Linguifex

Dicontu Grandiu: Difference between revisions

Page Discussion

Dicontu Grandiu (view source)

Revision as of 23:02, 12 June 2025

9,065 bytes added ,  12 June 2025
m
→‎1st person verbs
 
(29 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
Created to be an alternative to Esperanto. Dicontu Grandiu is supposed to be more easily spoken by speakers of gendered languages than Esperanto because of its simple-to-use quad-gender system.
Created to be an alternative to Esperanto. Dicontu Grandiu is supposed to be more easily spoken by speakers of gendered languages than Esperanto because of its simple-to-use quad-gender system.
== Phonology ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Vowels (stressed/unstressed)
|-
! front !! back
|-
| i/i~ɪ || u/ʊ
|-
| e/ɛ || o/ɔ
|-
| a/a~ə
|}
Note: Vowels marked with an acute accent (stressed syllable) always make their stressed sound.
== Orthography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Letter !! IPA !! Notes
|-
| A || /a/ || as in f'''a'''ther but more frontal
|-
| B || /b/ ||
|-
| C || /k/ or /s/ || /s/ after s or before e or i, /k/ if not
|-
| Ĉ || /t͡ʃ/ || as in '''ch'''eck
|-
| D || /d/ ||
|-
| E || /e/ || as in '''e'''gg
|-
| F || /f/ ||
|-
| G || /g/ || almost always as in '''g'''oal
|-
| H || /h/, /∅/ || as in '''h'''ouse or silent
|-
| I || /i/ || as in f'''ee'''t
|-
| J || /j/ || as in '''y'''es
|-
| Ĵ || /d͡ʒ/ || as in '''j'''et
|-
| K || /k/ ||
|-
| L || /l/ ||
|-
| M || /m/ ||
|-
| N || /n/ || as in '''n'''ight
|-
| O || /o/ || as in fl'''ow'''
|-
| P || /p/ ||
|-
| QU || /kw/ || as in '''qu'''een
|-
| R || /r/ || trilled or not, depending on speaker
|-
| S || /s/ || always voiceless as in '''s'''ee
|-
| T || /t/ ||
|-
| U || /u/ || as in b'''oo'''t
|-
| V || /v/ ||
|-
| W || /w/ ||
|-
| X || /ks/ || as in bo'''x'''
|-
| Y || /i/ || less common variant of I
|-
| Z || /z/ ||
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Diphthongs
|-
! Letters !! IPA !! Notes
|-
| AI || /aɪ/ || as in g'''uy'''
|-
| AU || /aʊ/ || as in c'''ow'''
|-
| EI || /eɪ̯/ || as in tr'''ai'''n
|-
| ÉI || /ei/ || as in st'''ay, ea'''t
|-
| EU || /əʊ̯/ || similar to bl'''ow''', but more open
|-
| OI || /ɔɪ/ || as in t'''oy'''
|-
| UI || /ui/ || as in y'''ou, ea'''t
|-
| UÍ || /wi/ || as in q'''uee'''n
|}
== Syntax ==
== Syntax ==
SVO is used 75% of the time, but the only real word-order rule is that the subject must come before any object.
SVO is used 75% of the time, but the only real word-order rule is that the subject must come before any object.
Line 16: Line 113:
!!! Masculine !! pl !! Feminine !! pl !! Common !! pl !! Neuter !! pl
!!! Masculine !! pl !! Feminine !! pl !! Common !! pl !! Neuter !! pl
|-
|-
| Oblique || pádro || pádros || mátra || mátras || enfánte || enfántes || céilu || céilus
| Oblique<ref>The Oblique Case is used for simple functions, such as subject, direct object, predicate, and object of a preposition.</ref> || pádro || pádros || mátra || mátras || enfánte || enfántes || céilu || céilus
|-
|-
| Genitive || pádroi || pádron || mátrai || mátran || enfántei || enfánten || céilui || céilun
| Genitive || pádroi || pádron || mátrai || mátran || enfántei || enfánten || céilui || céilun
|-
|-
| Dative || padró || padrós || matrá || matrás || enfanté || enfantés || ceilú || ceilús
| Dative<ref>Only used for indirect objects without prepositions.</ref> || padró || padrós || matrá || matrás || enfanté || enfantés || ceilú || ceilús
|-
|-
| Ablative || pádrom || padróm || mátram || matrám || enfántem || enfantém || céilum || ceilúm
| Ablative || pádrom || padróm || mátram || matrám || enfántem || enfantém || céilum || ceilúm
|}
== Pronouns ==
Pronouns decline the same way as nouns, with a stem for each person. They can use all cases, numbers, and genders (gender distinction is usually only used in the third person).
1st person: m- (ex: me = I/me, men = our/ours)
2nd person: t- (ex: tes = y'all, té = to you)
3rd person: l- (ex: lo = he/him, lui = its)
"4th" person: g- (ex: ge = someone, goi = any man's)
Reflexive: s- (ex: sa = herself, sen = their own)
== Adjectives ==
Add an -i- after the stem, then put in the ending. Adjectives must agree with their head nouns in case, number, and gender. For example, "o homo felízio" means "the happy man" and "málias mátras" means "bad mothers".
== Verbs ==
Verbs conjugate according to 4 tenses (perfect, preterite, present, future), 2 numbers (singular/plural), 2 persons (1st person/other), 2 moods (indicative/jussive), 2 voices (active/passive), and 2 aspects in the active voice (perfective/imperfective).
There are 2 voices: active and passive. These conjugate the same way, but with a stem change. For example, ''vider'' means "to see", while ''vuder'' means "to be seen." ''Vider'' is an example of the active voice, and ''vuder'' the passive. In multi-syllable verb stems, the second syllable changes (-er is the infinitive suffix).
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Voice Change Chart
|-
!!! Conj. 1 active !! Conj. 1 passive/Conj. 2 active !! Conj. 2 passive
|-
| a-stem || au || a || u
|-
| e-stem || éi || e || o
|-
| i-stem || ai || i || u
|-
|}
=== 1st person verbs ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Indicative mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || audatov/adatov || audantov/adantov || audativ/adatov || audantiv/adantov
|-
| Preterite || audatin/adatin || audantin/adantin || audati/adatin || audanti/adantin
