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# | {{list subpages}} | ||
{{Infobox language | |||
|image = | |||
|imagesize = | |||
|creator = [[User:Praimhín|Praimhín]] | |||
|name = {{PAGENAME}} | |||
|nativename = Wug Schlaub | |||
|pronunciation= /wṳ˧ ɬəʊ˥/ | |||
|setting = [[Verse:Tricin]] | |||
|region = | |||
|familycolor=hmong-mien | |||
|fam1=[[Hlou-Shum languages|Hlou-Shum]] | |||
|fam2=Hlouic | |||
|script=Hlou featural script (''Schräd Schlaub'') | |||
|iso3= | |||
|notice=IPA | |||
}} | |||
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' or '''Hlou''' (English: /(h)loʊ/ ''loh'' or homophonous with "hello"; natively: ''Wug Schlaub'' /wṳ˧ ɬəu˥/ 'Hlou speech' or 'Hlou thing') is a tonal language inspired by Hmong and German. It is the largest of the [[Hlou-Shum languages]] and the official language of the people of Mpfa Schlaub, a country in Mpfa Wieb. | |||
Schlaub liberally uses Easter eggs. | |||
==Background== | |||
==Todo== | |||
need polysyllabic words that are written as one word (Hmong has some) | |||
Fill Mpfa Schlaub with Jabberwocky/Alice in Wonderland refs: Schleid Zeib, Wäb | |||
On Beyond Zebra reference in forbidden syllables (syllables that do not correspond to any Schlaub word): Jus, Wub, Schwub, Mpfuh, Flud, Glig, Nuh, Schnie, Wön, Ntzad, Flub, Tzäs, Jog, Flön, Ieß, Jäg, Schnruß, Hie | |||
==Diachronics== | |||
Hlou merged Proto-Hlou-Shum ''ai au'' with ''ei ou'' into ''ei au'' /əɨ əʊ/. Even ''i u'' in some open syllables turned into ''ei au''. | |||
Glottal stop finals (''-h'' in Schngellstein's spelling) come from Proto-Hlou-Shum final stops. | |||
''*ã'' > ''äu''; ''*ãʔ'' > ''oh'' | |||
''*ẽ'' > ''ä''; ''*ẽj'' > ''ei''; ''*ẽʔ'' > ''äh'' | |||
Hlou had a vowel shift from the Proto-Hlouic ten vowel system: /a ɛ i ɔ u ã ɛ̃ ĩ ɔ̃ ũ/ by merging /ã ĩ ũ/ with their non-nasalized counterparts, and after that /ɛ̃/ shifted to /ã/ | |||
==Phonology== | |||
===Standard (''Schlaub Bahn'')=== | |||
====Vowels==== | |||
Hlou has 6 basic vowel qualities, but also has a number of diphthongs and nasal vowels. | |||
a e i ie o u ä ö = /a ɛ i ɨ ɔ u ã~ɛ̃ õ/ | |||
ei au äu = /əi əu əũ/ | |||
ah eh ih ieh oh uh äh öh eih = /aʔ ɛʔ .../ [only occurs with -Ø, -n tones] | |||
====Consonants==== | |||
Standard Hlou has 70 initials. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" | |||
|+ '''Hlou initials''' | |||
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | | |||
! colspan="2" | Labial | |||
! rowspan="2" | Lamino-<br/>dental | |||
! colspan="2" | Apico-<br/>alveolar | |||
! rowspan="2" | Post-<br/>alveolar | |||
! colspan="2" | Retroflex | |||
! colspan="2" | Velar | |||
! rowspan="2" | Labio-<br/>velar | |||
! rowspan="2" | Glottal | |||
|- | |||
! <small>plain</small> | |||
! <small>lateral</small> | |||
! <small>plain</small> | |||
! <small>lateral</small> | |||
! <small>plain</small> | |||
! <small>lateral</small> | |||
! <small>plain</small> | |||
! <small>lateral</small> | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" |Nasal | |||
! <small>voiceless</small> | |||
| '''schm''' m̥ | |||
| '''schml''' m̥ˡ | |||
| | |||
| '''schn''' n̥ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| '''schnr''' ɳ̊ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! <small>voiced</small> | |||
| '''m''' m | |||
| '''ml''' mˡ | |||
| | |||
| '''n''' n | |||
| '''nl''' nˡ | |||
| | |||
| '''nr''' ɳ | |||
