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Jovlish (view source)

Revision as of 23:18, 28 June 2025

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|dia1              = Turkish Jovlish (Türköggeş)
|dia1              = Turkish Jovlish (Türköggeş)
|dia2              = Georgian Jovlish (ქორთულეუგგეშ (Kortuleuggeş))
|dia2              = Georgian Jovlish (ქორთულეუგგეშ (Kortuleuggeş))
|dia3              = Kyutonian (кютонш (kjutonš))
|script1          = Jovl
|script1          = Jovl
|script2          = Geor
|script2          = Geor
|script3          = Latn
|script3          = Latn
|script4          = Cyrl
|nation            = Jovaia
|nation            = Jovaia
|minority          = [[w:Turkey|Türkiye]], [[w:Georgia|Georgia]]
|minority          = [[w:Turkey|Türkiye]], [[w:Georgia|Georgia]]
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** /i͜y/ > /iʊ̯/ before either /ʁ/ or a syllable containing a back vowel.
** /i͜y/ > /iʊ̯/ before either /ʁ/ or a syllable containing a back vowel.
* /æ͜ɑː, e͜oː, i͜yː/ > /jɑː, joː, jyː/ word-initially and /iːɐ̯, iːɔ̯, iːœ̯/ elsewhere.
* /æ͜ɑː, e͜oː, i͜yː/ > /jɑː, joː, jyː/ word-initially and /iːɐ̯, iːɔ̯, iːœ̯/ elsewhere.
** the /i͜y(ː)/ monophthongization typically found in late West Saxon English seems to not have occurred in the specific varieties of West Saxon from which Old Jovlish evolved. That said, a few words do appear to display said monophthongization, such as /ˈjyvɑn/ instead of the expected /*ˈjiʊ̯vɑn/
* /x, ʁ/ palatalize to /ç ʝ/ near front vowels /i(ː), y(ː), e(ː), ø/.
* /x, ʁ/ palatalize to /ç ʝ/ near front vowels /i(ː), y(ː), e(ː), ø/.
** /ʁ/ > /ʝ/ in particular is blocked if /ʁ/ is preceded by a front vowel and followed by a consonant, yielding forms such as /wyʁd/ instead of /*wyʝd/.
* Glides after the diphthongs /iɐ̯, iɔ̯, iœ̯, iʊ̯, iːɐ̯, iːɔ̯, iːœ̯/ are dropped.
* Glides after the diphthongs /iɐ̯, iɔ̯, iœ̯, iʊ̯, iːɐ̯, iːɔ̯, iːœ̯/ are dropped.


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! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|  
|  
| l
| ɫ
|  
|  
| j
| j
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* /r/ is most commonly a tap [ɾ].
* /r/ is most commonly a tap [ɾ].
* /ʁ/ is an approximant [ʁ̞].
* /ʁ/ is an approximant [ʁ̞].
* /ɫ/ is currently undergoing vocalization to /◌ˠː/ in coda positions before back vowels and /w/ in coda positions otherwise, with the shift of full vocalization in non-coda positions even becoming apparent in some communities.


====Phonological shifts from Middle Jovlish====
====Phonological shifts from Middle Jovlish====
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** /ljə, lɥə, lwə/ > /jɯ, vɯ, vɯ/.
** /ljə, lɥə, lwə/ > /jɯ, vɯ, vɯ/.
* /ɑ, æ/ > /ɔ, ɐ/.
* /ɑ, æ/ > /ɔ, ɐ/.
* /l/ velarizes to /ɫ/
==Orthographies==
==Orthographies==
===Old and Middle Jovlish Latin===
===Old and Middle Jovlish Latin===
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|-
|-
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Ll}}
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Ll}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|lé}}<br>[le(ː)]
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|lé}}<br>[ɫe(ː)]
| [l]
| [ɫ]
| l
| l
| Jovlish Latin ⟨l⟩ [[File:L old jovlish.png|60px|frameless]]
| Jovlish Latin ⟨l⟩ [[File:L old jovlish.png|60px|frameless]]
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Jovlish exhibits [[w:Subject–object–verb word order|subject–object–verb]] (SOV) word order by default, though in practice its word order is relatively flexible:
Jovlish exhibits [[w:Subject–object–verb word order|subject–object–verb]] (SOV) word order by default, though in practice its word order is relatively flexible:
* in declarative clauses, SOV is by far the most common word order.
* in declarative clauses, SOV is by far the most common word order.
** <span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Mişal}}</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|es}}</span><span style="background-color:#adffa6">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|bók}}</span> <span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|zē}}</span> — ''<span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">Mişal</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">es</span><span style="background-color:#adffa6">bók</span> <span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">zē</span>'' — "<span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">Mişal</span> <span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">read</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">his</span> <span style="background-color:#adffa6">book</span>"
** <span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Mişal}}</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|s}}</span><span style="background-color:#adffa6">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|bók}}</span> <span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|zē}}</span> — ''<span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">Mişal</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">s</span><span style="background-color:#adffa6">bók</span> <span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">zē</span>'' — "<span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">Mişal</span> <span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">read</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">his</span> <span style="background-color:#adffa6">book</span>"
* negation tends to shift the word order to VSO.
* negation tends to shift the word order to VSO.
** <span style="background-color:#a6f6ff">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|n}}</span><span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|zē}}</span> <span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Mişal}}</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|es}}</span><span style="background-color:#adffa6">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|bók}}</span> — ''<span style="background-color:#a6f6ff">n</span><span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">zē</span> <span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">Mişal</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">es</span><span style="background-color:#adffa6">bók</span>'' — "<span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">Mişal</span> <span style="background-color:#a6f6ff">did not</span> <span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">read</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">his</span> <span style="background-color:#adffa6">book</span>"
** <span style="background-color:#a6f6ff">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|n}}</span><span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|zē}}</span> <span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Mişal}}</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|s}}</span><span style="background-color:#adffa6">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|bók}}</span> — ''<span style="background-color:#a6f6ff">n</span><span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">zē</span> <span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">Mişal</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">s</span><span style="background-color:#adffa6">bók</span>'' — "<span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">Mişal</span> <span style="background-color:#a6f6ff">did not</span> <span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">read</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">his</span> <span style="background-color:#adffa6">book</span>"
* interrogative clauses also do the same.
* interrogative clauses also do the same.
** <span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|zē}}</span> <span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Mişal}}</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|es}}</span><span style="background-color:#adffa6">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|bók}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|?}} — ''<span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">zē</span> <span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">Mişal</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">es</span><span style="background-color:#adffa6">bók</span>?'' — "<span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">did</span> <span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">Mişal</span> <span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">read</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">his</span> <span style="background-color:#adffa6">book</span>?"
** <span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|zē}}</span> <span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Mişal}}</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|s}}</span><span style="background-color:#adffa6">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|bók}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|?}} — ''<span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">zē</span> <span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">Mişal</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">s</span><span style="background-color:#adffa6">bók</span>?'' — "<span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">did</span> <span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">Mişal</span> <span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">read</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">his</span> <span style="background-color:#adffa6">book</span>?"
*... though interrogative clauses using SOV is of generally equal distribution.
*... though interrogative clauses using SOV is of generally equal distribution.
** <span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Mişal}}</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|es}}</span><span style="background-color:#adffa6">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|bók}}</span> <span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|zē}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|?}} — ''<span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">Mişal</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">es</span><span style="background-color:#adffa6">bók</span> <span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">zē</span>?'' — "<span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">did</span> <span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">Mişal</span> <span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">read</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">his</span> <span style="background-color:#adffa6">book</span>?"
** <span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Mişal}}</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|s}}</span><span style="background-color:#adffa6">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|bók}}</span> <span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|zē}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|?}} — ''<span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">Mişal</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">s</span><span style="background-color:#adffa6">bók</span> <span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">zē</span>?'' — "<span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">did</span> <span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">Mişal</span> <span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">read</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">his</span> <span style="background-color:#adffa6">book</span>?"
* interrogative pronouns are placed clause-initially but do not interfere with verb placement.
* interrogative pronouns are placed clause-initially but do not interfere with verb placement.
** <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fat}}</span> <span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|zē}}</span> <span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Mişal}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|?}} — ''<span style="background-color:#a6aeff">fat</span> <span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">zē</span> <span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">Mişal</span>?'' — "<span style="background-color:#a6aeff">what</span> <span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">did</span> <span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">Mişal</span> <span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">read</span>?"
** <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fat}}</span> <span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|zē}}</span> <span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Mişal}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|?}} — ''<span style="background-color:#a6aeff">fat</span> <span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">zē</span> <span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">Mişal</span>?'' — "<span style="background-color:#a6aeff">what</span> <span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">did</span> <span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">Mişal</span> <span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">read</span>?"
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====Adjectives====
====Adjectives====
===Verbs===
The strong-weak distinction common across other Germanic languages was leveled in Jovlish, leaving only one set of endings irrelevant to the presence of an article. Adjectives still retain declension for case, number, and gender however.
Jovlish verbs conjugate for person, number, gender, tense, aspect, and mood using simple endings, and for voice using phrasal constructions. A given verb can fall into one of four categories:
{| class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
* '''<span style="color:green">Weak</span> verbs''' (''see [[w:Germanic weak verb|Germanic weak verb]]'')
|+ '''Positive declension'''
* '''<span style="color:purple">Strong</span> verbs''' (''see [[w:Germanic strong verb|Germanic strong verb]]'')
! rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
* '''<span style="color:red">Preterite-present</span> verbs''' (''see [[w:Germanic_verbs#Preterite-presents|Preterite presents]]'')
! colspan="3" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/24 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şīk}}] ''şīk'' ("warm")
* '''<span style="color:orange">Irregular</span> verbs'''
! colspan="3" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/214 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īş}}] ''īş'' ("tall, high")
 
! colspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/25 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|grīt}}] ''grīt'' ("big, large")
====Endings====
|-
A given weak verb has 9 sets of verbal endings, while a strong verb has 8. Simple verbal endings cover all persons by default, but mainly disambiguate tense (simple past, simple present, simple future), aspect (perfect) for all the aforementioned tenses, and mood (indicative, subjunctive) for some tense-aspect combinations. Apart from the future and perfect sets of endings which were formed from the reduction of verbal phrasal constructions, they were formed from the fusion (and sometimes full dropping) of post-verbal pronouns with the endings inherited from Old English:
! colspan="2" | Singular
* '''Primary Endings''' used for the present indicative of both weak and strong verbs ({{Abbtip|Late Old Jovlish|''ʟᴏᴊ''}} ić clýs '''ić''' → {{Abbtip|Modern Jovlish|''ᴊ''}} {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız'''eş'''}} (''şvız'''eş'''''))
! rowspan="2" | Plural
* '''Strong Secondary Endings''' used for the present subjunctive, the past indicative, and the past subjunctive of strong verbs ({{Abbtip|Late Old Jovlish|''ʟᴏᴊ''}} ić sćéaf '''ić''' → {{Abbtip|Modern Jovlish|''ᴊ''}} {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şīf'''ş'''}} (''şīf'''ş'''''))
! colspan="2" | Singular
* '''Weak Subjunctive Endings''' used for the present subjunctive of weak verbs ({{Abbtip|Late Old Jovlish|''ʟᴏᴊ''}} ić clýs'''a ić''' → {{Abbtip|Modern Jovlish|''ᴊ''}} {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız'''āş'''}} (''şvız'''āş'''''))
! rowspan="2" | Plural
* '''Weak Past Endings''' used for the past indicative of weak verbs ({{Abbtip|Late Old Jovlish|''ʟᴏᴊ''}} ić clýs'''od ić''' → {{Abbtip|Modern Jovlish|''ᴊ''}} {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız'''deş'''}} (''şvız'''deş'''''))
! colspan="2" | Singular
* '''Future Indicative Endings''' used for the future indicative of both weak and strong verbs ({{Abbtip|Late Middle Jovlish|''ʟᴍᴊ''}} ić... clýsn '''þeałf ić''' → {{Abbtip|Modern Jovlish|''ᴊ''}} {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız'''ēş'''}} (''şvız'''ēş'''''))
! rowspan="2" | Plural
* '''Future Subjunctive Endings''' used for the future subjunctive of both weak and strong verbs ({{Abbtip|Late Middle Jovlish|''ʟᴍᴊ''}} ić... clýsn '''þyłfa ić''' → {{Abbtip|Modern Jovlish|''ᴊ''}} {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız'''űş'''}} (''şvız'''űş'''''))
|-
* '''Present Perfect Indicative Endings''' used for the present perfect indicative of both weak and strong verbs ({{Abbtip|Late Middle Jovlish|''ʟᴍᴊ''}} ić... clýsod '''éo ić''' → {{Abbtip|Modern Jovlish|''ᴊ''}} {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız'''öş'''}} (''şvız'''öş'''''))
! Masculine
* '''Present Perfect Subjunctive Endings''' used for the present perfect subjunctive of both weak and strong verbs ({{Abbtip|Late Middle Jovlish|''ʟᴍᴊ''}} ić... clýsod '''béo ić''' → {{Abbtip|Modern Jovlish|''ᴊ''}} {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız'''īş'''}} (''şvız'''īş'''''))
! Feminine
* '''Past Perfect Endings''' used for the past perfect of both weak and strong verbs ({{Abbtip|Late Middle Jovlish|''ʟᴍᴊ''}} ić... clýsod '''hæd ić''' → {{Abbtip|Modern Jovlish|''ᴊ''}} {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız'''eç'''}} (''şvız'''eç'''''))
! Masculine
* '''Future Perfect Endings''' used for the future perfect of both weak and strong verbs ({{Abbtip|Late Middle Jovlish|''ʟᴍᴊ''}} ić... clýsod '''þołft ić''' → {{Abbtip|Modern Jovlish|''ᴊ''}} {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız'''ōç'''}} (''şvız'''ōç'''''))
! Feminine
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! Masculine
|+ '''Summary table'''
! Feminine
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! rowspan="3" | Corresponding Pronoun
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | Direct
! colspan="6" | Simple
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şīk}}<br />''şīk''
! colspan="4" | Perfect
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şīk}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}</span><br />''şīk<span style="color:red">ī</span>''
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
| rowspan="3" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şīk}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|e}}</span><br />''şīk<span style="color:red">e</span>''
! rowspan="2" | Primary
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īş}}<br />''īş''
! rowspan="2" | Strong Secondary
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īş}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}</span><br />''īş<span style="color:red">ī</span>''
! colspan="2" | Weak
| rowspan="3" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īş}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|e}}</span><br />''īş<span style="color:red">e</span>''
! colspan="2" | Future
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|grīt}}<br />''grīt''
! colspan="2" | Present
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|grīt}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}</span><br />''grīt<span style="color:red">ī</span>''
! rowspan="2" | Past
| rowspan="3" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|grīt}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|e}}</span><br />''grīt<span style="color:red">e</span>''
! rowspan="2" | Future
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | Genitive
! Past
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şī}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|x}}</span><br />''şī<span style="color:red">x</span>''
! Subjunctive
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şīk}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|re}}</span><br />''şīk<span style="color:red">re</span>''
! Indicative
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īş}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|es}}</span><br />''īş<span style="color:red">es</span>''
! Subjunctive
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īş}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|re}}</span><br />''īş<span style="color:red">re</span>''
! Indicative
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|grīt}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|s}}</span><br />''grīt<span style="color:red">s</span>''
! Subjunctive
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|grīt}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|re}}</span><br />''grīt<span style="color:red">re</span>''
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="font-weight:bold;" | Dative
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şīk}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|e}}</span><br />''şīk<span style="color:red">e</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īş}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|e}}</span><br />''īş<span style="color:red">e</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|grīt}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|e}}</span><br />''grīt<span style="color:red">e</span>''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |  
! colspan="3" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/208 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|müy}}] ''müy'' ("stupid")
! colspan="3" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/200 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ūqóh}}] ''ūqóh'' ("angry")
! colspan="3" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/149 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vıç}}] ''vıç'' ("few")
|-
|-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş}}<br>''eş''
! colspan="2" | Singular
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-(e)ş}}<br>''-(e)ş''
! rowspan="2" | Plural
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-deş}}<br>''-deş''
! colspan="2" | Singular
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-āş}}<br>''-āş''
! rowspan="2" | Plural
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ēş}}<br>''-ēş''
! colspan="2" | Singular
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-űş}}<br>''-űş''
! rowspan="2" | Plural
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-öş}}<br>''-öş''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-īş}}<br>''-īş''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-eç}}<br>''-eç''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ōç}}<br>''-ōç''
|-
|-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hō}}<br>''hō''
! Masculine
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-(e)st}}<br>''-(e)st''
! Feminine
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-(e)h}}<br>''-(e)h''
! Masculine
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-etst}}<br>''-etst''
! Feminine
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-āh}}<br>''-āh''
! Masculine
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ēh}}<br>''-ēh''
! Feminine
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-űh}}<br>''-űh''
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ösh}}<br>''-ösh''
! style="font-weight:bold;" | Direct
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-īh}}<br>''-īh''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|müy}}<br />''müy''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-er}}<br>''-er''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|müy}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}</span><br />''müy<span style="color:red">ī</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ōst}}<br>''-ōst''
| rowspan="3" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|müy}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|e}}</span><br />''müy<span style="color:red">e</span>''
|-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ūqóh}}<br />''ūqóh''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|et}}<br>''et''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ūqóh}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}</span><br />''ūqóh<span style="color:red">ī</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-(e)h}}<br>''-(e)h''
| rowspan="3" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ūqóh}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|e}}</span><br />''ūqóh<span style="color:red">e</span>''
| —
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vıç}}<br />''vıç''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-(e)d}}<br>''-(e)d''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vıç}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}</span><br />''vıç<span style="color:red">ī</span>''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ā}}<br>''-ā''
| rowspan="3" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vıç}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|e}}</span><br />''vıç<span style="color:red">e</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ēf}}<br>''-ēf''
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ű}}<br>''-ű''
! style="font-weight:bold;" | Genitive
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-öh}}<br>''-öh''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|müy}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|s}}</span><br />''müy<span style="color:red">s</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-īf}}<br>''-īf''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|müy}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|re}}</span><br />''müy<span style="color:red">re</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-eth}}<br>''-eth''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ūqó}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ts}}</span><br />''ūqó<span style="color:red">ts</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ōf}}<br>''-ōf''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ūqóh}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|re}}</span><br />''ūqóh<span style="color:red">re</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vıç}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|es}}</span><br />''vıç<span style="color:red">es</span>''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vıç}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|re}}</span><br />''vıç<span style="color:red">re</span>''
|- style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;"
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Dative
| style="text-align:center;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|müy}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|e}}</span><br />''müy<span style="color:red">e</span>''
| style="text-align:center;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ūqóh}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|e}}</span><br />''ūqóh<span style="color:red">e</span>''
| style="text-align:center;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vıç}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|e}}</span><br />''vıç<span style="color:red">e</span>''
|}
 
Comparatives and superlatives are formed regularly using {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-(e)r}} (-(e)r) and {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-(e)st}} (-(e)st) respectively, with a large portion also employing umlauting. Irregular forms can arise out of either phonological shifts that obscure the forms or by full suppletion.
<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
|+ '''Comparative declension'''
! rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! colspan="3" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/24 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şīk}}] ''şīk'' ("warm")
! colspan="3" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/214 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īş}}] ''īş'' ("tall, high")
! colspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/25 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|grīt}}] ''grīt'' ("big, large")
|-
|-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|jó}}<br>''jó''
! colspan="2" | Singular
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ī}}<br>''-ī''
! rowspan="2" | Plural
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-dī}}<br>''-dī''
! colspan="2" | Singular
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ēvī}}<br>''-ēvī''
! rowspan="2" | Plural
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-öhī}}<br>''-öhī''
! colspan="2" | Singular
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-īvī}}<br>''-īvī''
! rowspan="2" | Plural
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ethī}}<br>''-ethī''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ōvī}}<br>''-ōvī''
|-
|-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vé}}<br>''vé''
! Masculine
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-é}}<br>''-é''
! Feminine
| colspan="3" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-né}}<br>''-né''
! Masculine
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ūné}}<br>''-ūné''
! Feminine
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-űné}}<br>''-űné''
! Masculine
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-öhé}}<br>''-öhé''
! Feminine
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-īné}}<br>''-īné''
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-erné}}<br>''-erné''
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | Direct
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ōné}}<br>''-ōné''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şīk}}<span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|er}}</span><br />''şīk<span style="color:blue">er</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şīk}}<span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|rī}}</span><br />''şīk<span style="color:blue">rī</span>''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şīk}}<span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|re}}</span><br />''şīk<span style="color:blue">re</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}<span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|rr}}</span><br />''ī<span style="color:blue">rr</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}<span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|rrī}}</span><br />''ī<span style="color:blue">rrī</span>''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}<span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|rre}}</span><br />''ī<span style="color:blue">rre</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|mór}}<br />''mór''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|mór}}<span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}</span><br />''mór<span style="color:blue">ī</span>''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|mór}}<span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|e}}</span><br />''mór<span style="color:blue">e</span>''
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | Oblique
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şīk}}<span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ern}}</span><br />''şīk<span style="color:blue">ern</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şīk}}<span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ernī}}</span><br />''şīk<span style="color:blue">ernī</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}<span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|rrn}}</span><br />''ī<span style="color:blue">rrn</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}<span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|rrnī}}</span><br />''ī<span style="color:blue">rrnī</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|mór}}<span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|n}}</span><br />''mór<span style="color:blue">n</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|mór}}<span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nī}}</span><br />''mór<span style="color:blue">nī</span>''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! colspan="3" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/208 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|müy}}] ''müy'' ("stupid")
! colspan="3" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/200 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ūqóh}}] ''ūqóh'' ("angry")
! colspan="3" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/149 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vıç}}] ''vıç'' ("few")
|-
|-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hō}}<br>''hō''
! colspan="2" | Singular
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-(e)st}}<br>''-(e)st''
! rowspan="2" | Plural
| colspan="3" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-n}}<br>''-n''
! colspan="2" | Singular
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ūv}}<br>''-ūv''
! rowspan="2" | Plural
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-űv}}<br>''-űv''
! colspan="2" | Singular
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ösh}}<br>''-ösh''
! rowspan="2" | Plural
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-īv}}<br>''-īv''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ern}}<br>''-ern''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ōn}}<br>''-ōn''
|-
|-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ű}}<br>''ű''
! Masculine
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ö}}<br>''-ö''
! Feminine
| colspan="3" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-nö}}<br>''-nö''
! Masculine
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ūnö}}<br>''-ūnö''
! Feminine
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-űnö}}<br>''-űnö''
! Masculine
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-öhö}}<br>''-öhö''
! Feminine
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-īnö}}<br>''-īnö''
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ernö}}<br>''-ernö''
! style="font-weight:bold;" | Direct
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ōnö}}<br>''-ōnö''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|müy}}<span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|r}}</span><br />''müy<span style="color:blue">r</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|müy}}<span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|rī}}</span><br />''müy<span style="color:blue">rī</span>''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|müy}}<span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|re}}</span><br />''müy<span style="color:blue">re</span>''
| <span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ű}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|q}}<span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|é}}</span><span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|r}}</span><br />''<span style="color:blue">ű</span>q<span style="color:blue">é</span><span style="color:blue">r</span>''
| <span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ű}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|q}}<span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|é}}</span><span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|rī}}</span><br />''<span style="color:blue">ű</span>q<span style="color:blue">é</span><span style="color:blue">rī</span>''
| rowspan="2" | <span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ű}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|q}}<span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|é}}</span><span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|re}}</span><br />''<span style="color:blue">ű</span>q<span style="color:blue">é</span><span style="color:blue">re</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|yıs}}<br />''yıs''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|yıs}}<span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}</span><br />''yıs<span style="color:blue">ī</span>''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|yıs}}<span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|e}}</span><br />''yıs<span style="color:blue">e</span>''
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="font-weight:bold;" | Oblique
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|müy}}<span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|rn}}</span><br />''müy<span style="color:blue">rn</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|müy}}<span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|rnī}}</span><br />''müy<span style="color:blue">rnī</span>''
| <span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ű}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|q}}<span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|é}}</span><span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|rn}}</span><br />''<span style="color:blue">ű</span>q<span style="color:blue">é</span><span style="color:blue">rn</span>''
| <span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ű}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|q}}<span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|é}}</span><span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|rnī}}</span><br />''<span style="color:blue">ű</span>q<span style="color:blue">é</span><span style="color:blue">rnī</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|yıs}}<span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|n}}</span><br />''yıs<span style="color:blue">n</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|yıs}}<span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nī}}</span><br />''yıs<span style="color:blue">nī</span>''
|}
|}
====Present====
</div>
The present tense is used for actions/states happening in the present, future actions/states if context is clear, and ''[[w:telicity|atelic]]'' verbs. Weak and strong verbs share the indicative and imperative endings, but differ on the subjunctive endings.
<div style=display:inline-grid>
<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
|+ '''Weak verbs'''
|+ '''Superlative declension'''
|- style="text-align:left;"
! rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |  
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" |  
! colspan="3" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/24 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şīk}}] ''şīk'' ("warm")
! colspan="5" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/73 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvızn}}] ''şvızn'' ("to close")
! colspan="3" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/214 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īş}}] ''īş'' ("tall, high")
|- style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left;"
! colspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/25 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|grīt}}] ''grīt'' ("big, large")
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Simple
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Perfect
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Imperative
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! Indicative
! Subjunctive
! Indicative
! Subjunctive
|-
|-
! rowspan="4" style="font-weight:bold;" | Singular
! colspan="2" | Singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş}}
! rowspan="2" | Plural
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">eş</span>''
! colspan="2" | Singular
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|āş}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">āş</span>''
! rowspan="2" | Plural
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öş}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">öş</span>''
! colspan="2" | Singular
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īş}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">īş</span>''
! rowspan="2" | Plural
| —
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hō}}
! Masculine
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|est}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">est</span>''
! Feminine
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|āh}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">āh</span>''
! Masculine
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ösh}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ösh</span>''
! Feminine
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īh}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">īh</span>''
! Masculine
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<br>''şvız''
! Feminine
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | Direct
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şī}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|xt}}</span><br />''şī<span style="color:green">xt</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şī}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|xtī}}</span><br />''şī<span style="color:green">xtī</span>''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şī}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|xte}}</span><br />''şī<span style="color:green">xte</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īş}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|t}}</span><br />''īş<span style="color:green">t</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īş}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tī}}</span><br />''īş<span style="color:green">tī</span>''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īş}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|te}}</span><br />''īş<span style="color:green">te</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|mēst}}<br />''mēst''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|mēst}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}</span><br />''mēst<span style="color:green">ī</span>''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|mēst}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|e}}</span><br />''mēst<span style="color:green">e</span>''
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | Oblique
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şī}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|xtn}}</span><br />''şī<span style="color:green">xtn</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şī}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|xtnī}}</span><br />''şī<span style="color:green">xtnī</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īş}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tn}}</span><br />''īş<span style="color:green">tn</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īş}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tnī}}</span><br />''īş<span style="color:green">tnī</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|mēst}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|n}}</span><br />''mēst<span style="color:green">n</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|mēst}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nī}}</span><br />''mēst<span style="color:green">nī</span>''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|et}}
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |  
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|h}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">h</span>''
! colspan="3" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/208 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|müy}}] ''müy'' ("stupid")
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ā}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ā</span>''
! colspan="3" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/200 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ūqóh}}] ''ūqóh'' ("angry")
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öh}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">öh</span>''
! colspan="3" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/149 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vıç}}] ''vıç'' ("few")
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īf}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">īf</span>''
| rowspan="3" | —
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|jó}}
! colspan="2" | Singular
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ī</span>''
! rowspan="2" | Plural
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öhī}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">öhī</span>''
! colspan="2" | Singular
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īvī}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">īvī</span>''
! rowspan="2" | Plural
! colspan="2" | Singular
! rowspan="2" | Plural
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | Plural
! Masculine
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vé}}
! Feminine
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|é}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">é</span>''
! Masculine
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|né}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">né</span>''
! Feminine
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öhé}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">öhé</span>''
! Masculine
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īné}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">īné</span>''
! Feminine
|-
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hō}}
! style="font-weight:bold;" | Direct
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|est}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">est</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|müy}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|st}}</span><br />''müy<span style="color:green">st</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|n}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">n</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|müy}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|stī}}</span><br />''müy<span style="color:green">stī</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ösh}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ösh</span>''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|müy}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ste}}</span><br />''müy<span style="color:green">ste</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īn}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">īn</span>''
| <span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ű}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|q}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|é}}</span><span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|st}}</span><br />''<span style="color:green">ű</span>q<span style="color:green">é</span><span style="color:green">st</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<br>''şvız''
| <span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ű}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|q}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|é}}</span><span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|stī}}</span><br />''<span style="color:green">ű</span>q<span style="color:green">é</span><span style="color:green">stī</span>''
|-
| rowspan="2" | <span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ű}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|q}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|é}}</span><span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ste}}</span><br />''<span style="color:green">ű</span>q<span style="color:green">é</span><span style="color:green">ste</span>''
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ű}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|yıst}}<br />''yıst''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ö}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ö</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|yıst}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}</span><br />''yıst<span style="color:green">ī</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nö}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">nö</span>''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|yıst}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|e}}</span><br />''yıst<span style="color:green">e</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öhö}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">öhö</span>''
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īnö}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">īnö</span>''
! style="font-weight:bold;" | Oblique
| —
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|müy}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|stn}}</span><br />''müy<span style="color:green">stn</span>''
|}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|müy}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|stnī}}</span><br />''müy<span style="color:green">stnī</span>''
</div>
| <span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ű}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|q}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|é}}</span><span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|stn}}</span><br />''<span style="color:green">ű</span>q<span style="color:green">é</span><span style="color:green">stn</span>''
<div style=display:inline-grid>
| <span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ű}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|q}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|é}}</span><span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|stnī}}</span><br />''<span style="color:green">ű</span>q<span style="color:green">é</span><span style="color:green">stnī</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|yıst}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|n}}</span><br />''yıst<span style="color:green">n</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|yıst}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nī}}</span><br />''yıst<span style="color:green">nī</span>''
|}
</div>
===Verbs===
Jovlish verbs conjugate for person, number, gender, tense, aspect, and mood using simple endings, and for voice using phrasal constructions. A given verb can fall into one of four categories:
* '''<span style="color:green">Weak</span> verbs''' (''see [[w:Germanic weak verb|Germanic weak verb]]'')
* '''<span style="color:purple">Strong</span> verbs''' (''see [[w:Germanic strong verb|Germanic strong verb]]'')
* '''<span style="color:red">Preterite-present</span> verbs''' (''see [[w:Germanic_verbs#Preterite-presents|Preterite presents]]'')
* '''<span style="color:orange">Irregular</span> verbs'''
 
