other resources==
[https://cals.info/language/cruckeny/ CALS]
*[https://cals.info/language/cruckeny/ CALS]
*[[Cruckeny/Swadesh]]


[[Category:Cruckeny language]]
[[Category:Cruckeny language]]

Latest revision as of 02:39, 4 May 2025

Cruckeny
Cruckenee
Pronunciation[ˈkʰɻʌk(ə)nɪi]
Created byDillon Hartwig
Date2023
SettingWest Virginia and Kentucky, United States
Early form
Ulster Irish (c. 1600)
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Cruckeny /ˈkrʌkəni/ (Cruckeny: Cruckenee [ˈkʰɻʌk(ə)nɪi]) is a Celtic language spoken in central Appalachia (primarily in Logan and Boone Counties, West Virginia).

Etymology

Cruckeny is from Cruckenee, from Irish cnoc-theanga "hill speech."

Orthography

Cruckeny is rarely written and does not have a standard orthography, with most texts using ad hoc English-based orthographies. Linguifex documentation of Cruckeny uses the following:

A a Aa aa Au au Ai ai B b By by C c Ch ch Ky ky D d
/æ/ /aː/ /æɒ/ /eɪ/ /b/ /bʲ/ /k/ /t͡ʃ/ /kʲ/ /d/
E e Ee ee Er er F f Fy fy G g Gh gh Gy gy H h I i
/ɛ,ə/ /ɪi/ /ɚ/ /f/ /fʲ/ /g/ /ɣ/ /gʲ/ /h/ /ɪ/
J j Kh kh Khy khy L l Ly ly M m My my N n Ny ny Ng ng
/d͡ʒ/ /x/ /xʲ/ /ɫ/ /lʲ/ /m/ /mʲ/ /n/ /nʲ/ /ŋ/
Ngy ngy O o Oa oa Oar oar Oi oi Oo oo Ou ou Our our P p Py py
/ŋʲ/ /ɑ/ /əᵿ/ /oɻ/ /oi/ /ᵿʉ/ /ɑɒ/ /ɔɻ/ /p/ /pʲ/
R r S s Sh sh T t U u V v Vy vy W w Y y
/ɻ/ /s/ /ʃ/ /t/ /ʌ/ /v/ /vʲ/ /w/ /j/
  • ⟨c⟩ is instead ⟨k⟩ before ⟨i,e⟩, or ⟨ck⟩ postvocalically.
  • ⟨ky⟩ is instead ⟨cky⟩ postvocalically.
  • ⟨sh⟩ is instead ⟨s⟩ before consonants.
  • ⟨'⟩ disambiguates some mono/multigraphs.

Phonology

Consonants

Consonants
Labial Alveolar Velar Glottal
plain pal. plain pal. plain pal.
Nasal m mʲ n nʲ ŋ ŋʲ
Stop Voiceless p pʲ t t͡ʃ k kʲ
Voiced b bʲ d d͡ʒ g gʲ
Fricative Voiceless f fʲ s ʃ x xʲ h
Voiced v vʲ ɣ
Approximant w ɻ ɫ lʲ j
  • /v/ only occurs in loanwords, and is often replaced by /vʲ/ or /w/.
  • Voiceless stops (not including /t͡ʃ/) are aspirated word-initially and before stressed vowels syllable-initially.
  • /t,d/ are realized as [ɾ] intervocalically unless aspirated, except poetry and music.
  • /s/ is realized as [ʃ] before consonants, except across word boundaries.
    • [s,ʃ] are realized as [z,ʒ] before voiced obstruents, including across word boundaries.
  • Epenthetic [h] is inserted before vowels phrase-initially.

Vowels

Vowels
Front Central Back
High ɪ ɪi ᵿʉ (ʊ)
Close-mid ə əᵿ ɚ o oi
Open-mid ɛ ɛɪ ʌ ɔ
Low æ æɒ aː ɑ ɑɒ
  • /o,ɔ/ only occur before /ɻ/.
  • /ʌ/ only occurs in stressed syllables.
  • /ə/ only occurs in unstressed syllables.
  • /ɪ,ɪi/ are realized as [i] before coda /ɫ,lʲ/.
  • /əR,əv(ʲ)/ are realized as syllabic consonants.
    • Syllabic consonants variably desyllabify prevocalically.
    • /ə#{j,w}/ are realized as [ɪ,ʊ], and the lost glide is re-inserted prevocalically.

Prosody

Cruckeny stress is variable, but in native words is predominantly initial.

Morphology

Nouns

Pronouns

Verbs

Adjectives

Negation

Numerals

Syntax

Constituent order

Cruckeny word order is strictly SVO outside of poetry and music, where VSO also occurs.

Noun and verb phrases

Possessors and numerals strictly precede their heads. Adjectives variably follow their heads. Adverbs variably follow their clause.

Dependent clauses

Dependent clauses directly follow their head.

Example texts

Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article 1

Linguifex-hosted translations

Conlang Atlas of Language Structures-hosted translations

Other resources

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