| '''nrl''' ɳˡ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="4" |Plosive | |||
! <small>tenuis</small> | |||
| '''b''' p | |||
| '''bl''' pˡ | |||
| | |||
| '''d''' t | |||
| '''dl''' tˡ | |||
| | |||
| '''dr''' ʈ | |||
| '''drl''' ʈˡ | |||
| '''g''' k | |||
| '''gl''' kˡ | |||
| | |||
| |ʔ | |||
|- | |||
! <small>aspirated</small> | |||
| '''p''' pʰ | |||
| '''pl''' pˡʰ | |||
| | |||
| '''t''' tʰ | |||
| '''tl''' tˡʰ | |||
| | |||
| '''tr''' ʈʰ | |||
| '''trl''' ʈˡʰ | |||
| '''k''' kʰ | |||
| '''kl''' kˡʰ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" |<small>prenasalized</small> | |||
| '''mb''' ᵐb | |||
| '''mbl''' ᵐbˡ | |||
| | |||
| '''nd''' ⁿd | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| '''ndr''' ᶯɖ | |||
| | |||
| '''ng''' ᵑɡ | |||
| '''ngl''' ᵑɡˡ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
| '''mp''' ᵐpʰ | |||
| '''mpl''' ᵐpˡʰ | |||
| | |||
| '''nt''' ⁿtʰ | |||
| '''ntl''' ⁿtˡʰ | |||
| | |||
| '''ntr''' ᶯʈʰ | |||
| '''ntrl''' ᶯʈˡʰ | |||
| '''nk''' ᵑkʰ | |||
| '''nkl''' ᵑkˡʰ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="4"|Affricate | |||
! <small>tenuis</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| '''dz''' ts̪ | |||
| '''ds''' ts̺ | |||
| | |||
| '''dx''' tʃ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! <small>aspirated</small> | |||
| '''pf''' pɸ | |||
| | |||
| '''tz''' ts̪ʰ | |||
| '''ts''' ts̺ʰ | |||
| | |||
| '''tx''' tʃʰ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"|<small>prenasalized</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| '''ndz''' ⁿdz̪ | |||
| '''nds''' ⁿdz̺ | |||
| | |||
| '''ndx''' ⁿdʒ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
| '''mpf''' ᵐpɸ | |||
| | |||
| '''ntz''' ⁿts̪ʰ | |||
| '''nts''' ⁿts̺ʰ | |||
| | |||
| '''ntx''' ⁿtʃʰ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" |Continuant | |||
! <small>voiceless</small> | |||
| '''f''' f | |||
| '''fl''' fˡ | |||
| '''z''' s̪ | |||
| '''s''' s̺ | |||
| '''schl''' ɬ | |||
| '''x''' ʃ | |||
| '''schr''' ʂ | |||
| | |||
| '''sch''' ɧ~x | |||
| | |||
| '''schw''' ʍ | |||
| '''h''' h | |||
|- | |||
! <small>voiced</small> | |||
| '''v''' v | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| '''l''' l | |||
| '''j''' ʒ | |||
| '''r''' ʐ~ɻ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| '''w''' w | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
====Tone==== | |||
{{PAGENAME}} has 7 tones, indicated by final letters in Schngellstein's orthography. | |||
{|class="wikitable" | |||
! Orthography | |||
! Tone | |||
! Example | |||
! Suggested approximation | |||
|- | |||
| ∅ | |||
| mid level (33) / high checked (5) | |||
| ''lau'' /ləu˧/ 'to plant' | |||
| Vietnamese ''ngang'' / checked ''sắc'' | |||
|- | |||
| '''-n''' | |||
| low falling (21) / low checked (1) | |||
| ''laun'' /ləu˨˩/ 'to smile' | |||
| Vietnamese ''huyền'' / checked ''nặng'' | |||
|- | |||
| '''-b''' | |||
| high level / high falling (55~53) | |||
| ''Laub'' /ləu˥˥/ 'leaf' | |||
| Cantonese tone 1 | |||
|- | |||
| '''-d''' | |||
| dipping / mid falling (313~311) | |||
| ''Laud'' /ləu˧˩˧/ 'shoe' | |||
| Hanoi Vietnamese ''hỏi'' | |||
|- | |||
| '''-g''' | |||
| breathy mid level (33 + breathy) | |||
| ''laug'' /lə̤u˧/ 'to knit' | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
| '''-s''' | |||
| rising (24) | |||
| ''laus'' /ləu˨˦/ 'to receive' | |||
| Hanoi Vietnamese non-checked ''sắc'' | |||
|- | |||
| '''-ß''' | |||