====Endings====
A given weak verb has 9 sets of verbal endings, while a strong verb has 8. Simple verbal endings cover all persons by default, but mainly disambiguate tense (simple past, simple present, simple future), aspect (perfect) for all the aforementioned tenses, and mood (indicative, subjunctive) for some tense-aspect combinations. Apart from the future and perfect sets of endings which were formed from the reduction of verbal phrasal constructions, they were formed from the fusion (and sometimes full dropping) of post-verbal pronouns with the endings inherited from Old English:
* '''Primary Endings''' used for the present indicative of both weak and strong verbs ({{Abbtip|Late Old Jovlish|''ʟᴏᴊ''}} ić clýs '''ić''' → {{Abbtip|Modern Jovlish|''ᴊ''}} {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız'''eş'''}} (''şvız'''eş'''''))
* '''Strong Secondary Endings''' used for the present subjunctive, the past indicative, and the past subjunctive of strong verbs ({{Abbtip|Late Old Jovlish|''ʟᴏᴊ''}} ić sćéaf '''ić''' → {{Abbtip|Modern Jovlish|''ᴊ''}} {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şīf'''ş'''}} (''şīf'''ş'''''))
* '''Weak Subjunctive Endings''' used for the present subjunctive of weak verbs ({{Abbtip|Late Old Jovlish|''ʟᴏᴊ''}} ić clýs'''a ić''' → {{Abbtip|Modern Jovlish|''ᴊ''}} {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız'''āş'''}} (''şvız'''āş'''''))
* '''Weak Past Endings''' used for the past indicative of weak verbs ({{Abbtip|Late Old Jovlish|''ʟᴏᴊ''}} ić clýs'''od ić''' → {{Abbtip|Modern Jovlish|''ᴊ''}} {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız'''deş'''}} (''şvız'''deş'''''))
* '''Future Indicative Endings''' used for the future indicative of both weak and strong verbs ({{Abbtip|Late Middle Jovlish|''ʟᴍᴊ''}} ić... clýsn '''þeałf ić''' → {{Abbtip|Modern Jovlish|''ᴊ''}} {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız'''ēş'''}} (''şvız'''ēş'''''))
* '''Future Subjunctive Endings''' used for the future subjunctive of both weak and strong verbs ({{Abbtip|Late Middle Jovlish|''ʟᴍᴊ''}} ić... clýsn '''þyłfa ić''' → {{Abbtip|Modern Jovlish|''ᴊ''}} {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız'''űş'''}} (''şvız'''űş'''''))
* '''Present Perfect Indicative Endings''' used for the present perfect indicative of both weak and strong verbs ({{Abbtip|Late Middle Jovlish|''ʟᴍᴊ''}} ić... clýsod '''éo ić''' → {{Abbtip|Modern Jovlish|''ᴊ''}} {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız'''öş'''}} (''şvız'''öş'''''))
* '''Present Perfect Subjunctive Endings''' used for the present perfect subjunctive of both weak and strong verbs ({{Abbtip|Late Middle Jovlish|''ʟᴍᴊ''}} ić... clýsod '''béo ić''' → {{Abbtip|Modern Jovlish|''ᴊ''}} {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız'''īş'''}} (''şvız'''īş'''''))
* '''Past Perfect Endings''' used for the past perfect of both weak and strong verbs ({{Abbtip|Late Middle Jovlish|''ʟᴍᴊ''}} ić... clýsod '''hæd ić''' → {{Abbtip|Modern Jovlish|''ᴊ''}} {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız'''eç'''}} (''şvız'''eç'''''))
* '''Future Perfect Endings''' used for the future perfect of both weak and strong verbs ({{Abbtip|Late Middle Jovlish|''ʟᴍᴊ''}} ić... clýsod '''þołft ić''' → {{Abbtip|Modern Jovlish|''ᴊ''}} {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız'''ōç'''}} (''şvız'''ōç'''''))
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ '''Strong verbs'''
|+ '''Summary table'''
|- style="text-align:left;"
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" |
! colspan="5" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/176 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şővn}}] ''şővn'' ("to push")
|- style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left;"
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Simple
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Perfect
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Imperative
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! rowspan="3" | Corresponding Pronoun
! colspan="6" | Simple
! colspan="4" | Perfect
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! rowspan="2" | Primary
! rowspan="2" | Strong Secondary
! colspan="2" | Weak
! colspan="2" | Future
! colspan="2" | Present
! rowspan="2" | Past
! rowspan="2" | Future
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! Past
! Subjunctive
! Indicative
! Indicative
! Subjunctive
! Subjunctive
Line 1,939: Line 2,040:
! Subjunctive
! Subjunctive
|-
|-
! rowspan="4" style="font-weight:bold;" | Singular
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş}}<br>''eş''
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş}}
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-(e)ş}}<br>''-(e)ş''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şőf}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}</span><br>''şőf<span style="color:purple">ş</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-deş}}<br>''-deş''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|f}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>f<span style="color:purple">ş</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-āş}}<br>''-āş''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öş}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">öş</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ēş}}<br>''-ēş''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īş}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">īş</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-űş}}<br>''-űş''
| —
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-öş}}<br>''-öş''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-īş}}<br>''-īş''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-eç}}<br>''-eç''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ōç}}<br>''-ōç''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hō}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hō}}<br>''hō''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şőf}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|st}}</span><br>''şőf<span style="color:purple">st</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-(e)st}}<br>''-(e)st''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|f}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|h}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>f<span style="color:purple">h</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-(e)h}}<br>''-(e)h''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ösh}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">ösh</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-etst}}<br>''-etst''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īh}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">īh</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-āh}}<br>''-āh''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şőf}}<br>''şőf''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ēh}}<br>''-ēh''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-űh}}<br>''-űh''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ösh}}<br>''-ösh''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-īh}}<br>''-īh''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-er}}<br>''-er''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ōst}}<br>''-ōst''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|et}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|et}}<br>''et''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şőf}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|h}}</span><br>''şőf<span style="color:purple">h</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-(e)h}}<br>''-(e)h''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|f}}<br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>f''
| —
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öh}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">öh</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-(e)d}}<br>''-(e)d''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īf}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">īf</span>''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ā}}<br>''-ā''
| rowspan="3" | —
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ēf}}<br>''-ēf''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ű}}<br>''-ű''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-öh}}<br>''-öh''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-īf}}<br>''-īf''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-eth}}<br>''-eth''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ōf}}<br>''-ōf''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|jó}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|jó}}<br>''jó''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şőv}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}</span><br>''şőv<span style="color:purple">ī</span>''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ī}}<br>''-ī''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">ī</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-dī}}<br>''-dī''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öhī}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">öhī</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ēvī}}<br>''-ēvī''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īvī}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">īvī</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-öhī}}<br>''-öhī''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-īvī}}<br>''-īvī''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ethī}}<br>''-ethī''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ōvī}}<br>''-ōvī''
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | Plural
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vé}}<br>''vé''
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vé}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-é}}<br>''-é''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|é}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">é</span>''
| colspan="3" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-né}}<br>''-né''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|né}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">né</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ūné}}<br>''-ūné''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öhé}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">öhé</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-űné}}<br>''-űné''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īné}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">īné</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-öhé}}<br>''-öhé''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-īné}}<br>''-īné''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-erné}}<br>''-erné''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ōné}}<br>''-ōné''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hō}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hō}}<br>''hō''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|f}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|st}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>f<span style="color:purple">st</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-(e)st}}<br>''-(e)st''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|n}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">n</span>''
| colspan="3" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-n}}<br>''-n''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ösh}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">ösh</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ūv}}<br>''-ūv''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īn}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">īn</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-űv}}<br>''-űv''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|f}}<br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>f''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ösh}}<br>''-ösh''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-īv}}<br>''-īv''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ern}}<br>''-ern''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ōn}}<br>''-ōn''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ű}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ű}}<br>''ű''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ö}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">ö</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ö}}<br>''-ö''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nö}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">nö</span>''
| colspan="3" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-nö}}<br>''-nö''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öhö}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">öhö</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ūnö}}<br>''-ūnö''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īnö}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">īnö</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-űnö}}<br>''-űnö''
| —
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-öhö}}<br>''-öhö''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-īnö}}<br>''-īnö''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ernö}}<br>''-ernö''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ōnö}}<br>''-ōnö''
|}
|}
</div>
====Present====
 
