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'''Modern Hebrew''' ({{heb|עברית מאדערנית}} ''ivris modernis'' /ʔivˈʀis moˈdɛʀnis/), also known as '''Israeli Hebrew''' ({{heb|עברית ישראלית}} ''ivris yisre'eilis''), was revived based on the [[w:Ashkenazi Hebrew|Ashkenazi pronunciation]] of the [[w:Tiberian Hebrew|Tiberian vocalization]].


==Phonology==
===Consonants===
The Hebrew word for consonants is ''‘itzurį́'' ({{heb|עיצורים}}). The following table lists the Hebrew consonants and their pronunciation in [[IPA]] transcription:
{| class="wikitable"
|+Consonants
|-
!
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br />alveolar]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
!colspan=2|[[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-align=center
![[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
| {{IPA|m}}
| {{IPA|n}}
|
|
|
|colspan=2|
|
|-align=center
![[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
|{{IPA|p}}&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;{{IPA|b}}
|{{IPA|t}}&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;{{IPA|d}}
|
|
|{{IPA|k}}&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;{{IPA|ɡ}}
| colspan=2|
| ({{IPA|ʔ}})
|-align=center
![[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
|
| {{IPA|ts}}&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
| {{IPA|tʃ}}&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;{{IPA|dʒ}}
|
|
|colspan=2|
|
|-align=center
![[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| {{IPA|f}}&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;{{IPA|v}}
| {{IPA|s}}&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;{{IPA|z}}
| {{IPA|ʃ}}&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;{{IPA|ʒ}}
|
|
| {{IPA|χ}} || rowspan=2|{{IPA|ʁ}}
| ({{IPA|h}})
|-align=center
![[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|
|{{IPA|l}}
|
|{{IPA|j}}
|{{IPA|w}}
|
|
|}
/ʔ/ and /h/ are often reduced to vowel voice distinctions (creakiness and breathiness respectively) or silenced altogether.
===Vowels===
Israeli Hebrew has 7 oral vowels and 6 nasal vowels, one of the largest vowel inventories to occur in any Semitic language and one of the few ones with nasal vowels (also cf. [[w:Inor language|Inor]]). Nasal vowels arise from historical oral vowels before a nasal coda. Vowels are also nasalized allophonically before nasal consonants.
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
![[Phoneme]]
! colspan=4|Example
|-
|{{IPA|/ɐ/}}
| <span style="font-size:120%">{{IPA|/ʔɐˈdø̃/}}</span>
| ''ʼadø&#808;''
| {{heb|אדון}}
|'lord, sir'
|-
|{{IPA|/ɐ̃/}}
| <span style="font-size:120%">{{IPA|/ʔɐ̃ˈtsi/}}</span>
| ''ʼątzi''
| {{heb|אמציא}}
|'I will invent'
|-
|{{IPA|/ɛ/}}
| <span style="font-size:120%">{{IPA|/ˈʔɛvẽ/}}</span>
| ''ʼévę''
| {{heb|אבן}}
|'stone'
|-
|{{IPA|/e/}}
| <span style="font-size:120%">{{IPA|/ˈʔezɛʁ/}}</span>
| ''ʼếzer''
| {{heb|עזר}}
|'aid'
|-
|{{IPA|/ẽ/}}
| <span style="font-size:120%">{{IPA|/ʔẽ/}}</span>
| ''ʼę''
| {{heb|אין}}
|'there is no'
|-
|{{IPA|/i/}}
| <span style="font-size:120%">{{IPA|/ʔiʃ/}}</span>
| ''ʼiš''
| {{heb|איש}}
|'man'
|-
|{{IPA|/ɪ̃/}}
| <span style="font-size:120%">{{IPA|/ʔɪ̃/}}</span>
| ''ʼį''
| {{heb|אם}}
|'if'
|-
|{{IPA|/o/}}
| <span style="font-size:120%">{{IPA|/ʔov/}}</span>
| ''ʼov''
| {{heb|אב}}
|'father'
|-
|{{IPA|/ɔ̃/}}
| <span style="font-size:120%">{{IPA|/ʔɔ̃/}}</span>
| ''ʼǫ''
| {{heb|עם}}
|'people, nation'
|-
|{{IPA|/ø/}}
| <span style="font-size:120%">{{IPA|/ʔøʁ/}}</span>
| ''ʼør''
| {{heb|אור}}
|'light'
|-
|{{IPA|/ø̃~ə̃/}}
| <span style="font-size:120%">{{IPA|/ʔoˈsø̃/}}</span>
| ''ʼosø&#808;''
| {{heb|אתון}}
|'jenny'
|-
|{{IPA|/u/}}
| <span style="font-size:120%">{{IPA|/ʔäduˈmo/}}</span>
| ''ʼadumo''
| {{heb|אדומה}}
|'red' (f. sg.)
|-
|{{IPA|/ʊ̃/}}
| <span style="font-size:120%">{{IPA|/ʔʊ̃ˈnɔ̃/}}</span>
| ''ʼųnǫ''
| {{heb|אומנם}}
|'indeed'
|}
Vowels tend to reduce in unstressed syllables: /ɛ/ reduces to [ə], /ø/ to [ɵ], /ø̃/ to [ə̃], /u/ to [ʉ], and /i/ to [ɪ].