| broken rising (3ˀ5) | |||
| ''Lauß'' /ləu˧ˀ˥/ 'wrinkle' | |||
| Hanoi Vietnamese ''ngã'' | |||
|} | |||
Approximate tone frequencies (among non-entering tone syllables): b > s ~ 0 > n > ß ~ g > d | |||
Tone split from breathy voice < voiced stops | |||
===''Schlaub Glaß''=== | |||
The Schlaub Glaß dialect is a non-standard dialect of Hlou. | |||
====Vowels==== | |||
a e i ie o u ä ö = /a ɛ ɪ i ɔ ʊ ɛ œ/ | |||
ei au äu = /ai aʊ ɔʏ/ | |||
ah eh ih ieh oh uh äh öh eih = /aʔ ɛʔ .../ [only occurs with -Ø, -n, -b tones (the latter written as -hl)] | |||
====Consonants==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" | |||
|+ '''Schlaub Glaß initials''' | |||
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | | |||
! colspan="2" | Labial | |||
! rowspan="2" | Lamino-<br/>dental | |||
! colspan="2" | Apico-<br/>alveolar | |||
! rowspan="2" | Post-<br/>alveolar | |||
! rowspan="2" | Palatal | |||
! rowspan="2" | Retroflex | |||
! colspan="2" | Velar | |||
! rowspan="2" | Labio-<br/>velar | |||
! rowspan="2" | Glottal | |||
|- | |||
! <small>plain</small> | |||
! <small>lateral</small> | |||
! <small>plain</small> | |||
! <small>lateral</small> | |||
! <small>plain</small> | |||
! <small>lateral</small> | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" |Nasal | |||
! <small>voiceless</small> | |||
| '''schm''' m̥ | |||
| '''schml''' m̥ˡ | |||
| | |||
| '''schn''' n̥ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| '''schnr''' ɳ̊ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! <small>voiced</small> | |||
| '''m''' m | |||
| '''ml''' mˡ | |||
| | |||
| '''n''' n | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| '''nr''' ɳ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="4" |Plosive | |||
! <small>tenuis</small> | |||
| '''b''' p | |||
| '''bl''' pˡ | |||
| | |||
| '''d''' t | |||
| '''dl''' cˡ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| '''dr''' ʈ | |||
| '''g''' k | |||
| '''gl''' kˡ | |||
| | |||
|ʔ | |||
|- | |||
! <small>aspirated</small> | |||
| '''p''' pʰ | |||
| '''pl''' pˡʰ | |||
| | |||
| '''t''' tʰ | |||
| '''tl''' cˡʰ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| '''tr''' ʈʰ | |||
| '''k''' kʰ | |||
| '''kl''' kˡʰ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" |<small>prenasalized</small> | |||
| '''mb''' ᵐb | |||
| '''mbl''' ᵐbˡ | |||
| | |||
| '''nd''' ⁿd | |||
| '''ndl''' ᶮɟˡ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| '''ndr''' ᶯɖ | |||
| '''ng''' ᵑɡ | |||
| '''ngl''' ᵑɡˡ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
| '''mp''' ᵐpʰ | |||
| '''mpl''' ᵐpˡʰ | |||
| | |||
| '''nt''' ⁿtʰ | |||
| '''ntl''' ᶮcˡʰ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| '''ntr''' ᶯʈʰ | |||
| '''nk''' ᵑkʰ | |||
| '''nkl''' ᵑkˡʰ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="4"|Affricate | |||
! <small>tenuis</small> | |||
| '''bv''' pv | |||
| | |||
| '''dz''' ts̪ | |||
| '''ds''' ts̺ | |||
| | |||
| '''dx''' tʃ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! <small>aspirated</small> | |||
| '''pf''' pf | |||
| | |||
| '''tz''' ts̪ʰ | |||
| '''ts''' ts̺ʰ | |||
| | |||
| '''tx''' tʃʰ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"|<small>prenasalized</small> | |||
| '''mbv''' ᵐbv | |||
| | |||
| '''ndz''' ⁿdz̪ | |||
| '''nds''' ⁿdz̺ | |||
| | |||
| '''ndx''' ⁿdʒ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
| '''mpf''' ᵐpf | |||
| | |||
| '''ntz''' ⁿts̪ʰ | |||