The present tense is used for actions/states happening in the present, future actions/states if context is clear, and ''[[w:telicity|atelic]]'' verbs. Weak and strong verbs share the indicative and imperative endings, but differ on the subjunctive endings.
====Past====
The past tense is used for actions/states which happened in the past, regardless of telicity. Weak verbs have dental-[[w:infix|infixed]] endings in the singular, and both weak and strong verbs share the same nasal-infixed endings in the plural. It is of note that weak verbs do not have a distinct past subjunctive from the past indicative and that strong verbs use the same set of endings for the past indicative, present subjunctive, and past subjunctive.
<div style=display:inline-grid>
<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ '''Weak verbs'''
|+ '''Weak verbs'''
|- style="text-align:left;"
|- style="text-align:left;"
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" |  
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" |  
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/73 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvızn}}] ''şvızn'' ("to close")
! colspan="5" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/73 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvızn}}] ''şvızn'' ("to close")
|- style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left;"
|- style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left;"
! style="text-align:center;" | Simple
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Simple
! style="text-align:center;" | Perfect
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Perfect
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Imperative
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! Indicative
! Subjunctive
! Indicative
! Subjunctive
|-
|-
! rowspan="4" style="font-weight:bold;" | Singular
! rowspan="4" style="font-weight:bold;" | Singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş}}
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|deş}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">deş</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">eş</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eç}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">eç</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|āş}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">āş</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öş}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">öş</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īş}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">īş</span>''
| —
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hō}}
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hō}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|etst}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">etst</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|est}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">est</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|er}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">er</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|āh}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">āh</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ösh}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ösh</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īh}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">īh</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<br>''şvız''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|et}}
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|et}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|d}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">d</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|h}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">h</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eth}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">eth</span>''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ā}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ā</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öh}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">öh</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īf}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">īf</span>''
| rowspan="3" | —
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|jó}}
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|jó}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|dī}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">dī</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ī</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ethī}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ethī</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öhī}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">öhī</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īvī}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">īvī</span>''
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | Plural
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | Plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vé}}
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vé}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|é}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">é</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|né}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">né</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|né}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">né</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|erné}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">erné</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öhé}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">öhé</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īné}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">īné</span>''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hō}}
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hō}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|est}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">est</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|n}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">n</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|n}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">n</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ern}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ern</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ösh}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ösh</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īn}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">īn</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<br>''şvız''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ű}}
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ű}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ö}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ö</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nö}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">nö</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nö}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">nö</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ernö}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ernö</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öhö}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">öhö</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īnö}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">īnö</span>''
| —
|}
|}
</div>
</div>
Line 2,039: Line 2,186:
|- style="text-align:left;"
|- style="text-align:left;"
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" |  
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" |  
! colspan="3" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/176 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şővn}}] ''şővn'' ("to push")
! colspan="5" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/176 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şővn}}] ''şővn'' ("to push")
|- style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left;"
|- style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left;"
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Simple
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Simple
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Perfect
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Perfect
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Imperative
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! Indicative
! Subjunctive
! Indicative
! Indicative
! Subjunctive
! Subjunctive
Line 2,049: Line 2,199:
! rowspan="4" style="font-weight:bold;" | Singular
! rowspan="4" style="font-weight:bold;" | Singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş}}
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|f}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ī</span>f<span style="color:purple">ş</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şőf}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}</span><br>''şőf<span style="color:purple">ş</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|u}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|f}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">u</span>f<span style="color:purple">ş</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|f}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>f<span style="color:purple">ş</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eç}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">eç</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öş}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">öş</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īş}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">īş</span>''
| —
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hō}}
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hō}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|f}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|h}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ī</span>f<span style="color:purple">h</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şőf}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|st}}</span><br>''şőf<span style="color:purple">st</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|u}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|f}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|h}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">u</span>f<span style="color:purple">h</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|f}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|h}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>f<span style="color:purple">h</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|er}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">er</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ösh}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">ösh</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īh}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">īh</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şőf}}<br>''şőf''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|et}}
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|et}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|f}}<br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ī</span>f''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şőf}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|h}}</span><br>''şőf<span style="color:purple">h</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|u}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|f}}<br>''ş<span style="color:purple">u</span>f''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|f}}<br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>f''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eth}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">eth</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öh}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">öh</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īf}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">īf</span>''
| rowspan="3" | —
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|jó}}
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|jó}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ī</span>v<span style="color:purple">ī</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şőv}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}</span><br>''şőv<span style="color:purple">ī</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|u}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">u</span>v<span style="color:purple">ī</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">ī</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ethī}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">ethī</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öhī}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">öhī</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īvī}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">īvī</span>''
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | Plural
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | Plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vé}}
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vé}}
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|u}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|né}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">u</span>v<span style="color:purple">né</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|é}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">é</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|erné}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">erné</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|né}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">né</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öhé}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">öhé</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īné}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">īné</span>''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hō}}
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hō}}
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|u}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|n}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">u</span>v<span style="color:purple">n</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|f}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|st}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>f<span style="color:purple">st</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ern}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">ern</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|n}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">n</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ösh}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">ösh</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īn}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">īn</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|f}}<br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>f''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ű}}
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ű}}
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|u}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nö}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">u</span>v<span style="color:purple">nö</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ö}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">ö</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ernö}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">ernö</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nö}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">nö</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öhö}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">öhö</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īnö}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">īnö</span>''
| —
|}
|}
</div>
</div>
====Future====
 
The future tense is used for actions/states that will happen in the future, usually being ''telic''.
====Past====
The past tense is used for actions/states which happened in the past, regardless of telicity. Weak verbs have dental-[[w:infix|infixed]] endings in the singular, and both weak and strong verbs share the same nasal-infixed endings in the plural. It is of note that weak verbs do not have a distinct past subjunctive from the past indicative and that strong verbs use the same set of endings for the past indicative, present subjunctive, and past subjunctive.
<div style=display:inline-grid>
<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ '''Weak verbs'''
|+ '''Weak verbs'''
|- style="text-align:left;"
|- style="text-align:left;"
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" |  
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" |  
! colspan="3" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/73 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvızn}}] ''şvızn'' ("to close")
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/73 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvızn}}] ''şvızn'' ("to close")
|- style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left;"
|- style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left;"
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Simple
! style="text-align:center;" | Simple
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Perfect
! style="text-align:center;" | Perfect
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! Indicative
! Subjunctive
|-
|-
! rowspan="4" style="font-weight:bold;" | Singular
! rowspan="4" style="font-weight:bold;" | Singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş}}
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ēş}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ēş</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|deş}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">deş</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űş}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">űş</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eç}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">eç</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōç}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ōç</span>''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hō}}
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hō}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ēh}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ēh</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|etst}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">etst</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űh}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">űh</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|er}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">er</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōst}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ōst</span>''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|et}}
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|et}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ēf}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ēf</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|d}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">d</span>''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ű}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ű</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eth}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">eth</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōf}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ōf</span>''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|jó}}
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|jó}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ēvī}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ēvī</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|dī}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">dī</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōvī}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ōvī</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ethī}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ethī</span>''
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | Plural
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | Plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vé}}
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vé}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ūné}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ūné</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|né}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">né</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űné}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">űné</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|erné}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">erné</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōné}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ōné</span>''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hō}}
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hō}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ūv}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ūv</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|n}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">n</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űv}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">űv</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ern}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ern</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōn}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ōn</span>''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ű}}
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ű}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ūnö}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ūnö</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nö}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">nö</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űnö}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">űnö</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ernö}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ernö</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōnö}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ōnö</span>''
|}
|}
</div>
</div>
Line 2,149: Line 2,307:
! rowspan="4" style="font-weight:bold;" | Singular
! rowspan="4" style="font-weight:bold;" | Singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş}}
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ēş}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">ēş</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|f}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ī</span>f<span style="color:purple">ş</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űş}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">űş</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|u}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|f}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">u</span>f<span style="color:purple">ş</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōç}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">ōç</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eç}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">eç</span>''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hō}}
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hō}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ēh}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">ēh</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|f}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|h}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ī</span>f<span style="color:purple">h</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űh}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">űh</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|u}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|f}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|h}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">u</span>f<span style="color:purple">h</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōst}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">ōst</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|er}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">er</span>''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|et}}
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|et}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ēf}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">ēf</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|f}}<br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ī</span>f''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ű}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">ű</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|u}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|f}}<br>''ş<span style="color:purple">u</span>f''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōf}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">ōf</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eth}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">eth</span>''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|jó}}
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|jó}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ēvī}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">ēvī</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ī</span>v<span style="color:purple">ī</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōvī}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">ōvī</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|u}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">u</span>v<span style="color:purple">ī</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ethī}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">ethī</span>''
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | Plural
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | Plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vé}}
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vé}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ūné}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">ūné</span>''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|u}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|né}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">u</span>v<span style="color:purple">né</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űné}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">űné</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|erné}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">erné</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōné}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">ōné</span>''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hō}}
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hō}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ūv}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">ūv</span>''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|u}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|n}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">u</span>v<span style="color:purple">n</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űv}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">űv</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ern}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">ern</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōn}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">ōn</span>''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ű}}
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ű}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ūnö}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">ūnö</span>''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|u}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nö}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">u</span>v<span style="color:purple">nö</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űnö}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">űnö</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ernö}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">ernö</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōnö}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">ōnö</span>''
|}
|}
</div>
</div>
 
====Future====
====Passive====
The future tense is used for actions/states that will happen in the future, usually being ''telic''.
====Preterite present verbs====
<div style=display:inline-grid>
====Irregular verbs====
 
==Vocabulary==
===Numerals===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ '''Weak verbs'''
|- style="text-align:left;"
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" |
! colspan="3" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/73 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvızn}}] ''şvızn'' ("to close")
|- style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left;"
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Simple
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Perfect
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! rowspan="3" |
! Indicative
! colspan="3" | Cardinal
! Subjunctive
! colspan="4" | Ordinal
! rowspan="3" | Adverbial<br />Multiplier
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! rowspan="2" | Direct
! rowspan="2" | Genitive
! rowspan="2" | Dative
! colspan="3" | Singular
! Plural
|- style="text-align:left;"
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Direct
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Genitive
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Dative
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Direct / Oblique
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 0
! rowspan="4" style="font-weight:bold;" | Singular
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sifr}}<br />''sifr''
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş}}
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sifre}}<br />''sifre''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ēş}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ēş</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sifret}}<br />''sifret''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űş}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">űş</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sifrets}}<br />''sifrets''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōç}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ōç</span>''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sifrete}}<br />''sifrete''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sifrevēq}}<br />''sifrevēq''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hō}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|on}}<br />''on''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ēh}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ēh</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ons}}<br />''ons''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űh}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">űh</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|one}}<br />''one''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōst}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ōst</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ork}}<br />''ork''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|orx}}<br />''orx''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|orke}}<br />''orke''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ēn}}<br />''ēn''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|et}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tvó}}<br />''tvó''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ēf}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ēf</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tvér}}<br />''tvér''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ű}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ű</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tvón}}<br />''tvón''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōf}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ōf</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|óh}}<br />''óh''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|órs}}<br />''órs''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|óre}}<br />''óre''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tvé}}<br />''tvé''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|jó}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|qzı}}<br />''qzı''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ēvī}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ēvī</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|qzır}}<br />''qzır''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōvī}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ōvī</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|qzı}}<br />''qzın''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|qzıt}}<br />''qzıt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|qzıts}}<br />''qzıts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|qzıte}}<br />''qzıte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|qzï}}<br />''qzï''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 4
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | Plural
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fī}}<br />''fī''
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vé}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fīr}}<br />''fīr''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ūné}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ūné</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fīn}}<br />''fīn''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űné}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">űné</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fīt}}<br />''fīt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōné}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ōné</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fīts}}<br />''fīts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fīte}}<br />''fīte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fīvēq}}<br />''fīvēq''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 5
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hō}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vēf}}<br />''vēf''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ūv}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ūv</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vēfs}}<br />''vēfs''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űv}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">űv</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vēfe}}<br />''vēfe''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōn}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ōn</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vēft}}<br />''vēft''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vēfts}}<br />''vēfts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vēfte}}<br />''vēfte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vēfēq}}<br />''vēffēq''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 6
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ű}}
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sex}}<br />''sex''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ūnö}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ūnö</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sexe}}<br />''sexe''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űnö}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">űnö</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sext}}<br />''sext''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōnö}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ōnö</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sexts}}<br />''sexts''
|}
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sexte}}<br />''sexte''
</div>
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sexvēq}}<br />''sexvēq''
<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ '''Strong verbs'''
|- style="text-align:left;"
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" |
! colspan="3" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/176 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şővn}}] ''şővn'' ("to push")
|- style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left;"
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Simple
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Perfect
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! Indicative
! Subjunctive
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 7
! rowspan="4" style="font-weight:bold;" | Singular
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|süv}}<br />''süv''
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|süvs}}<br />''süvs''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ēş}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">ēş</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|süve}}<br />''süve''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űş}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">űş</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|süvt}}<br />''süvt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōç}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">ōç</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|süvts}}<br />''süvts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|süvte}}<br />''süvte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|süvvēq}}<br />''süvvēq''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 8
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hō}}
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş}}<br />''eş''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ēh}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">ēh</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eşe}}<br />''eşe''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űh}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">űh</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eşt}}<br />''eşt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōst}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">ōst</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eşts}}<br />''eşts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eşte}}<br />''eşte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eşvēq}}<br />''eşvēq''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 9
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|et}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ney}}<br />''ney''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ēf}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">ēf</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|neys}}<br />''neys''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ű}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">ű</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|neye}}<br />''neye''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōf}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">ōf</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|neyt}}<br />''neyt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|neyts}}<br />''neyts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|neyte}}<br />''neyte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|neyvēq}}<br />''neyvēq''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 10
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|jó}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şın}}<br />''şın''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ēvī}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">ēvī</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şıs}}<br />''şıs''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōvī}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">ōvī</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şıne}}<br />''şıne''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şït}}<br />''şït''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şïts}}<br />''şïts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şïte}}<br />''şïte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şınvēq}}<br />''şınvēq''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 11
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | Plural
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eddüv}}<br />''eddüv''
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vé}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eddüvs}}<br />''eddüvs''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ūné}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">ūné</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eddüve}}<br />''eddüve''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űné}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">űné</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eddüvt}}<br />''eddüvt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōné}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">ōné</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eddüvts}}<br />''eddüvts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eddüvte}}<br />''eddüvte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eddüvvēq}}<br />''eddüvvēq''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 12
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hō}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tűv}}<br />''tűv''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ūv}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">ūv</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tűvs}}<br />''tűvs''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űv}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">űv</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tűve}}<br />''tűve''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōn}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">ōn</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tűvt}}<br />''tűvt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tűvts}}<br />''tűvts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tűvte}}<br />''tűvte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tűvvēq}}<br />''tűvvēq''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 13
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ű}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|htüv}}<br />''htüv''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ūnö}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">ūnö</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|htüvs}}<br />''htüvs''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űnö}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">űnö</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|htüve}}<br />''htüve''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōnö}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">ōnö</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|htüvt}}<br />''htüvt''
|}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|htüvts}}<br />''htüvts''
</div>
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|htüvte}}<br />''htüvte''
 