==Grammar==
Modern Hebrew no longer observes the distinction between masculine plural and feminine plural pronouns, phonetically or orthographically (an edge case remains in the numeral + pronoun complexes שנינו/שתינו ''šnếnu/štếnu'' 'we two (m/f)', שניכם/שתיכם ''šnếchę/štếchę'' 'you two (m/f)' and שניהם/שתיהם ''šnếhę/štếhę'' 'they two (m/f)'). Gender in plural remains almost exclusively in nouns, adjectives, and the (participial) present tense, and numerals. Hence הלכתם (''holáchtę'' 'y'all went'); אתם הולכים\הולכות (''atę hølchį/hølchøs'' 'y'all go' (mp/fp)).
==Sample==
<p align=right><span dir="rtl">רוח הצפון והשמש נכנסו פעם לויכוח, מי מהם חזקה יותר - והנה בא לקראתם הולך רגל, עטוף במעיל חם. השתים השכימו, שזאת אשר תצליח ראשונה להפשיט את האיש ממעילו, תיחשב כחזקה יותר. אז נשבה הרוח חזק ככל שייך לה - אבל ככל שנשבה יותר, כן התעטף האיש במעילו ביתר שאת, ולבסוף ויתרה הרוח על כל ניסיון נוסף. אז התחילה השמש להפיץ את קרניה החמות, ומיד פשט הולך הרגל את מעילו. וכך נאצלה הרוח להודות, שהשמש הזקה ממנה.</span></p>
''Phonemic transcription of 'correct' speech:''
{{gentium|/ˌʁuɐχ hɐt͡soˈfɔ̃ vɛhɐˈʃɛmɛʃ niχnɛˈsu ˌpɐʔɐ̃ lɛviˈkuɐχ ˈmi meˌhẽ χɐzoˈko jøˈseʁ | vɛˈhine ˈbo likʁɐˌsɔ̃ høˌleχ ˈʁɛgɛl ʔɐˈtuf bimˈʔil ˈχɐ̃ | hɐʃˈtɐ̃ɪ̃ hisˈkimu ʃɛˈzøs ʔɐˌʃɛʁ tɐt͡sˈliɐχ ʁiʃøˈno lɛhɐfˈʃit ʔɛs hoˈʔiʃ mimʔiˈlø teχɐˈʃev kɐχɐzɐˈko jøˈseʁ | ʔoz noʃˈvo hoˈʁuɐχ χoˈzok kɛˈχol ʃɐˈjoχ lo | ʔɐˌvol kɛˈχol ʃɛnoˈʃvo jøˈseʁ ˈkẽ hisʔɐˈtef hoˈʔiʃ bimʔiˈlø bɛˈjeseʁ sɛˈʔes | ʔulɛvɐˈsøf vitˈro hoˈʁuɐχ ʔɐl ˈkol nisoˈjø̃ nøˈsof | ʔoz hisˈχilo hɐˈʃɛmɛʃ lɛhoˈfit͡s ʔɛs kɐʁˈneho hɛχɐˈmøs | ʔumiˈjod poˈʃɐt høˌleχ hoˈʁɛgɛl ʔɛs mɛʔiˈlø | vɛˈχoχ nɛʔɛt͡sˈlo hoˈʁuɐχ lɛhøˈdøs ʃɛhɐˈʃɛmɛʃ χɐzoˈko miˈmɛno/}}
''Phonetic transcription of everyday speech:''
[ˌʁuɐχ ɐ t͡soˈfɔ̃ˑ və ɐ ˈʃẽməʃ nɪχnəˈsu ˌpɐ̃ːˑ lə vɪˈkuɐχ ˈmi mẽːˑ χɐzoˈko jøˈseʁ | və ˈɪ̃nɪ ˈbo lɪkʁɐˌsɔ̃ˑ ɵˌleχ ˈʁɛgəl ɐˈtuf bə məˈil ˈχɐ̃ˑ | ɐ ʃˈtɐ̃ɪ̃ˑ ɪsˈkɪ̃mʉ ʃə ˈzøs ɐˌʃɛʁ tɐt͡sˈliɐχ ʁɪʃə̃ˈno ləɐfˈʃit əs ɐ ˈiʃ mĩməɪˈlø teχɐˈʃev kɐ χɐzɐˈko jɵˈseʁ | oz noʃˈvo ɐ ˈʁuɐχ χoˈzok kəˈχol ʃɐˈjoχ lo | ɐˌvol kəˈχol ʃə noˈʃvo jɵˈseʁ ˈkẽ isɐˈtef ɐ ˈiʃ bə məɪˈlø bəˈjeseʁ seːs | və ləvɐˈsøf vɪtˈro ɐ ˈʁuɐχ ɐl ˈkol nɪsoˈjø̃ˑ nɵˈsof | oz ɪsˈχilo ɐ ˈʃẽməʃ ləoˈfit͡s əs kɐʁˈneo ɐ χɐ̃ˈmøs | və mɪˈjod poˈʃɐt ɵˌleχ ɐ ˈʁɛgəl əs məɪˈlø | və ˈkoχ nɛːt͡sˈlo ɐ ˈʁuɐχ ləɵˈdøs ʃə ɐ ˈʃẽməʃ χɐzoˈko mɪˈmẽno]
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