| '''nts''' ⁿts̺ʰ | |||
| | |||
| '''ntx''' ⁿtʃʰ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" |Continuant | |||
! <small>voiceless</small> | |||
| '''f''' f | |||
| | |||
| '''z''' s̪ | |||
| '''s''' s̺ | |||
| '''schl''' ɬ | |||
| '''x''' ʃ | |||
| '''schj''' ç | |||
| '''schr''' ʂ | |||
| '''sch''' ɧ<br/>'''ch''' x | |||
| | |||
| '''schw''' ʍ | |||
| '''h''' h | |||
|- | |||
! <small>voiced</small> | |||
| '''v''' v | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| '''l''' l, '''ł''' ɫ | |||
| | |||
| '''j''' j | |||
| '''r''' ʐ~ɻ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| '''w''' w | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
====Tone==== | |||
Tones are the same as in Schlaub Bahn, except that the ''d'' and ''g'' tones are merged into ''g''. | |||
==Orthography== | |||
===Traditional logography=== | |||
===Abugida=== | |||
===''Hrảm Hlóu'' (''Schräd La-Tin Schlaub'')=== | |||
This transliteration was created by Praimhín as an alternative to the German-inspired orthography. | |||
====Initials==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" | |||
|+ | |||
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | | |||
! colspan="2" | Labial | |||
! rowspan="2" | Lamino-<br/>dental | |||
! colspan="2" | Apico-<br/>alveolar | |||
! rowspan="2" | Post-<br/>alveolar | |||
! colspan="2" | Retroflex | |||
! colspan="2" | Velar | |||
! rowspan="2" | Labio-<br/>velar | |||
! rowspan="2" | Glottal | |||
|- | |||
! <small>plain</small> | |||
! <small>lateral</small> | |||
! <small>plain</small> | |||
! <small>lateral</small> | |||
! <small>plain</small> | |||
! <small>lateral</small> | |||
! <small>plain</small> | |||
! <small>lateral</small> | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" |Nasal | |||
! <small>voiceless</small> | |||
| '''hm''' m̥ | |||
| '''hml''' m̥ˡ | |||
| | |||
| '''hn''' n̥ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| '''hnr''' ɳ̊ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! <small>voiced</small> | |||
| '''m''' m | |||
| '''ml''' mˡ | |||
| | |||
| '''n''' n | |||
| '''nl''' nˡ | |||
| | |||
| '''nr''' ɳ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="4" |Plosive | |||
! <small>tenuis</small> | |||
| '''b''' p | |||
| '''bl''' pˡ | |||
| | |||
| '''d''' t | |||
| '''dl''' tˡ | |||
| | |||
| '''dr''' ʈ | |||
| '''drl''' ʈˡ | |||
| '''g''' k | |||
| '''gl''' kˡ | |||
| | |||
| |ʔ | |||
|- | |||
! <small>aspirated</small> | |||
| '''p''' pʰ | |||
| '''pl''' pˡʰ | |||
| | |||
| '''t''' tʰ | |||
| '''tl''' tˡʰ | |||
| | |||
| '''tr''' ʈʰ | |||
| '''trl''' ʈˡʰ | |||
| '''c''' kʰ | |||
| '''cl''' kˡʰ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" |<small>prenasalized</small> | |||
| '''nb''' ᵐb | |||
| '''nbl''' ᵐbˡ | |||
| | |||
| '''nd''' ⁿd | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| '''ndr''' ᶯɖ | |||
| | |||
| '''ng''' ᵑɡ | |||
| '''ngl''' ᵑɡˡ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
| '''np''' ᵐpʰ | |||
| '''npl''' ᵐpˡʰ | |||
| | |||
| '''nt''' ⁿtʰ | |||
| '''ntl''' ⁿtˡʰ | |||
| | |||
| '''ntr''' ᶯʈʰ | |||
| | |||
| '''nc''' ᵑkʰ | |||
| '''ncl''' ᵑkˡʰ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="4"|Affricate | |||
! <small>tenuis</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| '''ds''' ts̪ | |||
| '''dσ''' ts̺ | |||
| | |||
| '''dx''' tʃ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! <small>aspirated</small> | |||