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|htüvvēq}}<br />''htüvvēq''
====Passive====
====Preterite present verbs====
Jovlish preterite-present verbs behave like those of other germanic languages, using strong secondary endings for the present indicative, dental-infixless weak past endings for the past indicative, and weak subjunctive endings for the present subjunctive. Jovlish preterite-presents are completely irregular in regards to the Jovlish verbal system, though there exist some patterns and groupings between these verbs.
<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ '''Preterite-Present stems'''
! colspan="2" | Stem
! {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vün}} ''vün''<br>("to want")
! {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nün}} ''nün''<br>("to not want")
! rowspan="7" |
! {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|konn}} ''konn''<br>("to be familiar with")
! {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|onn}} ''onn''<br>("to wish")
! {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|monn}} ''monn''<br>("to think")
! {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|münn}} ''münn''<br>("to remember")
! rowspan="7" |
! {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vótn}} ''vótn''<br>("to know")
! {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nótn}} ''nótn''<br>("to not know")
|-
! rowspan="3" | Indicative
! Present singular
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v-}}<br>''v-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|n-}}<br>''n-''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|kon-}}<br>''kon-''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|on-}}<br>''on-''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|mon-}}<br>''mon-''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|mün-}}<br>''mün-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vót-}}<br>''vót-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nót-}}<br>''nót-''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 14
! Present plural
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fűv}}<br />''fűv''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vel-}}<br>''vel-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fűvs}}<br />''fűvs''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nül-}}<br>''nül-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fűve}}<br />''fűve''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vit-}}<br>''vit-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fűvt}}<br />''fűvt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nüt-}}<br>''nüt-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fűvts}}<br />''fűvts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fűvte}}<br />''fűvte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fűvvēq}}<br />''fűvvēq''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 15
! Past
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fēvüv}}<br />''fēvüv''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vód-}}<br>''vód-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fēvüvs}}<br />''fēvüvs''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nód-}}<br>''nód-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fēvüve}}<br />''fēvüve''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|kōy-}}<br>''kōy-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fēvüvt}}<br />''fēvüvt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōy-}}<br>''ōy-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fēvüvts}}<br />''fēvüvts''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|mōy-}}<br>''mōy-''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fēvüvte}}<br />''fēvüvte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|mőy-}}<br>''mőy-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fēvüvvēq}}<br />''fēvüvvēq''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ves-}}<br>''ves-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nüs-}}<br>''nüs-''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 16
! colspan="2" | Subjunctive present
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|söxüv}}<br />''söxüv''
| rowspan="3" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vel-}}<br>''vel-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|söxüvs}}<br />''söxüvs''
| rowspan="3" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nül-}}<br>''nül-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|söxüve}}<br />''söxüve''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|kon-}}<br>''kon-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|söxüvt}}<br />''söxüvt''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|on-}}<br>''on-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|söxüvts}}<br />''söxüvts''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|mon-}}<br>''mon-''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|söxüvte}}<br />''söxüvte''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|mün-}}<br>''mün-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|söxüvvēq}}<br />''söxüvvēq''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vit-}}<br>''vit-''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nüt-}}<br>''nüt-''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 17
! colspan="2" | Future
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sünüv}}<br />''sünüv''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sünüvs}}<br />''sünüvs''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sünüve}}<br />''sünüve''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sünüvt}}<br />''sünüvt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sünüvts}}<br />''sünüvts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sünüvte}}<br />''sünüvte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sünüvvēq}}<br />''sünüvvēq''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 18
! colspan="2" | Perfect
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öşüv}}<br />''öşüv''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|kōy-}}<br>''kōy-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öşüvs}}<br />''öşüvs''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōy-}}<br>''ōy-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öşüve}}<br />''öşüve''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|mōy-}}<br>''mōy-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öşüvt}}<br />''öşüvt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|mőy-}}<br>''mőy-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öşüvts}}<br />''öşüvts''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ves-}}<br>''ves-''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öşüvte}}<br />''öşüvte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nüs-}}<br>''nüs-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öşüvvēq}}<br />''öşüvvēq''
|}
</div>
<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 19
! colspan="2" | Stem
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nattüv}}<br />''nattüv''
! {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|mēn}} ''mēn''<br />("can; to fare")
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|natüvs}}<br />''natüvs''
! rowspan="7" |  
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|natüve}}<br />''natüve''
! {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|mótn}} ''mótn''<br />("may")
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|natüvt}}<br />''natüvt''
! rowspan="7" |  
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|natüvts}}<br />''natüvts''
! {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şēvn}} ''şēvn''<br />("must; should; to owe ")
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|natüvte}}<br />''natüvte''
! {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|dērrn}} ''dērrn''<br />("to dare")
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|natüvvēq}}<br />''natüvvēq''
! rowspan="7" |  
! {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nēhn}} ''nēhn''<br />("to have")
! {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|dīşn}} ''dīşn''<br />("to function")
! rowspan="7" |  
! {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|óhn}} ''óhn''<br />("to own")
! rowspan="7" |  
! {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vőqn}} ''vőqn''<br />("to become")
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 20
! rowspan="3" | Indicative
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tvētej}}<br />''tvētej''
! Present singular
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tvēteş}}<br />''tvēteş''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|mē-}}<br>''mē-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tvēçe}}<br />''tvēçe''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|mót-}}<br>''mót-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tvēteşt}}<br />''tvēteşt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şēv-}}<br>''şēv-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tvēteşts}}<br />''tvēteşts''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|dērr-}}<br>''dērr-''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tvēteşte}}<br />''tvēteşte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nēh-}}<br>''nēh-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tvētejvēq}}<br />''tvētejvēq''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|dīş-}}<br>''dīş-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|óh-}}<br>''óh-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vőq-}}<br>''vőq-''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 28
! Present plural
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş&tvētej}}<br />''eşortvētej''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|moq-}}<br>''moq-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş&tvēteş}}<br />''eşortvēteş''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şul-}}<br>''şul-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş&tvēçe}}<br />''eşortvēçe''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|dürr-}}<br>''dürr-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş&tvēteşt}}<br />''eşortvēteşt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nüq-}}<br>''nüq-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş&tvēteşts}}<br />''eşortvēteşts''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|duq-}}<br>''duq-''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş&tvēteşte}}<br />''eşortvēteşte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|oq-}}<br>''oq-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş&tvētejvēq}}<br />''eşortvētejvēq''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vūh-}}<br>''vūh-''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 29
! Past
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ney&tvētej}}<br />''neyortvētej''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|meş-}}<br>''meş-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ney&tvēteş}}<br />''neyortvēteş''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|mós-}}<br>''mós-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ney&tvēçe}}<br />''neyortvēçe''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şēvd-}}<br>''şēvd-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ney&tvēteşt}}<br />''neyortvēteşt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|dorr-}}<br>''dorr-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ney&tvēteşts}}<br />''neyortvēteşts''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nöş-}}<br>''nöş-''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ney&tvēteşte}}<br />''neyortvēteşte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|doht-}}<br>''doht-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ney&tvētejvēq}}<br />''neyortvētejvēq''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|óht-}}<br>''óht-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vuqd-}}<br>''vuqd-''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 30
! colspan="2" | Subjunctive present
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|qzētej}}<br />''qzētej''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|mē-}}<br>''mē-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|qzēteş}}<br />''qzēteş''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|mót-}}<br>''mót-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|qzēçe}}<br />''qzēçe''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şül-}}<br>''şül-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|qzēteşt}}<br />''qzēteşt''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|dürr-}}<br>''dürr-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|qzēteşts}}<br />''qzēteşts''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nüq-}}<br>''nüq-''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|qzēteşte}}<br />''qzēteşte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|dű-}}<br>''dű-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|qzētejvēq}}<br />''qzētejvēq''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|oq-}}<br>''oq-''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vūh-}}<br>''vūh-''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 80
! colspan="2" | Future
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eştej}}<br />''eştej''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|moq-}}<br>''moq-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eşteş}}<br />''eşteş''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şul-}}<br>''şul-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eşçe}}<br />''eşçe''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|duq-}}<br>''duq-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eşteşt}}<br />''eşteşt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eşteşts}}<br />''eşteşts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eşteşte}}<br />''eşteşte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eştejvēq}}<br />''eştejvēq''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 90
! colspan="2" | Perfect
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|neytej}}<br />''neytej''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|meş-}}<br>''meş-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|neyteş}}<br />''neyteş''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|mós-}}<br>''mós-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|neyçe}}<br />''neyçe''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şēvd-}}<br>''şēvd-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|neyteşt}}<br />''neyteşt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|dorr-}}<br>''dorr-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|neyteşts}}<br />''neyteşts''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nöş-}}<br>''nöş-''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|neyteşte}}<br />''neyteşte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|doht-}}<br>''doht-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|neytejvēq}}<br />''neytejvēq''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|óht-}}<br>''óht-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vuqd-}}<br>''vuqd-''
|}
</div>
 
====Irregular verbs====
"Irregularity" in Jovlish verbs is an umbrella term that covers multiple types of anomalous verbs:
* '''Irregular weak verbs''', anomalous verbs that use weak endings
* '''Irregular strong verbs''', anomalous verbs that use strong endings
* '''the Copula'''
=====Irregular weak verbs=====
Irregular weak verbs are weak verbs that display some form of irregularity in their principle stems. A considerable portion of these verbs are continuations of Old English Irregular weak verbs, such as [[wikt:bringan#Old_English|bringan]] and [[wikt:bycgan#Old_English|byċġan]]. This subset of verbs has one for the present singular ({{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|bű-}}, ''bű-''), one for the present plural and subjunctive ({{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|büc-}}, ''büc-''), and one for the past ({{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|boh-}}, ''boh-'').Only one Old English class 3 weak verb, [[wikt:secgan#Old_English|seċġan]], didn't get leveled and remains as an irregular weak verb with one stem for the present singular and past ({{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sē-}}, ''sē-'') and one for the present plural ({{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sec-}}, ''sec-'').
 