|-
| Present || audato/adato || audanto/adanto || audatoi/adato || audantoi/adanto
|-
| Future || audatos/adatos || audantos/adantos || audatol/adatos || audantol/adantos
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Jussive mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || audutov/adutov || auduntov/aduntov || audutiv/adutov || auduntiv/aduntov
|-
| Preterite || audutin/adutin || auduntin/aduntin || auduti/adutin || audunti/aduntin
|-
| Present || auduto/aduto || audunto/adunto || audutoi/aduto || auduntoi/adunto
|-
| Future || audutos/adutos || auduntos/aduntos || audutol/adutos || auduntol/aduntos
|}
Note: Perfective does not exactly align with the perfect tense in English. Perfective future means "will be done", perfective present means "is done now", perfective past means "has been done", and perfective perfect means "had been done".
=== 2nd/3rd person verbs ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Indicative mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || audatan/adatan || audantan/adantan || audatav/adatan || audantav/adantan
|-
| Preterite || audatis/adatis || audantis/adantis || audatiĵ/adatis || audantiĵ/adantis
|-
| Present || audata/adata || audanta/adanta || audatas/adata || audantas/adanta
|-
| Future || audates/adates || audantes/adantes || audatel/adates || audantel/adantes
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Jussive mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || audutan/adutan || auduntan/aduntan || audutav/adutan || auduntav/aduntan
|-
| Preterite || audutis/adutis || auduntis/aduntis || audutiĵ/adutis || auduntiĵ/aduntis
|-
| Present || auduta/aduta || audunta/adunta || audutas/aduta || audantas/adunta
|-
| Future || audutes/adutes || auduntes/aduntes || audutel/adutes || auduntel/aduntes
|}
=== Non-finite forms ===
Active infinitive: ''auder''
Passive infinitive: ''ader''
Active gerund: ''audar''
Passive gerund: ''adar''
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Participle Stems (for nouns or adjectives)
!!! Active !! Passive
|-
| Past || audan- || adan-
|-
| Present || aud- || ad-
|-
| Future || audel- || adel-
|}
=== "To be" ===
There are two versions of the verb ''ester'', to be, distinguished in the indicative mood. There is the copula, which uses the shortened forms (O homo es felizio = The man is happy), and the existential, which uses the longer forms (Estatas homo felizio = There is a happy man). This verb also does not have a finite passive voice.
==== 1st person forms ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Indicative mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || estatov/eratov || estantov/erantov || estativ/erativ || estantiv/erantiv
|-
| Preterite || estatin/eratin || estantin/erantin || estati/erati || estanti/eranti
|-
| Present || estato/sum || estanto/somo || estatoi/sum || estantoi/somo
|-
| Future || estatos/sumos || estantos/somos || estatol/estol || estantol/adantol
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Jussive mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || estutov || estuntov || estativ || estantiv
|-
| Preterite || estutin || estuntin || estati || estanti
|-
| Present || estuto || estunto || estutoi || estuntoi
|-
| Future || estutos || estantos || estutol || estuntol
|}
==== 2nd/3rd person forms ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Indicative mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || estatan/eratan || estantan/erantan || estatav/erat || estantav/erant
|-
| Preterite || estatis/erats || estantis/erants || estatiĵ/erat || estantiĵ/erant
|-
| Present || estata/es || estanta/sont || estatas/es || estantas/sont
|-
| Future || estates/estes || estantes/estes || estatel/estel || estantel/sontel
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Jussive mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || estutan || estuntan || estutav || estuntav
|-
| Preterite || estutis || estuntis || estutiĵ || estuntiĵ
|-
| Present || estuta || estunta || estatas || estantas
|-
| Future || estutes || estuntes || estutel || estuntel
|}
==== Non-finite forms ====
Active infinitive: ''ester''
Passive infinitive: ''uster''
Active gerund: ''estar''
Passive gerund: ''ustar''
=== Conditional mood ===
Sometimes speakers use a periphrastic conditional mood.
To create this form, combine an indicative perfective preterite form of the copula ''ester'' with the infinitive form of a verb. For example, "If I slept in the night, I would eat it." is "Si me erátin dormer en us nóctus, sum lu comer."
== Example texts ==
=== The Lord's Prayer ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Dicontu Grandiu !! English
|-
| Padro men, kui en céilu es, holufuta nomu toi. Réichu toi venutes, voluntu toi estuta, sicut en céilu et en térra. Donnutes mes hodie pánu men, jé pardonutas més transgrésios men, et pardonanto transgréses men. Jé ne condecutas mes a temtácio, sed guídutas ex málu. Kolqué u réichu es toi, et u poténĉu jé a glora, éterne jé sempre. Amen. || Our father, who art in heaven, hallowed by thy name. Thy kingdom come, thy will be done, on earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread, and forgive us our trespasses, as we forgive those who trespass against us. And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil. For thine is the kingdom, and the power, and the glory, forever and ever. Amen.
|}
|}
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/444480...457601"