| '''φ''' pɸ | |||
| | |||
| '''ts''' ts̪ʰ | |||
| '''tσ''' ts̺ʰ | |||
| | |||
| '''tx''' tʃʰ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"|<small>prenasalized</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| '''nds''' ⁿdz̪ | |||
| '''ndσ''' ⁿdz̺ | |||
| | |||
| '''ndx''' ⁿdʒ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
| '''nφ''' ᵐpɸ | |||
| | |||
| '''nts''' ⁿts̪ʰ | |||
| '''ntσ''' ⁿts̺ʰ | |||
| | |||
| '''ntx''' ⁿtʃʰ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" |Continuant | |||
! <small>voiceless</small> | |||
| '''f''' f | |||
| '''fl''' fˡ | |||
| '''s''' s̪ | |||
| '''σ''' s̺ | |||
| '''hl''' ɬ | |||
| '''x''' ʃ | |||
| '''hr''' ʂ | |||
| | |||
| '''sg''' ɧ | |||
| | |||
| '''hw''' ʍ | |||
| '''h''' h | |||
|- | |||
! <small>voiced</small> | |||
| '''v''' v | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| '''l''' l | |||
| '''j''' ʒ | |||
| '''r''' ʐ~ɻ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| '''w''' w | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
====Vowels==== | |||
a e i o u ei ou /a e i o u əi əu/ | |||
am om oum /ã~ɛ̃ õ ə̃u/ | |||
ac ec ic oc uc anc onc /aʔ eʔ iʔ oʔ uʔ/ | |||
===Featural script=== | |||
[[File:SchrogHahn_v1.0.png|200px|thumb|right|[[User:H. H. P. M. P. Cole|Cole]]'s featural script for Schlaub.]] | |||
==Grammar== | |||
Hlou is analytic and SVO, and is head-initial: | |||
:'''''Die Wug mpes Nän sein.''''' | |||
:/tɨ˧ wṳ˧ ᵐpʰe˨˦ nɛ̃˨˩ s̺əi˨˩/ | |||
:INDEF bird_species drink water PROG | |||
:''A wug is drinking water.'' | |||
:'''''Xan schwei Ntxuhn bis Tu Mäb.''''' | |||
:/ʃa˨˩ ʍəi˧ ts̺ɨ˧˩ pi˨˦ tʰu˧mɛ̃˥/ | |||
:1SG have home in Tumhan | |||
:''I live in Tumhan.'' | |||
:'''''Dahn dsaub weg zu Mpfein an zu Schrös.''''' | |||
:/taʔ˩ ts̺əu˥ we̤˧ s̪u˧ ᵐpɸəi˨˩ a˩ s̪u˧ n̥o˨˥/ | |||
:1PL speak about VN love and VN hate | |||
:''We speak about love and hate.'' | |||
:'''''Dahn mpfein so, mplei dahn nkeiß Mbob so sein.''''' | |||
:1PL love 3SG.A thus 1PL receive face 3SG.A PRES.PROG | |||
:''We love him so we are welcoming him.'' | |||
===Pronouns=== | |||
====Personal==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! Person !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
! 1 | |||
|| xan || bluß || dahn | |||
|- | |||
! 2 | |||
|| zied|| jen || schlag | |||
|- | |||
! 3 | |||
|| so (animate)<br/>ja (inanimate)|| nleib|| zug | |||
|- | |||
!2, 3 (respectful) | |||
|colspan=3| Sie | |||
|- | |||
!Impersonal | |||
|colspan=3| es | |||
|- | |||
!Reflexive | |||
|colspan=3| schwe | |||
|} | |||
Hlou has no passive voice; the impersonal ''es'' is used instead. For example, ''Es nlaß Ngu hin.'' (IMPERS fire_ceramic brick PST) means 'A brick was baked.' or 'Bricks were baked.' | |||
====Demonstrative==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ Correlatives | |||
|- | |||
! !! What !! This !! That !! Yon !! Any | |||
|- | |||
! Pronominal | |||
|| nab || naus || nein || nin || nan | |||
|- | |||
! Place | |||
|| drab || draus || drein || drin || dran | |||
|- | |||
! Manner/Extent | |||
|| rab || raus || rein || rin || ran | |||
|} | |||
Other correlatives are formed by using these words with nouns. | |||
Hlou is wh-in-situ: | |||
*''Naus dzah nab?'' (this COP what) = What is this? | |||
*''Ndob naus dzah nab?'' (person this COP what) = Who is this? | |||
*''Zied be drab sein?'' (lit. you to where PROG) = Where are you going? | |||
