User:IlL/Spare pages 1/4

IlL/Spare pages 1/4 (IlL/Spare pages 1/4: An dobhâdhaigh Cuatham /an33 dʷaj21 kuəm22/) is a Wiebic language. It is inspired by Irish, Mandarin and Khoisan languages. Cuatham has a large number of click consonants, and is a monosyllabic tonal language with fusional morphology using mutations and tone changes.

Lexicon

AW Droch > drobhòdh (f.) /gǃ˞ʷó/ 'bud'

Phonology

Initials

An unusual feature of IlL/Spare pages 1/4 phonology is that historically palatalized stops are reflected as clicks. (Retroflex stops are an exception.)

IlL/Spare pages 1/4 initials

		Labial		Coronal		Lateral		Retroflex		Coarticulated		Velar		Glottal
		"broad"	"slender"	"broad"	"slender"	"broad"	"slender"	"broad"	"slender"	"broad"	"slender"	"broad"	"slender"
Nasal	voiceless	/m̊/	/ŋ̊ʘ/	/n̊/	/ŋ̊ǀ/	/n̊ˡ/	/ŋ̊ǁ/	/ŋ̊ǃ˞/	/ɳ̊/	/ŋ̊!/	/ŋ̊ǂ/	/ŋ̊/	/ɲ̊/
	voiceless	/m/	/ŋʘ/	/n/	/ŋǀ/	/nˡ/	/ŋǁ/	/ŋǃ˞/	/ɳ/	/ŋ!/	/ŋǂ/	/ŋ/	/ɲ/
Stop	tenuis	/p/	/ʘ/	/t/	/ǀ/	/tɬ/	/ǁ/	/ǃ˞/	/ʈ/	/!/	/ǂ/	/k/	/c/	/ʔ/
	aspirated	/pʰ/	/ʘʰ/	/tʰ/	/ǀʰ/	/tɬʰ/	/ǁʰ/	/ǃ˞ʰ/	/ʈʰ/	/!ʰ/	/ǂʰ/	/kʰ/	/cʰ/
	voiced	/b/	/gʘ/	/d/	/gǀ/	/dɮ/	/gǁ/	/gǃ˞/	/ɖ/	/g!/	/gǂ/	/g/	/ɟ/
	breathy voiced	/bʱ/	/gʘʱ/	/dʱ/	/gǀʱ/	/dɮʱ/	/gǁʱ/	/gǃ˞ʱ/	/ɖʱ/	/g!ʱ/	/gǂʱ/	/gʱ/	/ɟʱ/
Fricative	voiceless	/f/	/fʲ/	/s/	/ɕ/	/ɬ/	/ɬʲ/	/ʂˁ/	/ʂ/	/ɧ/	/çˁ/	/x/	/ç/	/h/
	voiced			/z/	/ʑ/	/ɮ/	/ɮʲ/	/ʐˁ/	/ʐ/	/ɧ̬/	/ʝˁ/	/ɣ/	/ʝ/
Trill				/r/	/r̝/
Approximant		/w/	/ɥ/			/l/	/ʎ/	/ɭˁ/	/ɭ/				/j/

Medials

The medial is optional. There is one possible medial, /w~ɥ/.

Nucleus

There are three possible nuclei: /a/, /ə/ and zero. The nuclei display a range of different realizations depending on the phonetic environment:

• /a/ is realized as:
  • /ɑ/ after a broad labialized consonant
  • /æ/ after a palatal consonant, palatal click or /ɥ/
  • /a/ otherwise
• /ə/ is realized as:
  • /ɔ/ after a broad labialized consonant
  • /e/ after a palatal consonant, palatal click or /ɥ/, or with /-j/ coda
  • /ə/ otherwise
• Zero nucleus is realized as:
  • /u/ if the medial is /w/
  • /y/ if the medial is /ɥ/
  • /ɨ/ if the medial is zero and initial is a dental click, a retroflex or a broad velar
  • /i/ if the medial is zero, for other initials

Coda

The coda is optional. There are seven possible finals in IlL/Spare pages 1/4: /m n ŋ l r w j/.

Mutations

seimhiu
/p, ʘ/ > /f(ʲ)/
/pʰ, ʘʰ/ > /f(ʲ)/
/b, gʘ, m, ŋʘ/ > /w, ɥ/
/t, |/ > /h/
/d, g|/ > /ɣ, j/
/tʰ, |ʰ/ > /h/
/!, ǂ, !ʰ, ǂʰ/ > /ɧ, ɧʲ/
/g|, gǂ/ > voiced sj
/k, c, kʰ, cʰ/ > /x, ç/
/g, gʲ/ > /ɣ, j/
/s, sʲ/ > /x, ç/

uru:
/p, ʘ/ > /b gʘ/ > /m, ŋʘ/
/pʰ ʘʰ/ > /m̊ ŋ̊ʘ/
/t, |/ > /d, g|/ > /n, ŋ|/
/tʰ, |ʰ/ > /nʰ, ŋʰ|/
/!, ǂ/ > /g!, gǂ/ > /ŋ!, ŋǂ/
/!ʰ, ǂʰ/ > /ŋʰ!, ŋʰǂ/
/k, c/ >/g, gʲ/ > /ŋ, ŋʲ/
/s, sʲ/ > /z, zʲ/ (spelled ns)

Grammar

Nouns

Nouns inflect for two cases, nominative and genitive. The genitive derives from the Ancient Wiebian dative.

Definite article an

Number	Singular		Plural
Gender	Masculine	Feminine	Masculine	Feminine
Nominative	an	an-L	na-T	na-L
Genitive	an-L	na-H	na-H	na-N
Vocative	a-L	a-L	le-T	le-T

Number	Singular		Plural
Gender	Masculine	Feminine	Masculine	Feminine
Nominative	an càigh an áigh	an fheól an ìdh	na càigh na t-áigh	na fheól na ìdh
Genitive	an cháigh an àigh	na feól na hìdh	na hcàigh na háigh	na bhfeól na n-ìdh
Vocative	a cháigh a àigh	a fheól a ìdh	le càigh le t-áigh	le feól le t-ìdh

Lexicon

• bhò-N - from
• na-N - bhò + an
• Ŧú Teatham Ŧathaigh