The rest of the irregular weak verbs tend to come about due to phonological processes either within Jovlish that cause a disparity in the stem of an otherwise regular weak old English verb (such as [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/222 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şīvn}}], ''şīvn'') or from an already anomalous Old English class 2 strong verb that had unleveled stems (such as [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/309 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ītn}}], ''ītn'').
=====Irregular strong verbs=====
Irregular strong verbs behave similarly to irregular weak verbs but use strong endings instead. Irregular strong verbs can develop either from suppletion or from phonological processes similar to those found in irregular weak verbs.
=====''Pseudo-suppletion''=====
''Pseudo-suppletion'' is a phenomenon found in which the aforementioned phonological processes can diverge two stems of the same verb (normally in a present-past split) so much that they end up perceived as, and by extension behave as, having underwent suppletion, even though both stems come from the same Old English source verb. These verbs contrast with, but are treated identically to, verbs that have underwent actual suppletion (such as [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/150 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|gēn}}], ''gēn''). These verbs are a result of either already-anomalous Old English stems becoming less alike ({{Abbtip|Modern Jovlish|''ᴊ''}} ''jı-, dü-'' ← {{Abbtip|Old English|''ᴏᴇ''}} dō-/dē-, dy(d)-) or already-regular Old English stems becoming less alike ({{Abbtip|Modern Jovlish|''ᴊ''}} ''īt-, gu-'' ← {{Abbtip|Old English|''ᴏᴇ''}} ġēot-/ġēa(t)-, gu(t)-). The most common origin of these verbs is class 2 strong verbs beginning with ċ-/ġ-, and predictably alternate with c-/g- based on the following vowel, levelling into a preudo-suppletive strong verb:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | Verb
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | Jovlish stems
! colspan="2" | Old English stems
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 100
! {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şīzn}}<br>''şīzn'' ("to like")
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nunīttej}}<br />''nunīttej''
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şīz-}}<br>''şīz-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nunītteş}}<br />''nunītteş''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|kur-}}<br>''kur-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nunīççe}}<br />''nunīççe''
| ċēos-, ċīes-, ċēas-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nunītteşt}}<br />''nunītteşt''
| cur-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nunītteşts}}<br />''nunītteşts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nunītteşte}}<br />''nunītteşte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nunīttejvēq}}<br />''nunīttejvēq''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 180
! {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şīn}}<br>''şīn'' ("to eat")
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öşüvīttej}}<br />''öşüvīttej''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şī-}}<br>''şī-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öşüvītteş}}<br />''öşüvītteş''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|kū-}}<br>''kū-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öşüvīççe}}<br />''öşüvīççe''
| ċēow-, ċīew-, ċēaw-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öşüvītteşt}}<br />''öşüvītteşt''
| cuw-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öşüvītteşts}}<br />''öşüvītteşts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öşüvītteşte}}<br />''öşüvītteşte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öşüvīttejvēq}}<br />''öşüvīttejvēq''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 190
! {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ītn}}<br>''ītn'' ("to shed")
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nattüvīttej}}<br />''nattüvīttej''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īt-}}<br>''īt-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nattüvītteş}}<br />''nattüvītteş''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|gu-}}<br>''gu-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nattüvīççe}}<br />''nattüvīççe''
| ġēo-, ġīe-, ġēa-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nattüvītteşt}}<br />''nattüvītteşt''
| gut-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nattüvītteşts}}<br />''nattüvītteşts''
|}
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nattüvītteşte}}<br />''nattüvītteşte''
 
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nattüvīttejvēq}}<br />''nattüvīttejvēq''
=====the Copula=====
<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! rowspan="4" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" |
! colspan="11" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/317 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vezn}}] ''vezn'' ("to be")
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! colspan="6" style="vertical-align:middle;" | Simple
! colspan="4" style="vertical-align:middle;" | Perfect
! rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;" | Imperative
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! colspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;" | Indicative
! colspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;" | Subjunctive
! colspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;" | Indicative
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | Subjunctive
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! Present
! Past
! Future
! Present
! Past
! Future
! Present
! Past
! Future
! Present
|-
 
! rowspan="4" style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | Singular
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş}}
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|jöm}}<br>''jöm''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vaş}}<br>''vaş''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īş}}<br>''īş''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ső}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}</span><br>''ső<span style="color:#E97500">ş</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|var}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}</span><br>''var<span style="color:#E97500">ş</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|y}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|āş}}</span><br>''y<span style="color:#E97500">āş</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vez}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öş}}</span><br>''vez<span style="color:#E97500">öş</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vez}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eç}}</span><br>''vez<span style="color:#E97500">eç</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vez}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōç}}</span><br>''vez<span style="color:#E97500">ōç</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vez}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īş}}</span><br>''vez<span style="color:#E97500">īş</span>''
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | —
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hō}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|joq}}<br>''joq''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vah}}<br>''vah''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|esh}}<br>''esh''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ső}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|h}}</span><br>''ső<span style="color:#E97500">h</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|var}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|h}}</span><br>''var<span style="color:#E97500">h</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|y}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|āh}}</span><br>''y<span style="color:#E97500">āh</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vez}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ösh}}</span><br>''vez<span style="color:#E97500">ösh</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vez}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|er}}</span><br>''vez<span style="color:#E97500">er</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vez}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōst}}</span><br>''vez<span style="color:#E97500">ōst</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vez}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īh}}</span><br>''vez<span style="color:#E97500">īh</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ves}}<br>''ves''
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|et}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ēs}}<br>''ēs''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ős}}<br>''ős''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ēh}}<br>''ēh''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ső}}<br>''ső''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|var}}<br>''var''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|y}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ā}}</span><br>''y<span style="color:#E97500">ā</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vez}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öh}}</span><br>''vez<span style="color:#E97500">öh</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vez}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eth}}</span><br>''vez<span style="color:#E97500">eth</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vez}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōf}}</span><br>''vez<span style="color:#E97500">ōf</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vez}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īf}}</span><br>''vez<span style="color:#E97500">īf</span>''
| rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;" | —
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|jó}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űs}}<br>''űs''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vosī}}<br>''vosī''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ehī}}<br>''ehī''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vez}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öhī}}</span><br>''vez<span style="color:#E97500">öhī</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vez}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ethī}}</span><br>''vez<span style="color:#E97500">ethī</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vez}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōvī}}</span><br>''vez<span style="color:#E97500">ōvī</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vez}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īvī}}</span><br>''vez<span style="color:#E97500">īvī</span>''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | Plural
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vé}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|zé}}<br>''zé''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ver}}<br>''ver''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īhé}}<br>''īhé''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ső}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|né}}</span><br>''ső<span style="color:#E97500">né</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|var}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|né}}</span><br>''var<span style="color:#E97500">né</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|né}}</span><br>''ī<span style="color:#E97500">né</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vez}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öhé}}</span><br>''vez<span style="color:#E97500">öhé</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vez}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|erné}}</span><br>''vez<span style="color:#E97500">erné</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vez}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōné}}</span><br>''vez<span style="color:#E97500">ōné</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vez}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īné}}</span><br>''vez<span style="color:#E97500">īné</span>''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1,000
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hō}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|jıyn}}<br />''jıyn''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|zest}}<br>''zest''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|jıyns}}<br />''jıyns''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|jer}}<br>''jer''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|jıyne}}<br />''jıyne''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īst}}<br>''īst''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|jıynt}}<br />''jıynt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ső}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|n}}</span><br>''ső<span style="color:#E97500">n</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|jıynts}}<br />''jıynts''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|var}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|n}}</span><br>''var<span style="color:#E97500">n</span>''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|jıynte}}<br />''jıynte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|n}}</span><br>''ī<span style="color:#E97500">n</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|jıynvēq}}<br />''jıynvēq''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vez}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ösh}}</span><br>''vez<span style="color:#E97500">ösh</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vez}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ern}}</span><br>''vez<span style="color:#E97500">ern</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vez}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōn}}</span><br>''vez<span style="color:#E97500">ōn</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vez}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īv}}</span><br>''vez<span style="color:#E97500">īv</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ves}}</span><br>''ves''
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ű}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|züd}}<br>''züd''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űr}}<br>''űr''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űh}}<br>''űh''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ső}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nö}}</span><br>''ső<span style="color:#E97500">nö</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|var}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nö}}</span><br>''var<span style="color:#E97500">nö</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nö}}</span><br>''ī<span style="color:#E97500">nö</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vez}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öhö}}</span><br>''vez<span style="color:#E97500">öhö</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vez}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ernö}}</span><br>''vez<span style="color:#E97500">ernö</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vez}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōnö}}</span><br>''vez<span style="color:#E97500">ōnö</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vez}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īnö}}</span><br>''vez<span style="color:#E97500">īnö</span>''
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | —
|}
</div>
<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
|- style="vertical-align:middle;"
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nezn}} ''nezn'' ("to not be")
|- style="vertical-align:middle;"
! Simple present
|- style="vertical-align:middle;"
! rowspan="2" | Singular
! {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş}}
| style="font-weight:normal;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nēm}}<br>''nēm''
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hō}}
| style="font-weight:normal;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nēq}}<br>''nēq''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;" | Plural
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vé}}
| style="font-weight:normal;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|né}}<br>''né''
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hō}}
| style="font-weight:normal;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nest}}<br>''nest''
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ű}}
| style="font-weight:normal;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nüd}}<br>''nüd''
|}
</div>
 