* ''dla rab?'' 'Why?', ''dla rein'' 'that's why' (Calquing vì sao, vì vậy) | |||
* ''dlä rab nahn schluß...'' 'how to...' (lit. Do how in order to) | |||
* ''dlä rab?'' 'What to do?' | |||
===Prepositions=== | |||
*be = to; to go | |||
*bis = in, at | |||
*nre = on | |||
*gan = without | |||
* sä = with; to have | |||
*in = of | |||
*je = from | |||
*dla = for; because of | |||
*ob = vocative | |||
*weg = about | |||
*wi = away from | |||
*schon = ago | |||
*jaud = between | |||
*tzig = across | |||
*ös = over | |||
*tud = under | |||
*was = perhaps | |||
*des = now | |||
*wag = again | |||
*treib = before | |||
===Auxiliaries=== | |||
*hab = causative | |||
*bleib = deliberately | |||
*vein = accidentally | |||
:'''''Xan bleib schäd Nduß hin.''''' | |||
:''I deliberately dropped the glass.'' | |||
:'''''Xan vein schäd Nduß hin.''''' | |||
:''I accidentally dropped the glass.'' | |||
===Particles=== | |||
*sein = present progressive | |||
**Present progressive can also be formed by reduplicating the verb | |||
*hin = past | |||
*bei = future | |||
*aus = cohortative | |||
*es = question | |||
*eh = tag question | |||
*da = exclamatory | |||
*nreh = negative | |||
*doh = prohibitive | |||
*los = inchoative | |||
*man = emphatic | |||
*wein = (literary) alas!, woe is... | |||
*tag = comparative | |||
*nad = superlative | |||
*zu = verb to noun | |||
===Conjunctions=== | |||
*an = and | |||
*tei = or | |||
*vei = exclusive or | |||
*leid = but | |||
*von = relative clause | |||
*tun = complement clause | |||
*daß = if | |||
*schluß = then, so, therefore | |||
*nahn schluß = so that, in order to | |||
*dsäus = because (lit. reason) | |||
===Nouns=== | |||
ein = definite article (proper nouns such as ''Wug Schlaub'' do not take it) | |||
wie = specific article | |||
die = indefinite article | |||
Words may be pluralized by reduplication: ''Ndob Ndob'' = people. Uncountable nouns have no plural form. | |||
Polysyllabic words also have a null plural: | |||
:'''''Nkaub, ob Blieb-Blas!''''' | |||
:fly VOC butterfly | |||
:''Fly, butterflies!'' | |||
===Verbs and adjectives=== | |||
Adverbs can be formed from verbs via reduplication. | |||
''ntsien'' = slow; ''ntsien ntsien'' 'slowly' | |||
===Classifiers=== | |||
===Numerals=== | |||
1-10: ''die, beid, lähn, schred, kaß, traun, heid, ntzob, glaub, weiß'' | |||
100: ''trleh'' | |||
10000: ''schöd'' | |||
Numerals come before nouns: | |||
:'''''So ploß beid weiß Sen.''''' | |||
:3SG.AN son two ten year_of_age | |||
:He is 20 years old. | |||
==="The more... the more..."=== | |||
:X X SUBJ1, Y Y SUBJ2 | |||
:"The more SUBJ X's, the more SUBJ2 Y's." | |||
:'''''Xan eh schlaun Wiß j'ein zu Treig Treig. Lös lös xan, wäud wäud xan läß.''''' | |||
:1SG NEG receive understanding from DEF INF happen happen. run run 1SG, become become 1SG fat. | |||
:''I don't understand what's going on. The more I run, the fatter I get.'' | |||
==="Schm-reduplication"=== | |||
Schlaub uses a form of schm-reduplication, which works just like schm-reduplication in English, except that the schm-reduplicant is repeated. | |||
"Leid xan dzah heb die Nöb da!" = but I COP just a noob EXCL | |||
"Nöb schmöb schmöb, zied mbuh ngäs man!" = noob schmoob schmoob you can make_it EMPH | |||
===Fossilized morphology=== | |||
*PHS ''s-'' | |||
**''Schlähn'' 'tribe' < ''lähn'' 'three' | |||
**''Schlaub'' 'year' < ''Laub'' 'leaf' | |||
**''Schwiß'' 'plain' < ''biß'' 'flat' | |||
*PHS ''-ʔ'' (reflected by tone change) | |||
