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Cruckeny: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
|name = Cruckeny | |name = Cruckeny | ||
|nativename = | |nativename = Cruckenee | ||
|pronunciation = ˈkʰɻʌk(ə)nɪi | |pronunciation = ˈkʰɻʌk(ə)nɪi | ||
|pronunciation_key = IPA for Cruckeny | |pronunciation_key = IPA for Cruckeny | ||
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|fam2 = [[w:Celtic languages|Celtic]] | |fam2 = [[w:Celtic languages|Celtic]] | ||
|familycolor = Indo-European | |familycolor = Indo-European | ||
|ancestor = [[w:Irish | |ancestor = [[w:Ulster Irish|Ulster Irish]] (c. 1600) | ||
|creator = Dillon Hartwig | |creator = Dillon Hartwig | ||
|script = Latn | |script = Latn | ||
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}} | }} | ||
'''Cruckeny''' /ˈkrʌkəni/ (<small>Cruckeny: </small><span class="nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif"> | '''Cruckeny''' /ˈkrʌkəni/ (<small>Cruckeny: </small><span class="nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">Cruckenee [[IPA for Cruckeny|[ˈkʰɻʌk(ə)nɪi]]]</span>) is a Celtic language spoken in central Appalachia (primarily in Logan and Boone Counties, West Virginia). | ||
==Etymology== | ==Etymology== | ||
''Cruckeny'' is from '' | ''Cruckeny'' is from ''Cruckenee'', from Irish ''cnoc-theanga'' "hill speech." | ||
==Orthography== | ==Orthography== | ||
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{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
! A a !! Aa aa !! Au au !! Ai ai !! B b !! By by !! C c !! Ch ch !! | ! A a !! Aa aa !! Au au !! Ai ai !! B b !! By by !! C c !! Ch ch !! Ky ky !! D d | ||
|- | |- | ||
| /æ/ || /aː/ || /æɒ/ || /eɪ/ || /b/ || /bʲ/ || /k/ || /t͡ʃ/ || /kʲ/ || /d/ | | /æ/ || /aː/ || /æɒ/ || /eɪ/ || /b/ || /bʲ/ || /k/ || /t͡ʃ/ || /kʲ/ || /d/ | ||
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! E e !! Ee ee !! Er er !! F f !! Fy fy !! G g !! Gh gh !! Gy gy !! H h !! I i | ! E e !! Ee ee !! Er er !! F f !! Fy fy !! G g !! Gh gh !! Gy gy !! H h !! I i | ||
|- | |- | ||
| /ɛ/ || /ɪi/ || /ɚ/ || /f/ || /fʲ/ || /g/ || /ɣ/ || /gʲ/ || /h/ || /ɪ/ | | /ɛ,ə/ || /ɪi/ || /ɚ/ || /f/ || /fʲ/ || /g/ || /ɣ/ || /gʲ/ || /h/ || /ɪ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! J j !! Kh kh !! Khy khy !! L l !! Ly ly !! M m !! My my !! N n !! Ny ny !! Ng ng | ! J j !! Kh kh !! Khy khy !! L l !! Ly ly !! M m !! My my !! N n !! Ny ny !! Ng ng | ||
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! R r !! S s !! Sh sh !! T t !! U u !! V v !! Vy vy !! W w !! Y y | ! R r !! S s !! Sh sh !! T t !! U u !! V v !! Vy vy !! W w !! Y y | ||
|- | |- | ||
| /ɻ/ || /s/ || /ʃ/ || /t/ || / | | /ɻ/ || /s/ || /ʃ/ || /t/ || /ʌ/ || /v/ || /vʲ/ || /w/ || /j/ | ||
|} | |} | ||
*⟨c⟩ is instead ⟨k⟩ before ⟨i,e⟩, or ⟨ck⟩ postvocalically. | |||
*⟨ky⟩ is instead ⟨cky⟩ postvocalically. | |||
*⟨sh⟩ is instead ⟨s⟩ before consonants. | |||
*⟨'⟩ disambiguates some mono/multigraphs. | |||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" | [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]] | ! colspan="2" | [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]] | ||
| [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]] || mʲ || [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]] || nʲ | | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]] || mʲ || [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]] || nʲ || [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]] || ŋʲ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" | [[w:stop consonant|Stop]] | ! rowspan="2" | [[w:stop consonant|Stop]] | ||
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*/v/ only occurs in loanwords, and is often replaced by /vʲ/ or /w/. | */v/ only occurs in loanwords, and is often replaced by /vʲ/ or /w/. | ||
*Voiceless stops (not including /t͡ʃ/) are aspirated word-initially and before stressed vowels syllable-initially. | *Voiceless stops (not including /t͡ʃ/) are aspirated word-initially and before stressed vowels syllable-initially. | ||
*/t,d/ are realized as [ɾ] intervocalically unless aspirated. | */t,d/ are realized as [ɾ] intervocalically unless aspirated, except poetry and music. | ||
*/s/ is realized as [ʃ] before consonants, except across word boundaries. | |||
**[s,ʃ] are realized as [z,ʒ] before voiced obstruents, including across word boundaries. | |||
*Epenthetic [h] is inserted before vowels phrase-initially. | |||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! [[w:Close vowel|High]] | ! [[w:Close vowel|High]] | ||
| [[w:Near-close near-front unrounded vowel|ɪ]] ɪi || ᵿʉ | | [[w:Near-close near-front unrounded vowel|ɪ]] ɪi || ᵿʉ || ([[w:Near-close near-back rounded vowel|ʊ]]) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! [[w:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]] | ! [[w:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]] | ||
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*/o,ɔ/ only occur before /ɻ/. | */o,ɔ/ only occur before /ɻ/. | ||
*/ɪ,ɪi/ are realized as [i] before /ɫ,lʲ/. | */ʌ/ only occurs in stressed syllables. | ||
*/ə/ only occurs in unstressed syllables. | |||
*/ɪ,ɪi/ are realized as [i] before coda /ɫ,lʲ/. | |||
*/əR,əv(ʲ)/ are realized as syllabic consonants. | */əR,əv(ʲ)/ are realized as syllabic consonants. | ||
**Syllabic consonants variably desyllabify prevocalically. | |||
**/ə#{j,w}/ are realized as [ɪ,ʊ], and the lost glide is re-inserted prevocalically. | |||
===Prosody=== | ===Prosody=== | ||
Cruckeny stress is | Cruckeny stress is variable, but in native words is predominantly initial. | ||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
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==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
===Constituent order=== | ===Constituent order=== | ||
Cruckeny word order is strictly SVO outside of music, where VSO also occurs. | Cruckeny word order is strictly SVO outside of poetry and music, where VSO also occurs. | ||
===Noun and verb phrases=== | ===Noun and verb phrases=== | ||
Adjectives | Possessors and numerals strictly precede their heads. Adjectives variably follow their heads. Adverbs variably follow their clause. | ||
===Dependent clauses=== | ===Dependent clauses=== | ||
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==Other resources== | ==Other resources== | ||
[https://cals.info/language/cruckeny/ CALS] | *[https://cals.info/language/cruckeny/ CALS] | ||
*[[Cruckeny/Swadesh]] | |||
[[Category:Cruckeny language]] | [[Category:Cruckeny language]] | ||