==Vocabulary==
===Numerals===
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="9" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|yonümre}} (''yonümre'')
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="3" | Cardinal
! colspan="4" | Ordinal
! rowspan="3" | Adverbial<br />Multiplier
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! rowspan="2" | Direct
! rowspan="2" | Genitive
! rowspan="2" | Dative
! colspan="3" | Singular
! Plural
|- style="text-align:left;"
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Direct
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Genitive
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Dative
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Direct / Oblique
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 0
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sifr}}<br />''sifr''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sifre}}<br />''sifre''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sifret}}<br />''sifret''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sifrets}}<br />''sifrets''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sifrete}}<br />''sifrete''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sifrevēq}}<br />''sifrevēq''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|on}}<br />''on''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ons}}<br />''ons''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|one}}<br />''one''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ork}}<br />''ork''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|orx}}<br />''orx''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|orke}}<br />''orke''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ēn}}<br />''ēn''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tvó}}<br />''tvó''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tvér}}<br />''tvér''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tvón}}<br />''tvón''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|óh}}<br />''óh''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|órs}}<br />''órs''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|óre}}<br />''óre''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tvé}}<br />''tvé''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|qzı}}<br />''qzı''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|qzır}}<br />''qzır''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|qzı}}<br />''qzın''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|qzıt}}<br />''qzıt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|qzıts}}<br />''qzıts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|qzıte}}<br />''qzıte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|qzï}}<br />''qzï''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 4
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fī}}<br />''fī''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fīr}}<br />''fīr''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fīn}}<br />''fīn''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fīt}}<br />''fīt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fīts}}<br />''fīts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fīte}}<br />''fīte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fīvēq}}<br />''fīvēq''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 5
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vēf}}<br />''vēf''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vēfs}}<br />''vēfs''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vēfe}}<br />''vēfe''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vēft}}<br />''vēft''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vēfts}}<br />''vēfts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vēfte}}<br />''vēfte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vēfēq}}<br />''vēffēq''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 6
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sex}}<br />''sex''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sexe}}<br />''sexe''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sext}}<br />''sext''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sexts}}<br />''sexts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sexte}}<br />''sexte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sexvēq}}<br />''sexvēq''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 7
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|süv}}<br />''süv''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|süvs}}<br />''süvs''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|süve}}<br />''süve''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|süvt}}<br />''süvt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|süvts}}<br />''süvts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|süvte}}<br />''süvte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|süvvēq}}<br />''süvvēq''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 8
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş}}<br />''eş''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eşe}}<br />''eşe''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eşt}}<br />''eşt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eşts}}<br />''eşts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eşte}}<br />''eşte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eşvēq}}<br />''eşvēq''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 9
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ney}}<br />''ney''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|neys}}<br />''neys''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|neye}}<br />''neye''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|neyt}}<br />''neyt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|neyts}}<br />''neyts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|neyte}}<br />''neyte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|neyvēq}}<br />''neyvēq''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 10
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şın}}<br />''şın''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şıs}}<br />''şıs''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şıne}}<br />''şıne''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şït}}<br />''şït''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şïts}}<br />''şïts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şïte}}<br />''şïte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şınvēq}}<br />''şınvēq''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 11
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eddüv}}<br />''eddüv''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eddüvs}}<br />''eddüvs''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eddüve}}<br />''eddüve''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eddüvt}}<br />''eddüvt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eddüvts}}<br />''eddüvts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eddüvte}}<br />''eddüvte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eddüvvēq}}<br />''eddüvvēq''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 12
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tűv}}<br />''tűv''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tűvs}}<br />''tűvs''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tűve}}<br />''tűve''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tűvt}}<br />''tűvt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tűvts}}<br />''tűvts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tűvte}}<br />''tűvte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tűvvēq}}<br />''tűvvēq''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 13
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|htüv}}<br />''htüv''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|htüvs}}<br />''htüvs''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|htüve}}<br />''htüve''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|htüvt}}<br />''htüvt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|htüvts}}<br />''htüvts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|htüvte}}<br />''htüvte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|htüvvēq}}<br />''htüvvēq''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 14
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fűv}}<br />''fűv''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fűvs}}<br />''fűvs''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fűve}}<br />''fűve''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fűvt}}<br />''fűvt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fűvts}}<br />''fűvts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fűvte}}<br />''fűvte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fűvvēq}}<br />''fűvvēq''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 15
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fēvüv}}<br />''fēvüv''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fēvüvs}}<br />''fēvüvs''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fēvüve}}<br />''fēvüve''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fēvüvt}}<br />''fēvüvt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fēvüvts}}<br />''fēvüvts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fēvüvte}}<br />''fēvüvte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fēvüvvēq}}<br />''fēvüvvēq''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 16
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|söxüv}}<br />''söxüv''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|söxüvs}}<br />''söxüvs''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|söxüve}}<br />''söxüve''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|söxüvt}}<br />''söxüvt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|söxüvts}}<br />''söxüvts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|söxüvte}}<br />''söxüvte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|söxüvvēq}}<br />''söxüvvēq''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 17
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sünüv}}<br />''sünüv''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sünüvs}}<br />''sünüvs''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sünüve}}<br />''sünüve''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sünüvt}}<br />''sünüvt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sünüvts}}<br />''sünüvts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sünüvte}}<br />''sünüvte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sünüvvēq}}<br />''sünüvvēq''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 18
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öşüv}}<br />''öşüv''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öşüvs}}<br />''öşüvs''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öşüve}}<br />''öşüve''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öşüvt}}<br />''öşüvt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öşüvts}}<br />''öşüvts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öşüvte}}<br />''öşüvte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öşüvvēq}}<br />''öşüvvēq''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 19
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nattüv}}<br />''nattüv''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|natüvs}}<br />''natüvs''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|natüve}}<br />''natüve''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|natüvt}}<br />''natüvt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|natüvts}}<br />''natüvts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|natüvte}}<br />''natüvte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|natüvvēq}}<br />''natüvvēq''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 20
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tvētej}}<br />''tvētej''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tvēteş}}<br />''tvēteş''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tvēçe}}<br />''tvēçe''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tvēteşt}}<br />''tvēteşt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tvēteşts}}<br />''tvēteşts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tvēteşte}}<br />''tvēteşte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tvētejvēq}}<br />''tvētejvēq''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 28
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş&tvētej}}<br />''eşortvētej''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş&tvēteş}}<br />''eşortvēteş''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş&tvēçe}}<br />''eşortvēçe''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş&tvēteşt}}<br />''eşortvēteşt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş&tvēteşts}}<br />''eşortvēteşts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş&tvēteşte}}<br />''eşortvēteşte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş&tvētejvēq}}<br />''eşortvētejvēq''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 29
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ney&tvētej}}<br />''neyortvētej''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ney&tvēteş}}<br />''neyortvēteş''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ney&tvēçe}}<br />''neyortvēçe''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ney&tvēteşt}}<br />''neyortvēteşt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ney&tvēteşts}}<br />''neyortvēteşts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ney&tvēteşte}}<br />''neyortvēteşte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ney&tvētejvēq}}<br />''neyortvētejvēq''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 30
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|qzētej}}<br />''qzētej''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|qzēteş}}<br />''qzēteş''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|qzēçe}}<br />''qzēçe''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|qzēteşt}}<br />''qzēteşt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|qzēteşts}}<br />''qzēteşts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|qzēteşte}}<br />''qzēteşte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|qzētejvēq}}<br />''qzētejvēq''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 80
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eştej}}<br />''eştej''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eşteş}}<br />''eşteş''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eşçe}}<br />''eşçe''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eşteşt}}<br />''eşteşt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eşteşts}}<br />''eşteşts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eşteşte}}<br />''eşteşte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eştejvēq}}<br />''eştejvēq''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 90
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|neytej}}<br />''neytej''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|neyteş}}<br />''neyteş''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|neyçe}}<br />''neyçe''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|neyteşt}}<br />''neyteşt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|neyteşts}}<br />''neyteşts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|neyteşte}}<br />''neyteşte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|neytejvēq}}<br />''neytejvēq''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 100
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nunīttej}}<br />''nunīttej''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nunītteş}}<br />''nunītteş''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nunīççe}}<br />''nunīççe''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nunītteşt}}<br />''nunītteşt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nunītteşts}}<br />''nunītteşts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nunītteşte}}<br />''nunītteşte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nunīttejvēq}}<br />''nunīttejvēq''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 180
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öşüvīttej}}<br />''öşüvīttej''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öşüvītteş}}<br />''öşüvītteş''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öşüvīççe}}<br />''öşüvīççe''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öşüvītteşt}}<br />''öşüvītteşt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öşüvītteşts}}<br />''öşüvītteşts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öşüvītteşte}}<br />''öşüvītteşte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öşüvīttejvēq}}<br />''öşüvīttejvēq''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 190
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nattüvīttej}}<br />''nattüvīttej''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nattüvītteş}}<br />''nattüvītteş''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nattüvīççe}}<br />''nattüvīççe''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nattüvītteşt}}<br />''nattüvītteşt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nattüvītteşts}}<br />''nattüvītteşts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nattüvītteşte}}<br />''nattüvītteşte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nattüvīttejvēq}}<br />''nattüvīttejvēq''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1,000
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|jıyn}}<br />''jıyn''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|jıyns}}<br />''jıyns''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|jıyne}}<br />''jıyne''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|jıynt}}<br />''jıynt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|jıynts}}<br />''jıynts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|jıynte}}<br />''jıynte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|jıynvēq}}<br />''jıynvēq''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1,000,000
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1,000,000
| colspan="3" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|millyon}}<br />''millyon''
| colspan="3" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|millyon}}<br />''millyon''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|millyont}}<br />''millyont''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|millyont}}<br />''millyont''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|millyonts}}<br />''millyonts''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|millyonts}}<br />''millyonts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|millyonte}}<br />''millyonte''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|millyonte}}<br />''millyonte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|millyonvēq}}<br />''millyonvēq''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|millyonvēq}}<br />''millyonvēq''
|}
===Swadesh list===
===Colors===
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="14" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|yoşīe}} (''yoşīe'')
|-
! colspan="4" | Light colors
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="4" | Base colors
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="4" | Dark colors
|- style="background-color:#e9706d;"
| style="color:#FFF;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/247 <span style="color:#FFF;">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şınűqş}}</span></span>]<br />''şınűqş''
| style="background-color:#5c5cff; color:#ffffff;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/238 <span style="color:#FFF;">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vıcırd}}</span></span>]<br />''vıcırd''
| style="background-color:#5cffde; color:#000000;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/247 <span style="color:#000;">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şınpérızej}}</span></span>]<br />''şınpérızej''
| style="background-color:#89fd78;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/244 <span style="color:#000;">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īqzın}}</span></span>]<br />''īqzın''
| style="background-color:#971917; color:#ffffff;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/233 <span style="color:#FFF;">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űqş}}</span>]<br />''űqş''
| style="background-color:#0000b3; color:#ffffff;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/236 <span style="color:#FFF;">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|byïn}}</span>]<br />''byïn''
| style="background-color:#027a5e; color:#ffffff;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/246 <span style="color:#FFF;">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|pérızej}}</span>]<br />''pérızej''
| style="background-color:#127a02; color:#ffffff;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/237 <span style="color:#FFF;">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|xın}}</span>]<br />''xın''
| style="background-color:#64110f; color:#ffffff;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/240 <span style="color:#FFF;">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|blörd}}</span>]<br />''blörd''
| style="background-color:#000077; color:#FFF;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/168 <span style="color:#FFF;">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|dīyolbyïn}}</span>]<br />''dīyolbyïn''
| style="background-color:#007875; color:#ffffff;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/168 <span style="color:#FFF;">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|dīyolpérızej}}</span>]<br />''dīyolpérızej''
| style="background-color:#0c5201; color:#ffffff;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/242 <span style="color:#FFF;">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|oşekş}}</span>]<br />''oşekş''
|-
| style="background-color:#ffe383;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/247 <span style="color:#000;">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şınīl}}</span>]<br />''şınīl''
| style="background-color:#fda978;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/247 <span style="color:#000;">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şınűrid}}</span>]<br />''şınűrid''
| style="background-color:#f5bbfe;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/245 <span style="color:#000;">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|rozov}}</span>]<br />''rozov''
| [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/230 <span style="color:#000;">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fēt}}</span>]<br />''fēt''
| style="background-color:#ffd546; color:#000000;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/235 <span style="color:#000;">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īl}}</span>]<br />''īl''
| style="background-color:#fb7e34; color:#000000;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/243 <span style="color:#000;">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űrid}}</span>]<br />''űrid''
| style="background-color:#6b027a; color:#ffffff;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/239 <span style="color:#FFF;">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|macenta}}</span>]<br />''macenta''
| style="background-color:#808080; color:#ffffff;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/231 <span style="color:#FFF;">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|gzī}}</span>]<br />''gzī''
| style="background-color:#977500; color:#ffffff;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/168 <span style="color:#FFF;">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|dīyolīl}}</span>]<br />''dīyolīl''
| style="background-color:#521f01; color:#ffffff;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/234 <span style="color:#FFF;">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|brın}}</span>]<br />''brın''
| style="background-color:#470152; color:#ffffff;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/241 <span style="color:#FFF;">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|pörfür}}</span>]<br />''pörfür''
| style="background-color:#000000; color:#ffffff;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/232 <span style="color:#FFF;">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|blak}}</span>]<br />''blak''
|}
 
===Units of time===
====Times of Day====
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! colspan="8" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|iküşles çıde}} (''iküşles çıde'')
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | Jovlish
| [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/88 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nüş}}]<br />''nüş''
| [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/224 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōhtoŋ}}]<br />''ōhtoŋ''
| [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/45 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|dē}}]<br />''dē''
| [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/227 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|mın}}]<br />''mın''
| [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/228 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ovmın}}]<br />''ovmın''
| [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/225 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ēvoŋ}}]<br />''ēvoŋ''
| [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/226 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|förnüş}}]<br />''förnüş''
|-
! colspan="8" style="font-weight:bold;" |
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | English
| ''night''
| ''dawn''
| ''morning''
| ''noon''
| ''afternoon''
| ''dusk''
| ''evening''
|}
====Weekdays====
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! colspan="8" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|yoveşküşle}} (''yoveşküşle'')
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | Jovlish
| [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/48 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Móndē}}]<br />''Móndē''
| [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/49 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Çïzdē}}]<br />''Çïzdē''
| [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/50 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Vótsdē}}]<br />''Vótsdē''
| [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/51 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Hozdē}}]<br />''Hozdē''
| [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/52 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Frejdē}}]<br />''Frejdē''
| [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/53 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Sovdē}}]<br />''Sovdē''
| [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/47 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Sonndē}}]<br />''Sonndē''
|-
! colspan="8" style="font-weight:bold;" |
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | English
| ''Monday''
| ''Tuesday''
| ''Wednesday''
| ''Thursday''
| ''Friday''
| ''Saturday''
| ''Sunday''
|}
====Months====
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="vertical-align:middle;"
! colspan="7" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|yoslene}} (''yoslene'')
|- style="font-weight:normal; vertical-align:middle;"
! style="font-weight:bold;" | Jovlish
| [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/326 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Janüar}}]<br />''Janüar''
| [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/327 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Förüar}}]<br />''Förüar''
| [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/328 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Mart}}]<br />''Mart''
| [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/329 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Aψıl}}]<br />''Apsıl''
| [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/330 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Maj}}]<br />''Maj''
| [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/331 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Yöne}}]<br />''Yöne''
|- style="vertical-align:middle;"
! colspan="7" |
|- style="font-weight:normal; vertical-align:middle;"
! style="font-weight:bold;" | English
| ''January''
| ''February''
| ''March''
| ''April''
| ''May''
| ''June''
|-
! colspan="7" |
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="font-weight:bold;" | Jovlish
| [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/332 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Yöle}}]<br />''Yöle''
| [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/333 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Oqost}}]<br />''Oqost''
| [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/334 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Sektembar}}]<br />''Sektembar''
| [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/335 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Oktembar}}]<br />''Oktembar''
| [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/336 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Nöembar}}]<br />''Nöembar''
| [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/337 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Yektembar}}]<br />''Yektembar''
|-
! colspan="7" |
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="font-weight:bold;" | English
| ''July''
| ''August''
| ''September''
| ''October''
| ''November''
| ''December''
|}
====Seasons====
 