**''-g'' > ''-d'': ''Lied'' 'art song' < ''lieg'' 'to tell a lie; (''obsolete'') to express' | |||
==Vocabulary== | |||
Hlou vocabulary is mostly native. | |||
===Chengyu=== | |||
Hlou, like Chinese, has chengyu or "4-character phrases". They sometimes extend to 6-character phrases by using the Burns stanza. | |||
*''Ntzuh Vöhn Schrau Ndob (schnäub hös)'' 'the best laid schemes of mice and men (aft gang agley)' (lit. schemes of mouse and plans of man often fail) | |||
*''Nleiß Beig Gluhn Schnoh'' 'opulent luxury' (lit. pure gold, gem, carmine, spice) | |||
*''Schwas kö Schwas sihn'' 'reap what you sow' (lit. [If] rice sprouts, rice results) | |||
**riff on Quacumquasit Pond | |||
==Poetry== | |||
[Under construction. The poems are gibberish and are meant to illustrate the rhyme scheme.] | |||
===Rhyme=== | |||
In addition to having the same rime, two words must rhyme in tone class in order to be considered to rhyme. -Ø, -b, -n are "flat" (''mla'') tones; -g, -d, -s, -ß and checked tones are "sharp" (''dzäß'') tones. | |||
===Virelai=== | |||
The virelai (Hlou: ''Traun Ntzob'') is a traditional Hlou poetic form. Although it is called the ''virelai'' in English, it borrows elements (like the rhyme scheme) from the Vietnamese ''lục bát''. | |||
Example [the poem is gibberish]: | |||
<poem> | |||
''Mpfein schwie ein Ntzäh an Tsun,'' | |||
''Leid wen Bläuß dran, maß Schlub von trlien.'' | |||
''Väd mleib weg die Gleiß Schmieb,'' | |||
''Raus ein Pfeg nun schraß Xien taub tlub.'' | |||
''Daß zu Mläus ein Zeig Pfaß,'' | |||
''blein Eib zu Mböd bis Dlag,'' | |||
''klaub wie raug Mlob weis schrah zied Glu.'' | |||
''Daß zu Ves ein Drläub flein,'' | |||
''Weg ndso ein Ndxäuß schred nreib,'' | |||
''Pfed zag tzau die Vaub dlei raus Schmub.'' | |||
''Daß zu Vein Nkaub ein Nlas,'' | |||
''An zu Nlöb pfeib je Schmag ven Wauß,'' | |||
''schniß, ob Dlau! dran flän Schaug,'' | |||
''klöh xan haud wie Trob, haus nun Tsun.'' | |||
''Mpfein schwie ein Ntzäh an Tsun,'' | |||
''Leid wen Bläuß dran, maß Schlub von trlien.'' | |||
''Väd mleib weg die Gleiß Schmieb,'' | |||
''Raus ein Pfeg nun schraß Xien taub tlub.'' | |||
</poem> | |||
===Burns stanza=== | |||
A variant of the Burns stanza is another traditional Hlou meter. This excerpt is from a poem by Schweid Täu-Rein. | |||
<poem> | |||
''Tlad Hei drlah Mbauß,'' | |||
''Xan schnuh zied nraug,'' | |||
''Xob Ndzäu beis schraus –'' | |||
''Ihn Vug –'' | |||
''Ngiß Tsahn we jaud'' | |||
''schrieb mbug.'' | |||
</poem> | |||
<poem> | |||
Though [your] body must [become] soil, | |||
I touch you up close, | |||
The warm embrace nurturing | |||
[The] leaf [of] learning; | |||
A garden growing between [us], | |||
[which will] last forever. | |||
</poem> | |||
===Holorime=== | |||
Two lines with the same syllables but with different tones | |||
== Phrasebook == | |||
# 'I love you': ''Xan lub zied.'' /ʃa˨˩ lu˥˥ s̪ɨ˧˩˧/ | |||
==Sample texts== | |||
=== A poem === | |||
<poem> | |||
Au xäub xäub | |||
Ihn taub taub | |||
Zied an xan | |||
Bluß Ndob Schlaub | |||
</poem> | |||
===1 John 3:15=== | |||
<poem> | |||
Daß Ndob nan schrös ein Nleis schwe, schluß so dzah die Ndob schwad Ndob, an schlag sab tun die Ndob schwad Ndob eh schwei ein Jun mbug bis schwe. | |||
</poem> | |||
[[Category:Hlou-Shum languages]] | |||
[[Category:Languages]] | |||
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