===Countries of Europe===
===Planets and Major Moons===
{| class="collapsible collapsed" style="border-collapse; margin: 0px 0px -1px 0px; padding: 2px; border: 1px solid #000000; text-align: center; background-color:#000000;"
|-
! colspan="16" | <span style="color:#FFF;">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|planete& mēste slene}} (''planeteor mēste slene'')</span>
|- style="background-color:#000000; color:#ffffff;"
| style="font-weight:normal;" | [[File:Mercury in true color.jpg|20px|frameless]]
| style="text-align:left;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/188 <span style="color:#FFF;">'''{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Merkür}}''']</span><br>''Merkür''<br><sup>''(Mercury)''</sup>
| style="font-weight:normal;" | [[File:Venus globe.jpg|48px|frameless]]
| style="text-align:left;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/189 <span style="color:#FFF;">'''{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Afröyet}}''']</span><br>''Afröyet''<br><sup>''(Venus)''</sup>
| style="font-weight:normal;" | [[File:The Earth seen from Apollo 17.jpg|48px|frameless]]
| style="text-align:left;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/43 <span style="color:#FFF;">'''{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|iJöq}}''']</span><br>''iJöq''<br><sup>''(the Earth)''</sup>
| style="font-weight:normal;" | [[File:Mars - August 30 2021 - Flickr - Kevin M. Gill.png|36px|frameless]]
| style="text-align:left;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/190 <span style="color:#FFF;">'''{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Pröwent}}''']</span><br>''Pröwent''<br><sup>''(Mars)''</sup>
| style="font-weight:normal;" | [[File:Jupiter OPAL 2024.png|96px|frameless]]
| style="text-align:left;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/191 <span style="color:#FFF;">'''{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Fyewent}}''']</span><br>''Fyewent''<br><sup>''(Jupiter)''</sup>
| style="font-weight:normal;" | [[File:Saturn during Equinox.jpg|90px|frameless]]
| style="text-align:left;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/192 <span style="color:#FFF;">'''{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Nemewent}}''']</span><br>''Nemewent''<br><sup>''(Saturn)''</sup>
| style="font-weight:normal;" | [[File:Uranus Voyager2 color calibrated.png|60px|frameless]]
| style="text-align:left;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/193 <span style="color:#FFF;">'''{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Uran}}''']</span><br>''Uran''<br><sup>''(Uranus)''</sup>
| style="font-weight:normal;" | [[File:Neptune Voyager2 color calibrated.png|60px|frameless]]
| style="text-align:left;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/194 <span style="color:#FFF;">'''{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Neptun}}''']</span><br>''Neptun''<br><sup>''(Neptune)''</sup>
|- style="background-color:#000000; color:#ffffff;"
| colspan="4" style="font-weight:normal;" |
| style="font-weight:normal;" | [[File:FullMoon2010.jpg|20px|frameless]]
| style="text-align:left;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/195 <span style="color:#FFF;">'''{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|iSlen}}''']</span><br>''iSlen''<br><sup>''(the Moon)''</sup>
| style="font-weight:normal;" | [[File:Phobos colour 2008.jpg|15px|frameless]]
| style="text-align:left;" | '''{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Fobos}}'''<br>''Fobos''<br><sup>''(Phobos)''</sup>
| style="font-weight:normal;" | [[File:Io highest resolution true color.jpg|20px|frameless]]
| style="text-align:left;" | '''{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|İo}}'''<br>''İo''<br><sup>''(Io)''</sup>
| style="font-weight:normal;" | [[File:Titan in true color by Kevin M. Gill.jpg|24px|frameless]]
| style="text-align:left;" | '''{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Titan}}'''<br>''Titan''<br><sup>''(Titan)''</sup>
| style="font-weight:normal;" | [[File:Oberon in true color by Kevin M. Gill.jpg|15px|frameless]]
| style="text-align:left;" | '''{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Titanya}}'''<br>''Titanya''<br><sup>''(Titanya)''</sup>
| style="font-weight:normal;" | [[File:Triton-usgs23-with-frame.jpg|20px|frameless]]
| style="text-align:left;" | '''{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Trıton}}'''<br>''Trıton''<br><sup>''(Triton)''</sup>
|- style="background-color:#000000; color:#ffffff;"
| colspan="6" style="font-weight:normal;" |
| style="font-weight:normal;" | [[File:NASA-Deimos-MarsMoon-20090221.jpg|15px|frameless]]
| style="text-align:left;" | '''{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Démos}}'''<br>''Démos''<br><sup>''(Deimos)''</sup>
| style="font-weight:normal;" | [[File:Europa - Perijove 45 (cropped).png|18px|frameless]]
| style="text-align:left;" | '''{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Öröpa}}'''<br>''Öröpa''<br><sup>''(Europa)''</sup>
| style="font-weight:normal;" | [[File:PIA07763 Rhea full globe5.jpg|15px|frameless]]
| style="text-align:left;" | '''{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Reya}}'''<br>''Reya''<br><sup>''(Rhea)''</sup>
| style="font-weight:normal;" | [[File:Oberon in true color by Kevin M. Gill.jpg|15px|frameless]]
| style="text-align:left;" | '''{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Oberon}}'''<br>''Oberon''<br><sup>''(Oberon)''</sup>
| colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;" |
|- style="background-color:#000000; color:#ffffff;"
| colspan="8" style="font-weight:normal;" |
| style="font-weight:normal;" | [[File:Ganymede - Perijove 34 Composite.png|24px|frameless]]
| style="text-align:left;" | '''{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Ganimed}}'''<br>''Ganimed''<br><sup>''(Ganymede)''</sup>
| style="font-weight:normal;" | [[File:Iapetus as seen by the Cassini probe - 20071008.jpg|15px|frameless]]
| style="text-align:left;" | '''{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Yapet}}'''<br>''Yapet''<br><sup>''(Iapetus)''</sup>
| style="font-weight:normal;" | [[File:PIA00040 Umbrielx2.47.jpg|15px|frameless]]
| style="text-align:left;" | '''{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Ümbriyel}}'''<br>''Ümbriyel''<br><sup>''(Umbriel)''</sup>
| colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;" |
|- style="background-color:#000000; color:#ffffff;"
| colspan="8" style="font-weight:normal;" |
| style="font-weight:normal;" | [[File:Callisto - July 8 1979 (38926064465).jpg|22px|frameless]]
| style="text-align:left;" | '''{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Kallisto}}'''<br>''Kallisto''<br><sup>''(Callisto)''</sup>
| style="font-weight:normal;" | [[File:Dione in natural light (cropped).jpg|15px|frameless]]
| style="text-align:left;" | '''{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Diöna}}'''<br>''Diöna''<br><sup>''(Dione)''</sup>
| style="font-weight:normal;" | [[File:Ariel in monochrome.jpg|15px|frameless]]
| style="text-align:left;" | '''{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Ariyel}}'''<br>''Ariyel''<br><sup>''(Ariel)''</sup>
| colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;" |
|}
 
==Sample texts==
===''The Cold Winter is Near''===
{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! [[File:Jovlish Flag.png|24px|frameless]] Jovlish
!
! [[File:Flag of the United Kingdom (1-2).svg|24px|frameless]] English
|-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|İşőjī veçıl bē jī, smıvbüqén kumēvī.}}<br /><small><span style="color:grey">''(İşőjī veçıl bē jī, smıvbüqén kumēvī.)''</span></small>
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | The cold winter is near, a snowstorm will come.<br /><br />
|-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Mvēqmī köştdın küm, mfrīn.}}<br /><small><span style="color:grey">''(Mvēqmī köştdın küm, mfrīn.)''</span></small>
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | Come in my warm house, my friend.<br /><br />
|-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Bövküm! segg& koş, huq& drekk.}}<br /><small><span style="color:grey">''(Bövküm! seggor koş, huqor drekk.)''</span></small>
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | Welcome! Come here, sing and dance, eat and drink.<br /><br />
|-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Hīs mplan jī.}}<br /><small><span style="color:grey">''(Hīs mplan jī.)''</span></small>
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | That is my plan.<br /><br />
|-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Feh, jol& kōvēqm mēqk nüqné.}}<br /><small><span style="color:grey">''(Feh, jolor kōvēqm mēqk nüqné.)''</span></small>
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | We have water, beer, and milk fresh from the cow.<br /><br />
|-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Ó, &şīkī joşt!}}<br /><small><span style="color:grey">''(Ó, orşīkī joşt!)''</span></small>
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | Oh, and warm soup!<br /><br />
|}
 
===''Universal Declaration of Human Rights''===
===''Lord's Prayer''===
{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! [[File:Jovlish Flag.png|24px|frameless]] Jovlish
!
! [[File:Flag of the United Kingdom (1-2).svg|24px|frameless]] English
|-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ArFód — ütUronsyon,}}<br /><small><span style="color:grey">''(ArFód — ütUronsyon,)''</span></small>
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | Our Father in heaven,<br /><br />
|-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hnon oqqd vūhā,}}<br /><small><span style="color:grey">''(hnon oqqd vūhā,)''</span></small>
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | hallowed be your name,<br /><br />
|-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hvozya komn vūhā,}}<br /><small><span style="color:grey">''(hvozya komn vūhā,)''</span></small>
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | thy kingdom come,<br /><br />
|-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hhöm jın vūhā … üJöqnbov reş ütUronsyon.}}<br /><small><span style="color:grey">''(hhöm jın vūhā … üJöqnbov reş ütUronsyon.)''</span></small>
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | thy will be done … on earth as it is in heaven.<br /><br />
|-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Arepşóf vőd űfes.}}<br /><small><span style="color:grey">''(Arepşóf vőd űfes.)''</span></small>
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | Give us today our daily bread.<br /><br />
|-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Arşüq förűfes … yünarşyqre förűvöhé.}}<br /><small><span style="color:grey">''(Arşüq förűfes … yünarşyqre förűvöhé.)''</span></small>
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | Forgive us our debts, as we also have forgiven our debtors.<br /><br />
|-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Ornçışes pirazemdın, okirüvnesov şoψes,}}<br /><small><span style="color:grey">''(Ornçışes pirazemdın, okirüvnesov şopses,)''</span></small>
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil,<br /><br />
|-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|yünHe ivozya& imeş& itūq űs.}}<br /><small><span style="color:grey">''(yünHe ivozyaor imeşor itūq űs.)''</span></small>
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | for yours is the kingdom and the power and the glory.<br /><br />
|-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Amen.}}<br /><small><span style="color:grey">''(Amen.)''</span></small>
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | Amen.<br /><br />
|}
|}


==Sample texts==
===''The Cold Winter is Near''===
{|
|-
! [[File:Jovlish Flag.png|24px|frameless]] Jovlish
!
! [[File:Flag of the United Kingdom (1-2).svg|24px|frameless]] English
|-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|İşőjī veçıl bē jahī, smıvbüqén kumēvī.}}<br /><small><span style="color:grey">''(İşőjī veçıl bē jahī, smıvbüqén kumēvī.)''</span></small>
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | The cold winter is near, a snowstorm will come.<br /><br />
|-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Mvēqmī köştdın küm, mfrīn.}}<br /><small><span style="color:grey">''(Mvēqmī köştdın küm, mfrīn.)''</span></small>
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | Come in my warm house, my friend.<br /><br />
|-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Bövküm! segg& koş, huq& drekk.}}<br /><small><span style="color:grey">''(Bövküm! seggor koş, huqor drekk.)''</span></small>
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | Welcome! Come here, sing and dance, eat and drink.<br /><br />
|-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Hīs mplan jahī.}}<br /><small><span style="color:grey">''(Hīs mplan jahī.)''</span></small>
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | That is my plan.<br /><br />
|-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Feh, jol& kōvēqm mēqk obé.}}<br /><small><span style="color:grey">''(Feh, jolor kōvēqm mēqk obé.)''</span></small>
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | We have water, beer, and milk fresh from the cow.<br /><br />
|-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Ó, &şīkī joşt!}}<br /><small><span style="color:grey">''(Ó, orşīkī joşt!)''</span></small>
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | Oh, and warm soup!<br /><br />
|}
===''Lord's Prayer''===
===''Jovaia Founding Legend''===
===''Jovaia Founding Legend''===
{|
{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
|-
! [[File:Jovlish Flag.png|24px|frameless]] Jovlish
! [[File:Jovlish Flag.png|24px|frameless]] Jovlish
Line 2,540: Line 3,364:
| style="font-style:italic;" | Byzantine Emperor Alexius gifted Great Sīvēq the lands on the eastern shores of the Black Sea, if he can succesfully drive out the heathens occupying it.<br /><br /><br />
| style="font-style:italic;" | Byzantine Emperor Alexius gifted Great Sīvēq the lands on the eastern shores of the Black Sea, if he can succesfully drive out the heathens occupying it.<br /><br /><br />
|-
|-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Orhos, Jóvaya opbüşd vūthī.}}<br /><small><span style="color:grey">''(Orhos, Jóvaya opbüşd vūthī.)''</span></small>
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Orhos, Jóvaya opbüşd vuqd'thī.}}<br /><small><span style="color:grey">''(Orhos, Jóvaya opbüşd vuqd'thī.)''</span></small>
|  
|  
| style="font-style:italic;" | And thus, Jovaia was established.<br /><br />
| style="font-style:italic;" | And thus, Jovaia was established.<br /><br />
|}
|}
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